Brief discussion on ultrasonography of the chest: Benefits, Techniques and Instrumentation, Normal Anatomy, Diagnostic US of the chest, Limitations of Thoracic US, US based differential diagnosis, Take home points.
Brief discussion on ultrasonography of the chest: Benefits, Techniques and Instrumentation, Normal Anatomy, Diagnostic US of the chest, Limitations of Thoracic US, US based differential diagnosis, Take home points.
From Dr Ng Kian Seng:"Please send this out to all those coming, it is just a revision of the fundamentals. I dont intend to go through this at the workshop.
I will go straight to the Systematic Reading of the Chest Radiographs. It will take only 10 minutes to run through this powerpoint, so please run through it before coming."
A chest x ray is a fast and painless imaging test that uses certain electromagnetic waves to create pictures of the structures in and around your chest. This test can help diagnose and monitor conditions such as pneumonia, heart failure, lung cancer, tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and lung tissue scarring, called fibrosis
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
2. Lung AnatomyLung Anatomy
TracheaTrachea
CarinaCarina
Right and LeftRight and Left
Pulmonary BronchiPulmonary Bronchi
Secondary BronchiSecondary Bronchi
Tertiary BronchiTertiary Bronchi
BronchiolesBronchioles
Alveolar DuctAlveolar Duct
AlveoliAlveoli
3. Lung AnatomyLung Anatomy
Right LungRight Lung
Superior lobeSuperior lobe
Middle lobeMiddle lobe
Inferior lobeInferior lobe
Left LungLeft Lung
Superior lobeSuperior lobe
Inferior lobeInferior lobe
4. Lung Anatomy on Chest X-rayLung Anatomy on Chest X-ray
PA View:PA View:
Extensive overlapExtensive overlap
Lower lobes extendLower lobes extend
highhigh
Lateral View:Lateral View:
Extent of lower lobesExtent of lower lobes
5. Lung Anatomy on Chest X-rayLung Anatomy on Chest X-ray
The right upper lobe (RUL) occupies the upper 1/3 of the rightThe right upper lobe (RUL) occupies the upper 1/3 of the right
lung.lung.
Posteriorly, the RUL is adjacent to the first three to five ribs.Posteriorly, the RUL is adjacent to the first three to five ribs.
Anteriorly, the RUL extends inferiorly as far as the 4th rightAnteriorly, the RUL extends inferiorly as far as the 4th right
anterior ribanterior rib
6. Lung Anatomy on Chest X-rayLung Anatomy on Chest X-ray
The right middle lobe is typically the smallest of the three, andThe right middle lobe is typically the smallest of the three, and
appears triangular in shape, being narrowest near the hilumappears triangular in shape, being narrowest near the hilum
7. The right lower lobe is the largest of all three lobes, separated from theThe right lower lobe is the largest of all three lobes, separated from the
others by the major fissure.others by the major fissure.
Posteriorly, the RLL extend as far superiorly as the 6th thoracicPosteriorly, the RLL extend as far superiorly as the 6th thoracic
vertebral body, and extends inferiorly to the diaphragm.vertebral body, and extends inferiorly to the diaphragm.
Review of the lateral plain film surprisingly shows the superior extent ofReview of the lateral plain film surprisingly shows the superior extent of
the RLL.the RLL.
8. Lung Anatomy on Chest X-rayLung Anatomy on Chest X-ray
These lobes can be separated fromThese lobes can be separated from
one another by two fissures.one another by two fissures.
The minor fissure separates theThe minor fissure separates the
RUL from the RML, and thusRUL from the RML, and thus
represents the visceral pleuralrepresents the visceral pleural
surfaces of both of these lobes.surfaces of both of these lobes.
Oriented obliquely, the majorOriented obliquely, the major
fissure extends posteriorly andfissure extends posteriorly and
superiorly approximately to thesuperiorly approximately to the
level of the fourth vertebral body.level of the fourth vertebral body.
9. The lobar architecture of the left lung is slightly differentThe lobar architecture of the left lung is slightly different
than the right.than the right.
Because there is no defined left minor fissure, there areBecause there is no defined left minor fissure, there are
only two lobes on the left; the left upperonly two lobes on the left; the left upper
11. Lung Anatomy on Chest X-rayLung Anatomy on Chest X-ray
These two lobes areThese two lobes are
separated by a majorseparated by a major
fissure, identical to thatfissure, identical to that
seen on the right side,seen on the right side,
although often slightlyalthough often slightly
more inferior in location.more inferior in location.
The portion of the leftThe portion of the left
lung that correspondslung that corresponds
anatomically to the rightanatomically to the right
middle lobe ismiddle lobe is
incorporated into the leftincorporated into the left
upper lobe.upper lobe.
19. A structure is rendered visible on aA structure is rendered visible on a
radiograph by the juxtaposition of tworadiograph by the juxtaposition of two
different densitiesdifferent densities
Chest Radiography: Basic PrinciplesChest Radiography: Basic Principles
20. Silhouette SignSilhouette Sign
Loss of the expected interface normallyLoss of the expected interface normally
created by juxtaposition of two structurescreated by juxtaposition of two structures
of different densityof different density
No boundary can be seen between twoNo boundary can be seen between two
structures of similar densitystructures of similar density
22. Differential X-Ray AbsorptionDifferential X-Ray Absorption
The absence of a normal interface mayThe absence of a normal interface may
indicate disease;indicate disease;
The presence of an unexpectedThe presence of an unexpected
interface may also indicate diseaseinterface may also indicate disease
The presence of interfaces can be usedThe presence of interfaces can be used
to localize abnormalitiesto localize abnormalities
23. Chest RadiographicChest Radiographic
Patterns of DiseasePatterns of Disease
Air space opacityAir space opacity
Interstitial opacityInterstitial opacity
Nodules and massesNodules and masses
LymphadenopathyLymphadenopathy
Cysts and cavitiesCysts and cavities
Lung volumesLung volumes
Pleural diseasesPleural diseases
25. Air Space OpacityAir Space Opacity
Components:Components:
air bronchogram: air-filled bronchusair bronchogram: air-filled bronchus
surrounded by airless lungsurrounded by airless lung
confluent opacity extending to pleuralconfluent opacity extending to pleural
surfacessurfaces
segmental distributionsegmental distribution
26. Air Space Opacity: DDXAir Space Opacity: DDX
Blood (hemorrhage)Blood (hemorrhage)
Pus (pneumonia)Pus (pneumonia)
Water (edema)Water (edema)
hydrostatic or non-cardiogenichydrostatic or non-cardiogenic
Cells (tumor)Cells (tumor)
Protein/fat: alveolar proteinosis andProtein/fat: alveolar proteinosis and
lipoid pneumonialipoid pneumonia
32. Nodules and MassesNodules and Masses
Nodule: any pulmonary lesion represented inNodule: any pulmonary lesion represented in
a radiograph by a sharply defined, discrete,a radiograph by a sharply defined, discrete,
nearly circular opacity 2-30 mm in diameternearly circular opacity 2-30 mm in diameter
Mass:Mass: larger than 3 cmlarger than 3 cm
33. Nodules and MassesNodules and Masses
Qualifiers:Qualifiers:
single or multiplesingle or multiple
sizesize
border definitionborder definition
presence or absence of calcificationpresence or absence of calcification
locationlocation
44. Cysts & CavitiesCysts & Cavities
CystCyst: abnormal pulmonary parenchymal: abnormal pulmonary parenchymal
space, not containing lung but filled with airspace, not containing lung but filled with air
and/or fluid, congenital or acquired, with aand/or fluid, congenital or acquired, with a
wall thickness greater than 1 mmwall thickness greater than 1 mm
epithelial lining often presentepithelial lining often present
45. Cysts & CavitiesCysts & Cavities
CavityCavity: Abnormal pulmonary: Abnormal pulmonary
parenchymal space, not containing lung butparenchymal space, not containing lung but
filled with air and/or fluid, caused by tissuefilled with air and/or fluid, caused by tissue
necrosis, with a definitive wall greater thannecrosis, with a definitive wall greater than
1 mm in thickness and comprised of1 mm in thickness and comprised of
inflammatory and/or neoplastic elementsinflammatory and/or neoplastic elements
46. Cysts & CavitiesCysts & Cavities
Characterize:Characterize:
wall thickness at thickest portionwall thickness at thickest portion
inner lininginner lining
presence/absence of air/fluid levelpresence/absence of air/fluid level
number and locationnumber and location
59. widewide
mediastinummediastinum
obliteration ofobliteration of
aortic knobaortic knob
Rt mainstemRt mainstem
shift up andshift up and
rightright
NG deviateNG deviate
to rightto right
pleural cappleural cap
Major Vessel Injury
Potential X ray
findings
60. Expiration reduces lung volume,Expiration reduces lung volume,
making a small pneumo easier to seemaking a small pneumo easier to see
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67. Irregular linear opacities are present in both lungs, especially in the periphery
and the bases of the lungs. The heart is slightly enlarged, but this is not related
to the pulmonary abnormalities in this case.
72. A single, 3cm relatively thin-walled cavity is noted in the left
midlung. This finding is most typical of squamous cell
carcinoma (SCC). One-third of SCC masses show cavitation
73.
74. LUL Atelectasis: Loss of heart borders/silhouetting.
Notice over inflation on unaffected lung
78. Pseudotumor: fluid has filled the minor fissure creating a density
that resembles a tumor (arrow). Recall that fluid and soft tissue
are indistinguishable on plain film. Further analysis, however,
reveals a classic pleural effusion in the right pleura. Note the
right lateral gutter is blunted and the right diaphram is obscurred.
79.
80. Pneumonia:a large pneumonia consolidation in the right
lower lobe. Knowledge of lobar and segmental anatomy is
important in identifying the location of the infection
84. CHF:a great deal of accentuated interstitial
markings, Curly lines, and an enlarged heart.
Normally indistinct upper lobe vessels are
prominent but are also masked by interstitial
edema.
Editor's Notes
The right upper lobe (RUL) occupies the upper 1/3 of the right lung. Posteriorly, the RUL is adjacent to the first three to five ribs. Anteriorly, the RUL extends inferiorly as far as the 4th right anterior rib.
The right middle lobe is typically the smallest of the three, and appears triangular in shape, being narrowest near the hilum.
Posteriorly, the RLL extend as far superiorly as the 6th thoracic vertebral body, and extends inferiorly to the diaphragm. Review of the lateral plain film surprisingly shows the superior extent of the RLL; there is considerable overlap between the more anterosuperiorly located RUL and the RLL. Similarly, the deep posterior gutters extend considerably inferiorly; with full inspiration, the lower lobe can extend may as low as L2, becoming superimposed over the upper poles of the kidneys.
Grossly, these lobes can be separated from one another by two fissures which anatomically correspond to the visceral pleural surfaces of those lobes from which they are formed. The minor fissure separates the RUL from the RML, and thus represents the visceral pleural surfaces of both of these lobes. The minor fissure is oriented horizontally, extending ventrally from the chest wall, and extending posteriorly to meet the major fissure. Generally, the location of the minor fissure is approximately at the level of the fourth vertebral body and crosses the right sixth rib in the midaxillary line. The right major fissure is more expansive in size than the minor fissure, separating the right upper and middle lobes from the larger right lower lobe. Oriented obliquely, the major fissure extends posteriorly and superiorly approximately to the level of the fourth vertebral body. The major fissure extends anteroinferiorly, intersecting the diaphragm at the anterior cardiophrenic angle
The lobar architecture of the left lung is slightly different than the right. Because there is no defined left minor fissure, there are only two lobes on the left; left upper
and left lower lobes
These two lobes are separated by a major fissure, identical to that seen on the right side, although often slightly more inferior in location. The portion of the left lung that corresponds anatomically to the right middle lobe is incorporated into the left upper lobe.
It is important to understand that in most individuals, interlobar fissures are usually not completely formed; in some individuals there may be complete absence of a fissure thus losing the demarcation between lobes on gross examination.
In general, fissures are not readily identifiable on plain films, with only small portions typically visualized at best. This is because fissures which are composed of only two layers of visceral pleura, may not present a significant radiographic interface and will not produce a shadow. However, if there is fluid within the pleural space or if the visceral pleura is thickened, fissures may be seen in their entirety.