1. The document discusses the radiological anatomy of the chest as seen on various imaging modalities including plain films, CT, MRI, and angiography.
2. It describes the lobar anatomy of the lungs including lobes and fissures, and anatomical structures of the chest like the heart, diaphragm, trachea and vessels.
3. The summary also mentions how CT further aids in visualization of mediastinal structures and pulmonary vasculature.
Radiological mapping of mediastinum.pptxrambhoopal1
1. The mediastinum is divided into superior, anterior, middle and posterior compartments by planes. The superior mediastinum is above the plane from the sternal angle to T4, while the inferior mediastinum is below the plane and further divided.
2. Interface lines and stripes appear on chest radiographs where air in the lungs abuts mediastinal structures. Key lines include the anterior and posterior junction lines, azygoesophageal line, and right/left paratracheal stripes.
3. Anterior mediastinal masses can obliterate the anterior junction line while posterior masses can obliterate posterior lines. Location and relationship to structures provides clues to the nature of mediast
Presentation1.pptx, radiological anatomy of the chest.Abdellah Nazeer
This document summarizes the radiological anatomy of the chest as seen on imaging such as x-rays, CT scans, and MRI. It describes the lobes and fissures of the lungs, notable features of heart size and location, positions of the diaphragm and other structures. CT anatomy is also reviewed, with the mediastinum divided into four compartments and key structures within each compartment identified and located in relation to nearby vessels and airways.
This document provides an overview of how to interpret a normal chest x-ray by describing the anatomical structures that should be visualized and what is considered normal for each structure. It discusses evaluating the bony thorax, soft tissues, mediastinum, lungs and diaphragm and how they change with age from infancy to childhood to older age. Key anatomical structures and their expected appearance on a normal chest x-ray are defined.
This document provides an overview of how to interpret a normal chest x-ray by describing the anatomical structures that should be visualized and what is considered normal for each structure. It discusses evaluating the bony thorax, soft tissues, mediastinum, lungs and diaphragm and how they change with age from infancy to childhood to older age. Key anatomical structures and their expected appearance on a normal chest x-ray are defined.
Chest X-ray radiology_Power Point PresentationAhyaAziz
The document discusses chest radiography and how to interpret chest x-rays. It covers:
1. How different tissues appear on x-rays based on their density. Bone is the densest and gas is the least dense.
2. Proper patient positioning and inspiration are important for accurate x-rays. The PA position is standard but AP, lateral, and decubitus views are also used.
3. Key anatomical structures to evaluate include the heart, lungs, diaphragm, and bones. Abnormalities appear as opacities, consolidations, or collapses and should be described objectively.
This document discusses various imaging modalities used to visualize the respiratory system, including x-rays, computed tomography, ultrasound, and nuclear medicine techniques. It provides details on normal chest x-ray anatomy and evaluations. Methods like perfusion and ventilation scintigraphy are used to assess pulmonary blood flow and ventilation respectively. Different imaging options are indicated for evaluating pneumonia, with chest x-rays, ultrasound, and CT mentioned.
1. The document discusses the radiological anatomy of the chest as seen on various imaging modalities including plain films, CT, MRI, and angiography.
2. It describes the lobar anatomy of the lungs including lobes and fissures, and anatomical structures of the chest like the heart, diaphragm, trachea and vessels.
3. The summary also mentions how CT further aids in visualization of mediastinal structures and pulmonary vasculature.
Radiological mapping of mediastinum.pptxrambhoopal1
1. The mediastinum is divided into superior, anterior, middle and posterior compartments by planes. The superior mediastinum is above the plane from the sternal angle to T4, while the inferior mediastinum is below the plane and further divided.
2. Interface lines and stripes appear on chest radiographs where air in the lungs abuts mediastinal structures. Key lines include the anterior and posterior junction lines, azygoesophageal line, and right/left paratracheal stripes.
3. Anterior mediastinal masses can obliterate the anterior junction line while posterior masses can obliterate posterior lines. Location and relationship to structures provides clues to the nature of mediast
Presentation1.pptx, radiological anatomy of the chest.Abdellah Nazeer
This document summarizes the radiological anatomy of the chest as seen on imaging such as x-rays, CT scans, and MRI. It describes the lobes and fissures of the lungs, notable features of heart size and location, positions of the diaphragm and other structures. CT anatomy is also reviewed, with the mediastinum divided into four compartments and key structures within each compartment identified and located in relation to nearby vessels and airways.
This document provides an overview of how to interpret a normal chest x-ray by describing the anatomical structures that should be visualized and what is considered normal for each structure. It discusses evaluating the bony thorax, soft tissues, mediastinum, lungs and diaphragm and how they change with age from infancy to childhood to older age. Key anatomical structures and their expected appearance on a normal chest x-ray are defined.
This document provides an overview of how to interpret a normal chest x-ray by describing the anatomical structures that should be visualized and what is considered normal for each structure. It discusses evaluating the bony thorax, soft tissues, mediastinum, lungs and diaphragm and how they change with age from infancy to childhood to older age. Key anatomical structures and their expected appearance on a normal chest x-ray are defined.
Chest X-ray radiology_Power Point PresentationAhyaAziz
The document discusses chest radiography and how to interpret chest x-rays. It covers:
1. How different tissues appear on x-rays based on their density. Bone is the densest and gas is the least dense.
2. Proper patient positioning and inspiration are important for accurate x-rays. The PA position is standard but AP, lateral, and decubitus views are also used.
3. Key anatomical structures to evaluate include the heart, lungs, diaphragm, and bones. Abnormalities appear as opacities, consolidations, or collapses and should be described objectively.
This document discusses various imaging modalities used to visualize the respiratory system, including x-rays, computed tomography, ultrasound, and nuclear medicine techniques. It provides details on normal chest x-ray anatomy and evaluations. Methods like perfusion and ventilation scintigraphy are used to assess pulmonary blood flow and ventilation respectively. Different imaging options are indicated for evaluating pneumonia, with chest x-rays, ultrasound, and CT mentioned.
Rad Seminar CHEST IMAGING By Dr Siraj.pptxImanuIliyas
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This document provides an overview of the radiological anatomy of the tracheobronchial tree and techniques for demonstrating it. It begins with discussing the gross anatomy of the trachea and bronchi, their relations, blood supply and divisions. It then covers their appearance on various imaging modalities like plain radiography, CT, MRI, radionuclide scans and ultrasound. The techniques used for obtaining images with these different modalities are also described.
The document describes the anatomy and divisions of the mediastinum. It notes that the mediastinum is the central partition in the chest that contains structures like the heart, great vessels, trachea and esophagus. It divides the mediastinum into superior, anterior, middle and posterior compartments. The anterior mediastinum contains the thymus gland while the middle mediastinum contains the heart and pericardium. Various radiographic signs of mediastinal structures are also described.
This document provides descriptions and radiographic signs of various pulmonary conditions seen on chest x-rays and CT scans. It includes definitions of terms like secondary lobule and centrilobular emphysema. Specific pathologies covered include Langerhans cell histiocytosis, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, pulmonary fibrosis patterns, and lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia. Radiographic findings are presented for different conditions along with accompanying CT images to illustrate signs like cysts, nodules, and reticulation. Differential diagnoses are discussed based on imaging appearance.
1. The document describes the anatomical locations and classifications of mediastinal lymph nodes. It discusses 10 different lymph node stations located in the mediastinum, including the supraclavicular, upper and lower paratracheal, prevascular, subaortic, para-aortic, subcarinal, paraesophageal, pulmonary ligament, and hilar lymph nodes.
2. Conventional mediastinoscopy allows biopsy of stations 2L, 2R, 4L, 4R, and 7 while extended mediastinoscopy provides access to deeper stations 5 and 6. Endoscopic ultrasound with fine needle aspiration provides sampling of stations 7, 8, and 9.
3. Accurate lymph node
The document discusses various anatomical structures and pathologies related to the pleura and lungs. It describes the major interlobar fissures that separate the lobes of the lungs, including the major oblique fissure and minor horizontal fissure. It also discusses accessory fissures and the azygos fissure. Common pleural abnormalities are described such as parietal and visceral pleural thickening. Normal anatomical structures like fat pads and muscles that can mimic pleural abnormalities on imaging are also reviewed. Finally, the document discusses the appearance of pleural effusions on chest x-rays and CT scans, including how effusions present differently in upright versus supine patients.
Malinosculation-bronchopulmonary sequestration and beyondPgt Radiology
This document discusses congenital bronchopulmonary vascular malformations (BPVMs), which involve abnormalities in communication between the lung's airways, arteries, and veins. It presents a classification system that categorizes BPVMs based on the components involved: isolated airway abnormalities (Type A), isolated arterial abnormalities (Type B), isolated venous abnormalities (Type C), combinations of the above, and complex malformations involving all three components. Contrast-enhanced CT is useful for evaluating each disease entity within this framework.
The document describes 10 mediastinal lines seen on chest radiographs:
1. The anterior junction line forms where the lungs meet in the anterior mediastinum.
2. The posterior junction line lies above the anterior line and is formed by the lungs meeting behind the esophagus.
3. The paraortic line follows the descending aorta on its left side when the left lower lobe is aerated.
4. The right paratracheal line outlines the right side of the trachea and may indicate adjacent disease when thickened.
This document provides an overview of chest x-ray basics and interpretation. It discusses key radiographic densities seen on CXRs, different chest x-ray views, and how to assess image quality factors like inspiration, penetration, and rotation. The document then outlines a systematic approach to interpreting CXRs, covering the airways, bones, cardiac structures, diaphragm, effusions, lung fields, and other areas. Common abnormalities are described, such as consolidation, atelectasis, pneumonia, and position of tubes/lines.
This document discusses the anatomy and radiological imaging of mediastinal masses. It begins with an introduction to the mediastinum and its boundaries. It then describes the different divisions of the mediastinum and contents of each region. Specific anatomical structures discussed include the anterior junction line, right paratracheal stripe, azygoesophageal recess, and paraspinal lines. Common masses that can occur in each mediastinal compartment are mentioned. Radiographic findings that suggest the location of a mediastinal mass are also described.
The document describes the anatomy and imaging features of the mediastinum and mediastinal masses. It defines the mediastinum and its subdivisions. Key points include:
- The mediastinum is divided into anterior, middle, and posterior compartments
- Common anterior mediastinal masses include thymomas and lymphadenopathy which can displace mediastinal lines
- Middle mediastinal masses include enlarged lymph nodes and vascular structures
- Posterior mediastinal masses involve the esophagus and include neurogenic tumors
- Normal thymus anatomy and imaging signs are described as well as thymic hyperplasia and rebound
This presentation aims to give a foundational knowledge in the art of radiological interpretation of the chest radiograph.
It includes some of the important anatomical structures visible on a chest X-ray along with technical aspects regarding image aquisition in correlation with lateral views and cross-sectional imaging to give a more complete sense of the structures in view.
Thoracic anatomy on various imaging modalitiesDev Lakhera
1. The document describes the normal thoracic anatomy as seen on various imaging modalities like chest radiography and computed tomography. It details the anatomy of structures like the trachea, bronchi, lungs, blood vessels, mediastinum and heart.
2. Key anatomical structures are defined, such as the lobes and fissures of the lungs, segments and zones. Common variations are also mentioned.
3. Imaging features of mediastinal lymph nodes, bones and soft tissues are provided. Different "windows" used for optimal visualization of soft tissue and lung structures on CT are explained.
4. Axial, sagittal and coronal reformats of CT images demonstrate the 3D anatomy of medi
This document provides an overview of chest x-ray basics and interpretation. It discusses key radiographic densities seen on CXRs and different chest x-ray views. The document outlines how to assess image quality factors like inspiration, penetration, and rotation. It then describes the systematic approach to interpreting various anatomical structures on CXRs like the airway, bones, heart, diaphragm, lungs, and hila. Common abnormalities are defined, such as consolidation, atelectasis, effusions, masses, and interstitial lung disease.
The document provides an overview of how to interpret chest x-rays and common chest diseases. It discusses how to systematically examine chest x-rays, including analyzing the chest wall, bones, abdomen, mediastinum, heart, lungs and their lobes/fissures. It also describes common radiographic densities and important hilar, tracheobronchial, pulmonary venous and mediastinal anatomy. Finally, it discusses some common conditions seen on chest x-rays like pneumonia, tuberculosis and foreign bodies.
1. The document provides guidance on systematically interpreting a chest x-ray by first examining the bony framework and then soft tissues, lung fields, diaphragm, mediastinum, heart, abdomen and neck.
2. Key aspects to evaluate include the lung fields, hila, diaphragm, heart size and location, mediastinal structures, and presence of any masses, infiltrates or abnormalities.
3. Anatomical structures are also described including lung lobes, fissures, and appearances on PA versus lateral views to aid localization of findings.
4. Examples of common pathologies are shown such as pneumonia, lung cancer, COPD, and cardiomegaly along with
This document describes the various types and radiographic appearances of lobar and segmental lung collapse. It discusses intrinsic and extrinsic causes of collapse and describes the typical findings for each lobe, including displacement of fissures, loss of volume, and compensatory changes. Specific signs are outlined to help identify collapse of the different lung lobes based on chest x-ray and CT imaging. Rarer forms of collapse including complete opacification and shifting atelectasis are also covered.
The document summarizes the radiographic anatomy of the lungs, including:
- The lungs are divided into lobes separated by fissures. The right lung has 3 lobes and the left has 2 lobes.
- Fissures appear as opaque lines on radiographs and can indicate underlying lung issues if displaced.
- Other structures discussed include the cardiac silhouette, diaphragm, costophrenic angles, trachea, hilar shadows and vascularity.
- The document provides details on evaluating each of these structures on a chest x-ray.
The middle mediastinum contains structures like the heart, great vessels, trachea and lymph nodes. Common masses include lymphadenopathy, bronchogenic cysts, duplication cysts and aneurysms. Aortic aneurysms appear as round masses that may erode bone or involve nerves. Bronchogenic cysts are usually round and contain fluid. Duplication cysts may contain gastric mucosa. The document describes anatomy of the middle mediastinum and structures within it, common masses found and how they appear on imaging. It also discusses some pitfalls in interpretation like variants involving great vessels.
A chest X-ray is used to diagnose chest conditions by producing images of the chest area. There are several standard views including posterior-anterior (PA), anterior-posterior (AP), lateral, and oblique views. The PA view is most common and shows structures like the lungs, heart, diaphragm, bones, and blood vessels. Abnormalities that can be identified include pleural effusions, pneumothorax, collapsed lungs, fibrosis, hydropneumothorax, COPD, and signs of conditions like tuberculosis. Characteristic signs help physicians diagnose conditions based on changes in structure sizes, positions, and appearance on the chest X-ray.
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2. THE LUNGS
Each lung is divided into lobes surrounded by pleura.
There are normally two lobes on the left, the upper and lower, separated by the
major (oblique) fissure, and three on the right, the upper, middle and lower lobes,
separated by the major (oblique) and minor (horizontal) fissures.
The major fissures have similar anatomy on the two sides.
Each major fissure follows a gently curving plane somewhat similar to a propeller
blade.
3. The minor fissure position is represented by an oval area of reduced vascularity at the
level of the bronchus intermedius.
In 1% of the population an accessory fissure, called the ‘azygos lobe fissure’.
This fissure contains the azygos vein at its lower end.
4.
5. THE CENTRAL AIRWAYS
The trachea is a straight tube that, in children and young adults, passes inferiorly and
posteriorly in the midline.
In cross-section the trachea is usually round, oval or oval with a flattened posterior margin.
Maximum coronal and sagittal diameters in adults on plain chest radiography are 21 and 23
mm, respectively, for women, and 25 and 27 mm for men.
On CT the mean transverse diameter is 15.2 mm for women and 18.2 mm for men.
Calcification of the cartilage rings of the trachea is a common normal finding after the age
of 40 years, increasing in frequency with age.
The trachea divides into the two mainstem bronchi at the carina.
In adults the right mainstem bronchus has a steeper course than the left.
The left main bronchus extends up to twice as far as the right main bronchus before giving
off its upper lobe division.
Lobar and segmental branching patterns :
6.
7. THE LUNGS BEYOND THE HILA
The segmental bronchi divide into smaller and smaller divisions until, after 6–20
divisions, they become bronchioles and no longer contain cartilage in their walls.
Purely conducting airways are known as the terminal bronchioles, beyond which lie
the alveoli.
The walls of the segmental bronchi are invisible on the chest radiograph unless seen
end on, when they may cause ring shadows.
The acinus, which is 5 to 6 mm in diameter, comprises respiratory bronchioles,
alveolar ducts and alveoli.
The acini are grouped together in lobules of three to five acini, which, in the lung
periphery, are separated by septa and together compose the secondary pulmonary
lobule.
These peripheral interlobular septa, when thickened by disease, are the so-called
septal or Kerley B lines.
The pulmonary blood vessels are responsible for branching linear markings within the
lungs on both conventional radiographs and CT.
8.
9. The lower lobe veins run more horizontally and the lower lobe arteries more vertically.
The upper lobe arteries and veins show a similar gently curving vertical orientation.
The diameter of the artery is usually much the same as the diameter of the bronchus (4 to
5 mm).
Diameter of over 1.5 times the diameter of the adjacent bronchus indicates that the vessel
is increased in size.
Vessels in the first anterior interspace should not exceed 3 mm in diameter.
A rich network of lymphatic vessels drains the lung and pleura to the hilar lymph nodes.
In normal circumstances the lymphatic network is invisible radiographically but when
thickened the septa are seen as line shadows known as septal or Kerley lines.
Thickened interlobular septa correspond to Kerley B lines and thickened deep septa
correspond to Kerley A lines.
10. THE HILA
The major points to remember when viewing the hila are the following:
1)The transverse diameter of the lower lobe arteries before their segmental divisions
measure 9 to 16 mm on the normal posteroanterior (PA) chest radiograph.
2) The posterior walls of the right main bronchus and its division into the right upper lobe
bronchus and bronchus intermedius are outlined by air and appear as a thin stripe on lateral
plain radiographs and on CT.
On the left are rarely visible on the plain radiograph because the left lower lobe artery
intervenes between the lung and the bronchial tree.
3) The right pulmonary artery passes anterior to the major bronchi, whereas the left
pulmonary artery arches superior to the left main bronchus.
4) On lateral chest radiographs the angles between the middle and right lower lobe bronchi
on the right, and the upper and lower lobe bronchi on the left, do not contain any large end-
on vessels; a rounded shadow of greater than 1 cm in these angles is, therefore, unlikely to
be a normal vessel.
5) The pulmonary veins are usually similar on the two sides.
11.
12.
13.
14. THE MEDIASTINUM
The mediastinum is divided into superior, anterior, middle and posterior
compartments.
The blood vessels, trachea and main bronchi make up the bulk of the mediastinum.
The thymus is situated anterior to the aorta and right ventricular outflow tract or
pulmonary artery; it is often best appreciated on a section through the aortic arch or
great vessels.
In adults the thymus is bilobed or triangular in shape. The maximum width and
thickness of each lobe decreases with advancing age.
In younger patients, the CT density of the thymus is homogeneous and close to that of
other soft tissues, but after puberty the density gradually decreases owing to fatty
replacement.
Residual thymic parenchyma, which may be visible as streaky or nodular densities
within the fat.
Lymph nodes are widely distributed in the mediastinum. Ninety-five per cent of normal
mediastinal lymph nodes are less than 10 mm in diameter, and the remainder, with few
exceptions, are less than 15 mm in diameter.
15.
16. Tumour–nodes–metastasis (TNM) classification for lung cancer proposed by the International
Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC):
This classification groups nodal stations into seven anatomical zones: supraclavicular, upper,
aortopulmonary, subcarinal, lower, hilar and peripheral.
17. Junction Lines:
When there is only a small amount of fat anterior to the ascending aorta and its major
branches, the two lungs may be separated anteriorly by little more than the four
intervening layers of pleura. In such patients an anterior junction line is visible on
frontal chest radiographs.
The lungs may also come close together behind the oesophagus, forming the posterior
junction line .
The major value of being able to identify the anterior and posterior junction lines is
that a mass, or other space-occupying process, in the junctional areas can be excluded
if these lines are visible.
18. Right Mediastinum Above the Azygos Vein:
The right superior mediastinal border is formed by the right brachiocephalic vein and the
superior vena cava.
With aortic or brachiocephalic artery ectasia or unfolding, either of these veins may be
pushed laterally or the mediastinal border may be formed by the aorta or the right
brachiocephalic artery.
Lung contacts the right tracheal wall from the level of the clavicles down to the azygos
vein, producing a visible stripe of uniform thickness known as the right paratracheal
stripe.
Value of this stripe is that its presence excludes a space-occupying process in the area
where the stripe is visible.
The lung posterior to the trachea contacts the right wall of the oesophagus . If the
oesophagus at this level contains air, then the right wall of the oesophagus is seen as a
stripe, the so-called oesophageal– pleural stripe.
19.
20. Left Mediastinum Above the Aortic Arch :
The mediastinal shadow to the left of the trachea above the aortic arch is of low
density and is caused by the left carotid and left subclavian arteries together with the
left brachiocephalic (innominate) and jugular veins.
Trachea and Retrotracheal Area in the Lateral View :
The course of the trachea on a normal lateral view is straight, or bowed anteriorly in
patients with aortic unfolding.
Its anterior wall is visible in a minority of patients, but the posterior wall is usually
seen because lung often passes behind the trachea, thereby permitting visualisation of
the posterior tracheal (stripe) band.
If a large amount of air is present in the oesophagus, the posterior tracheal band may
be much thicker, as it then comprises the combined thicknesses of the posterior
tracheal wall and the anterior oesophageal wall.
21.
22. Supra-Aortic Mediastinum on the Lateral View :
A variable proportion of the aortic arch and its major branches is visible on the lateral view,
depending largely on the degree of aortic unfolding.
The left brachiocephalic vein is seen as an extrapleural bulge behind the manubrium in a
small proportion of normal people .
23. Right Middle Mediastinal Border Below the Azygos Arch :
Below the azygos arch, the right lower lobe makes contact with the right wall of the
oesophagus and the azygos vein as it ascends next to the oesophagus.
This portion of the lung is known as the azygo-oesophageal recess, and the interface is
known as the azygo-oesophageal line.
Convex shape suggests the presence of a subcarinal mass or left atrial enlargement
24. Paraspinal Lines :
Lymph nodes and intercostal veins occupy the space between the spine and the
lung.
In individuals with little fat, the interfaces, known as the paraspinal lines.
Retrosternal Line :
The band-like opacity simulating pleural or extrapleural disease is often seen
along the lower third of the anterior chest wall on a lateral chest radiograph.
The left lung does not contact the most anterior portion of the left thoracic cavity
at these levels because the heart occupies the space.
The band-like opacity is, therefore, accounted for by the normal heart and
mediastinum, rather than by disease.
25. THE DIAPHRAGM
The diaphragm consists of a large dome-shaped central tendon surrounded by a sheet
of striated muscle which is attached to ribs 7 to 12 and to the xiphisternum.
The normal right hemidiaphragm is found at about the level of the anterior portion of
the sixth rib, with a range of approximately one interspace above or below this level.
The right hemidiaphragm is 1.5 to 2.5 cm higher than the left.
The mean excursion of the right hemidiaphragm on deep inspiration being 53 mm and
that of the left being 46 mm.
Incomplete muscularisation, known as eventration. An eventration is composed of a
thin membranous sheet replacing what should be muscle.
26. A linear density arising from the lateral wall of the inferior vena cava is often
seen coursing over the surface of the right hemidiaphragm. This line represents
pleura and an envelope of fat investing the phrenic nerve.