Global warming is causing the average temperature of the Earth to rise, resulting in climate change. Increased greenhouse gas emissions from human activities, like burning fossil fuels, are trapping more heat in the atmosphere. This document reviews several impacts of global warming on the environment, including effects on agriculture, water resources, temperature, and precipitation. Rising temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns are posing challenges for food production and water availability. Many regions are facing issues like water scarcity, drought, and degraded water quality. Climate change is also expected to spread diseases and damage ecosystems. Adaptation efforts are needed to help communities cope with the environmental changes caused by global warming.
Global climate change is a change in the long-term weather patterns that characterize the regions of the world. The term "weather" refers to the short-term (daily) changes in temperature, wind, and/or precipitation of a region. In the long
run, the climatic change could affect agriculture in several ways such as quantity and quality of crops in terms of productivity, growth rates, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, moisture availability etc. Climate change is likely to directly impact food production across the globe. Increase in the mean seasonal
temperature can reduce the duration of many crops and hence reduce the yield. In areas where temperatures are already close to the physiological maxima for crops, warming will impact yields more immediately (IPCC, 2007). Drivers of climate
change through alterations in atmospheric composition can also influence food production directly by its impacts on plant physiology. The consequences of agriculture’s contribution to climate change, and of climate change’s negative impact on agriculture, are severe which is projected to have a great impact on food production and may threaten the food security and hence, require special agricultural measures to combat with.
CHALLENGES FACED BY FARMERS DUE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGESEaseMyTrip.com
One of the major challenges facing human is to provide a good standard of living for present and future generations: proper food, water, energy, safe shelter and a healthy environment. But, global environmental issues such as land degradation, loss of biodiversity, ozone layer depletion along with human-induced climate change, threatens our ability to meet the basic human needs.
Climate change effect on agricultural sectorAtif Nawaz
Climate change effect badly all kinds of species from last decade. and its going to very keen issue.
its a responsibility of all humanity to care about all issues regarding to climate change.
Global climate change is a change in the long-term weather patterns that characterize the regions of the world. The term "weather" refers to the short-term (daily) changes in temperature, wind, and/or precipitation of a region. In the long
run, the climatic change could affect agriculture in several ways such as quantity and quality of crops in terms of productivity, growth rates, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, moisture availability etc. Climate change is likely to directly impact food production across the globe. Increase in the mean seasonal
temperature can reduce the duration of many crops and hence reduce the yield. In areas where temperatures are already close to the physiological maxima for crops, warming will impact yields more immediately (IPCC, 2007). Drivers of climate
change through alterations in atmospheric composition can also influence food production directly by its impacts on plant physiology. The consequences of agriculture’s contribution to climate change, and of climate change’s negative impact on agriculture, are severe which is projected to have a great impact on food production and may threaten the food security and hence, require special agricultural measures to combat with.
CHALLENGES FACED BY FARMERS DUE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGESEaseMyTrip.com
One of the major challenges facing human is to provide a good standard of living for present and future generations: proper food, water, energy, safe shelter and a healthy environment. But, global environmental issues such as land degradation, loss of biodiversity, ozone layer depletion along with human-induced climate change, threatens our ability to meet the basic human needs.
Climate change effect on agricultural sectorAtif Nawaz
Climate change effect badly all kinds of species from last decade. and its going to very keen issue.
its a responsibility of all humanity to care about all issues regarding to climate change.
Agriculture and fisheries are highly dependent on specific climate conditions. Trying to understand the overall effect of climate change on our food supply can be difficult. Increases in temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) can be beneficial for some crops in some places. But to realize these benefits, nutrient levels, soil moisture, water availability, and other conditions must also be met. Changes in the frequency and severity of droughts and floods could pose challenges for farmers and ranchers. Meanwhile, warmer water temperatures are likely to cause the habitat ranges of many fish and shellfish species to shift, which could disrupt ecosystems. Overall, climate change could make it more difficult to grow crops, raise animals, and catch fish in the same ways and same places as we have done in the past. The effects of climate change also need to be considered along with other evolving factors that affect agricultural production, such as changes in farming practices and technology.
Climate change impacts on soil health and their mitigation and adaptation str...Rajendra meena
The increasing concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is bringing about major changes to the global environment resulting in global warming, depletion of ozone concentration in the stratosphere, changes in atmospheric moisture and precipitation and enhanced atmospheric deposition. These changes impact several soil processes, which are influence soil health. Soil health refers to the capacity of soil to perform agronomic and environmental functions. A number of physical, chemical and biological characteristics have been proposed as indicators of soil health. Generally, biological processes in soil such as decomposition and storage of organic matter, C and N cycling, microbial and metabolic quotients are likely to be influenced greatly by climate change and have thus high relevance to assess climate change impacts (Allen et al., 2011). Soil organic matter (SOM) exerts a major influence on several soil health indicators and is thus considered a key indicator of soil health. An optimal level of SOM is essential for maintaining soil health and alleviating rising atmospheric CO2 concentration. Elevated CO2 has increased C decay rates generally but in some cases elevated CO2 increases soil C storage (Jastrow et al., 2016). Enhancing the soil organic carbon pool also improves agro-ecosystem resilience, eco-efficiency, and adaptation to climate change. Healthy soils provide the largest store of terrestrial carbon, when managed sustainably; soils can play an important role in climate change mitigation by storing carbon (carbon sequestration) and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere (Paustian et al., 2016).
Wright et al., (2005) reported that no tillage increase soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (SON) 11 and 21% in corn and 22 and 12 % in cotton than conventional tillage. Agroforestry system at farmers’ field enhance soil biological activity and amongst trees, P. cineraria based system brought maximum and significant improvement in soil biological activity (Yadav et al ., 2011).
For Climate Change Workshop by British Computer Society on 17-Sep-08.
Physics & Chemistry of Climate Change,
Effects and Costs of Climate Change,
Geographical Information and use of it,
Some International Meetings and Local Authority Measures,
Climate Change Bill 2008,
Carbon trading / offsetting,
Reducing Carbon Emissions – Websites & Actions.
Presentation delivered by Dr. Graham Farquhar (The Australian National University, Australia) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
Agriculture and fisheries are highly dependent on specific climate conditions. Trying to understand the overall effect of climate change on our food supply can be difficult. Increases in temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) can be beneficial for some crops in some places. But to realize these benefits, nutrient levels, soil moisture, water availability, and other conditions must also be met. Changes in the frequency and severity of droughts and floods could pose challenges for farmers and ranchers. Meanwhile, warmer water temperatures are likely to cause the habitat ranges of many fish and shellfish species to shift, which could disrupt ecosystems. Overall, climate change could make it more difficult to grow crops, raise animals, and catch fish in the same ways and same places as we have done in the past. The effects of climate change also need to be considered along with other evolving factors that affect agricultural production, such as changes in farming practices and technology.
Climate change impacts on soil health and their mitigation and adaptation str...Rajendra meena
The increasing concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is bringing about major changes to the global environment resulting in global warming, depletion of ozone concentration in the stratosphere, changes in atmospheric moisture and precipitation and enhanced atmospheric deposition. These changes impact several soil processes, which are influence soil health. Soil health refers to the capacity of soil to perform agronomic and environmental functions. A number of physical, chemical and biological characteristics have been proposed as indicators of soil health. Generally, biological processes in soil such as decomposition and storage of organic matter, C and N cycling, microbial and metabolic quotients are likely to be influenced greatly by climate change and have thus high relevance to assess climate change impacts (Allen et al., 2011). Soil organic matter (SOM) exerts a major influence on several soil health indicators and is thus considered a key indicator of soil health. An optimal level of SOM is essential for maintaining soil health and alleviating rising atmospheric CO2 concentration. Elevated CO2 has increased C decay rates generally but in some cases elevated CO2 increases soil C storage (Jastrow et al., 2016). Enhancing the soil organic carbon pool also improves agro-ecosystem resilience, eco-efficiency, and adaptation to climate change. Healthy soils provide the largest store of terrestrial carbon, when managed sustainably; soils can play an important role in climate change mitigation by storing carbon (carbon sequestration) and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere (Paustian et al., 2016).
Wright et al., (2005) reported that no tillage increase soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (SON) 11 and 21% in corn and 22 and 12 % in cotton than conventional tillage. Agroforestry system at farmers’ field enhance soil biological activity and amongst trees, P. cineraria based system brought maximum and significant improvement in soil biological activity (Yadav et al ., 2011).
For Climate Change Workshop by British Computer Society on 17-Sep-08.
Physics & Chemistry of Climate Change,
Effects and Costs of Climate Change,
Geographical Information and use of it,
Some International Meetings and Local Authority Measures,
Climate Change Bill 2008,
Carbon trading / offsetting,
Reducing Carbon Emissions – Websites & Actions.
Presentation delivered by Dr. Graham Farquhar (The Australian National University, Australia) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
CONTENTS= Weather, Climate, climate change, Global climate change, Global warming, Factors Affecting climate, Vulnerability of agriculture to climate change, Agriculture and climate change is a three-fold relationship, Influence of agriculture in climate change, Impacts of climate change on agriculture, What can be done? , Conclusion
Climate Change is major thing of Environment, which we should know about it. It's effect is dangerous that many people don't think about it. I upload this PDF for encourage the students and their knowledge.
IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON AQUATIC FLORA AND FAUNAMahendra Pal
A rise in temperature as small as 1° C could have important and rapid effects on the geographical distributions and mortality of some organisms. The more mobile species should be able to adjust their ranges over time, but less mobile and sedentary species may not.There are many factors that can cause a warming of our climate; for example, more energy from the sun, large natural events such as El Nino or an increased greenhouse effect. Rising temperatures can directly affect the metabolism, life cycle, and behaviour of marine species. For many species, temperature serves as a cue for reproduction. Clearly, changes in sea temperature could affect their successful breeding. The number of male and female offspring is determined by temperature for marine turtles, as well as some fish and copepods (tiny shrimp-like animals on which many other marine animals feed). Changing climate could therefore skew sex ratios and threaten population survival.
Climate change is one of the primary factors contributing to the loss of biodiversity worldwide. The purpose of this review paper was to give serious thought about the present and future impacts of climate change on biodiversity, even though we are not aware of its synergistic effects on biological populations. In order to fully understand the biota's reactions to these climatic
changes, we also concentrated on how these changes impact their phenology and physiology. This review article's subjects are
covered in a non-random order to make it easier for readers to understand the connections between biodiversity and climate
change. We also discussed about how 1.1°C of global warming brought about by human activity has altered the Earth's climate
in ways never seen before and negatively impacted human health. We covered how to safeguard our biota by implementing practical conservation strategies at the end of this review article in order to reduce the effects of climate change on it. We hope that one day, because research on climate change and biodiversity protection is interdisciplinary and spans many different scientific areas, we will be able to address all these concerns and preserve our biota from their terrible consequences.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
This is a powerpoint presentation on Global warming that can be used to spread awareness in the society as well as help students on their homework about global warming.
The presentation talks about Global Warming and its consequences in India. The presentation even includes topic like Enviornmental Refugee, Carbon Foot Prints etc. A social Work Perspective is there.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
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reflect infra-red waves radiated by earth. By doing so, these gases conserve heat on
the earth crust as in green house.
Greenhouse effect has both advantage and disadvantage like a knife with two
edges. Certain minimum green house effect is required to keep environment suitable
for living. If it does not exist, earth would be cooled, and ice would cover the earth
from pole to pole. But, if it is concentrated, it could make the earth warmer than
usual. Even a little extra warming may cause problems for human, plants and animals.
1.2. Greenhouse gases
In the environment, greenhouse gases occur either i) naturally or ii) from human
activities. The most abundant greenhouse gas is Carbon dioxide and is derived from
the emission from volcanic eruption, respiration of animals, burning and decay of
organic matter such as plants. Photosynthesis by plants and ocean absorb carbon
dioxide. Human activities like burning of fossil fuel, solid wastes, wood and wood
products, driving vehicles and generating electricity increase the release of carbon
dioxide. Deforestation reduced the absorption of carbon dioxide by Photosynthesis.
Human activities have caused release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere much faster
than absorption by natural processes. In 1750, carbon dioxide concentration was 281
molecules per million molecules of air (parts per million, ppm). Today atmospheric
carbon dioxide concentrations are 368 ppm. Increase is 31% (Mariappan, 2014)
Methane traps 20 times more heat than carbon dioxide. It is emitted during the
production and transport of coal, natural gases and oil. It is also emitted from rotting
organic waste in sand fills, by the cows as a by product of digestion. Since 1750, the
amount of methane in the atmosphere has more than doubled.
Nitrous oxide traps 300 times more heat than carbon dioxide. Burning fossil fuel
and ploughing farm release nitrous oxide. Since 1750, its level increased by 17%.
Hydrocarbons formed from the manufacture of foams, coolants such as
chlorofluorocarbons used in refrigerators. 1n 2000, scientists discovered a new
greenhouse gas called trifluoromethyl sulpur penta fluoride. It can trap more
effectively than all other greenhouse gases (Mariappan, 2014).
2. CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON VARIOUS SECTORS
The impacts of climate change can be classified into six key sectors such as
Agriculture, Health, Water Resource, Forest, Coastal Ecosystem and Biodiversity.
The expected types of issues in each sector are listed in Table 1.
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Table 1 Major Sectors and Climate Change Issues
Impacts due to climate change on Type of Issues
Agriculture
High demand of water for irrigation and
inadequacy
Low crop yield and food security
Water Resource
Fresh water depletion, drought and
unavailability
Water quality deterioration
Increased conflicts for water
Health
Weather related mortality and morbidity
Infectious diseases
Reparatory Illness due to air quality
Forest
Change in forest composition
Shift in geographic range of forests
Forest health and productivity
Coastal System
Erosion of beaches
Inundate coastal lands
Higher cost to protect coastal communities
Biodiversity (Species and Natural
Areas)
Shift in ecological zones
Loss of habitat and species
Source: Presentation made by Mr. Atiq in Plan Asia Meet in Bangkok (2010)
2.1. Agriculture sector
Agriculture is the backbone of majority of the rural households and attached urban
population in developing countries like India. Hence, preparing the agricultural sector
to adapt to the negative effects of climate variabilities may be necessary to ensure
food security for the country and to protect the livelihood of rural households.
Adaptation to climate change is an effective measure at the farm level, which can
reduce climate vulnerability by making rural households and communities better able
to prepare themselves and their farming to changes and variability in climate,
avoiding projected damages and supporting them in dealing with adverse events
(IPCC, 2001).
Agriculture is inherently sensitive to climate conditions and is one of the most
vulnerable sectors to the risks and impact of global climate change (Parry et al.,
1999). The climatic variables (rainfall, temperature, humidity and evapotranspiration)
and seasonal characteristics play a significant role in the regular agricultural activities.
The agricultural sector is vulnerable to climate change physically and economically.
Due to climate change, agricultural supply will be affected, especially relative prices
of agricultural commodities and consequently reallocation of resources within the
agricultural sector, altering the structure of the economies of numerous countries and
the international trade pattern (Deke et al., 2001).
In developing countries, where production is highly rain dependent and climate
variability and change have been and continue to be the principal source of
fluctuations in global food production (Oseniet al., 2011). The agricultural sector has
several links with other sectors. Globally, agriculture sector is the largest user of
water, so any changes in water availability through precipitation, groundwater storage
and changes in evapotranspiration as the Earth’s temperature rises, will have
significant effects on water availability for agriculture activities (Hutchinson et al.,
2013). It will also have effects on the potential start of the crop cycle as well as on
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the length of the crop cycle. In addition, agriculture competes intensely for water
with the tourism, industrial and residential sectors. The availability of water resource
will be the deciding factors, for allocation of water to the agricultural sector and also
the public sector allocation of water based on perceived importance of water to each
sector in the country. The utmost rainfall variability is considered to be an important
cause of drought. The recurrent drought and its severity accelerate to increase the
vulnerability and poverty (Rakibet al., 2014).
The climate change is extremely affecting and altering the distribution, quality of
natural resources and the related livelihoods of the people. Due to change in climate,
the demand for drinking water and for irrigation is increasing and it also increases
competition and conflict among the rural, urban and the industrial users. This may
lead to sustainability crises for requirement of food, fodder and fuel wood. Change in
temperature and rainfall pattern may also alter the distribution of disease vectors
carrying malaria, dengue, diarrhoea, bird flu etc. as well as rodents and other pest
problems (Anita et al., 2012).
More and more, anthropogenic activities are having adverse impacts on the
Earth’s climate (Hutchinson et al., 2013). As a result, all countries are now trying to
take joint actions to define ways to reducing the negative impacts as well as preparing
local communities to adapt in order to cope with, or even benefit from the projected
climate change.
The review of existing climate change related study results indicates that the
effects of climate change will not be uniform across the globe (Gbetibouoet al., 2005).
Developed countries will be less affected by climate change whereas the developing
countries are the most affected from the negative consequences of global warming
and the effects of climate change are predicted to be greater, although they have
contributed relatively little to the cause of global warming.
In the changing climate scenarios, the climate risk assessment to the agricultural
ecosystems holds the key to understand future food security situations. The existing
practices of climate risk assessment are quite broad. There is a greater need for area
and crop specific assessment and these in depth assessments will help to define an
actionable framework for developing adaptation strategies at local levels.
The agricultural land is relatively more fragile and requires replenishment of
nutrients lost through crop production. This loss of nutrients from the topsoil is
compensated through animal residues (Raina et al., 2011). Also, it is evident that the
farmers using improved seeds, fertilizer, mechanization and irrigation in years with
favorable rainfall gain a good agriculture return. The improved adaptation techniques
include improved seeds like hybrid and open pollinated varieties, timely planting,
proper spacing, timely weeding and harvesting. Varying site factors like altitude,
slope direction, temperature, humidity, rainfall, availability of irrigation and distance
from the snowline or plains are the driving force for the diversification of agriculture
into various farming situations (Raina et al., 2011), the adaptation techniques should
take care of all these factors to gain a better result.
The choice of adaptation methods by farmers depends on various social, economic
and environmental factors. The study in the field of climate change coping
mechanism indicate that farmers’ awareness, investment in new heat tolerant
varieties, crop insurance, social awareness and protection programs may be some
important aspects of the adaptation to climate change (Schlenkeret al., 2010). It is
also important to have correct and apt knowledge about the type and extent of
adaptation methods being practiced by farmers and assessing the need for further
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advances in existing adaptation practices. Hence, understanding how farmers perceive
changes in climate and what factors shape their adaptive behavior, especially with
respect to various agro-ecological zones in India will be a great contribution for the
agriculture sector in the country.
2.2. Water Resources
In general, the availability of fresh water in a region (in terms of surface, sub-surface,
ground water and glaciers) is above 1700 cu.m/ capita / annum is considered as
“Satisfactory Level” and the level falls between 1000 to 1700 cu.m/ capita/ annum is
considered as “Stressed Stage” and less than 1000 cu.m/ capita/ annum is considered
as “Water Scarcity Region”. The available data around fresh water in India indicates
that the availability is drastically going down (Figure 1). The data shows that during
1955’s per capita availability of fresh water was around 5277 m3
per annum and in the
year 2000, the available scared resource has come down to 2200 m3
per annum. The
projection is that the availability will go below 1000 m3
per annum per capita in 25
years, it means, India is heading towards water scarcity.
Source: Central Water Commission (2014)
Figure 1 Availability of renewable fresh water in India
Though it is difficult to state the exact percentage, there is a significant
contribution of climate change for the changes in fresh water availability in the
country. Ever increase population growth and improved standard of living demands
high quantum of fresh water for consumption, whereas the fresh water level is keep
going down, this mismatch would result conflicts.
The fresh water demand for Agriculture sector to ensure food security for the
growing population and also demand from the Industrial sector is also further
aggravate the situation. The data on fresh water utilization indicates that nearly 90%
of the available resources are being consumed by Agriculture sector, 6 % by the
Industries and the remaining 4% is by the Domestic sector including for drinking
(Figure 2).
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Source: DDWS (2008)
Figure 2 Fresh water usage in India
There are many research / studies going on in India and aboard around the ground
water depletion, as per the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)
Satellites data of NASA, at an average rate of 4 cm a year is being depleted in north-
western India, this works out to be 18 cu.km of water a year. Over a period of 6 years
of study indicates that the depletion was 109 cu.km
The lowering of ground water level force the community/farmers to go for deeper
aquifer to meet their fresh water needs for drinking and agriculture. The farmers
spent a huge sum to find a deep source and while go for deep aquifer, they encounter
many water quality issues as well. Presence of excess chemicals /minerals higher
than the prescribed limit by World Health Organization (WHO) /Government make
the water unfit for drinking and use for agriculture. The WHO data shows that over
exploitation of ground water necessitate to go for deeper aquifers, result a major water
quality issues such as Arsenic, Fluoride etc., over 13 million people in 4 states in
India are at risk due to arsenic contamination and 66 million people in 17 states in
India are at risk due to Fluoride contamination. The table 2 lists various water quality
issues prevailing in India.
Table 2 Water quality issues in India
Water Quality Problem Remarks
Fluoride
The population at risk is estimated to be around 66 million
in 17 states
Arsenic
The population at risk is estimated to be more than 13 million in 4
states
Iron
Around 1.5 lacks habitations spread over 16 states in the country are
found to be affected
Nitrate
Nitrate is emerging as a major problem in the States of
Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Uttar
Pradesh
Brackishness
A major problem in parts of the States of Gujarat,
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil
Nadu, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh
7. Impacts of Global Warming on Environment - A Review
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2.3. Temperature and Precipitation
The figure 3 indicates that there is considerable increase in the mean temperature,
particularly in the last few decades. There are considerable impacts due to rise in the
mean temperature, especially on the water related aspects. For example, increase in
temperature results more evaporation loss in the water stored in the pond/ tank/
reservoir, thus affects the prolong availability of water for irrigation. Rise in
temperature result demands more water for crop production and also for human
consumption.
Source: AR4, IPCC (2007)
Figure 3 Projected global mean temperature rise
The rise in temperature and precipitation will result in many outbreaks of diseases.
Also, increate in temperature will force the living organism to shift or move and also
extinct. The figure 4 depicts the increase and decrease Annual Mean Temperature
across the country for a period of 60 years from 1951 to 2010.
Source: Indian Meteorological Department (2013)
Figure 4 Annual mean temperature trend in India for 1951 - 2010
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Figures 5 and 6 clearly indicate that the number of hot and rainy days will go up
in various regions globally and it would lead to many issues to the human being. It is
essential to validate these changes in temperature and rainy days projection for local
level to work out an area specific mitigation and coping strategy. There should
detailed strategies to facilitate the vulnerable communities and marginal farmers to
adapt to the changes such as increased number or hot days or number of heavy rainy
days to cope with the change in climate conditions. The 60 years annual rainfall trend
(1951-2010) given the map by IMD indicates that there is an increase and decrease of
rainfall trend across the country and a few locations the trend the very significant at
95%.
Source: AR4, IPCC (2007)
Figure 5 Projected numbers of hot days due to climate change
Figure 6 Projected numbers of rainy days due to climate change
Also, analysis of for the past 100 years average rainfall data of India, especially
three and five years moving average reveals that there is mild shift the quantum of
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rainfall received and in the one decade, the data is almost equal to average annual
rainfall and number of rainy years over the average is reducing compared to the past
(Figure 8). The data from 1916 to 1964 and 1965 to 2000 indicates that number of
rainy year over the national average is reduced in the later segment. It is a clear
indication that there is change in the rainfall patter in India. The same is confirmed
the analysis and annual rainfall trend released by IMD for a period of 60 years from
1951 to 2010.
Source: Indian Meteorological Department (2012)
Figure 7 Average annual rainfall moving average of India
Source: Indian Meteorological Department (2013)
Figure 8 Annual rainfall trend for 1951 - 2010
0
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Rainfallinmm
100 Years Rainfall and Moving Average Trend
Annual Rainfall Annual Average Rainfall 3 Years Moving Average 5 years moving Average
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2.4. Health
The change in climate threatens health and well-being of human being in multiple
ways, including through more extreme weather events, wildfires and decreased air
quality, diseases transmitted by insects, food and water. Climate change impacts on
human health can be divided into direct and indirect effects. The extreme events such
as droughts, flood, heat waves, wind storms, might case direct health issues and
indirect effects may arise from the disruption of natural systems, causing infectious
disease, malnutrition, food and water borne illness, and increased air pollution.
Increases in heat waves will increase the number of deaths and illnesses occurring
from heat stress, heatstroke, cardiovascular disease and kidney disease. Increases in
temperature and rainfall are expected to contribute to increased outbreaks of cholera,
diarrhoea, salmonella, campylobacter, enteric infections, and rotavirus.
Climate change would aggravate over the next few decades include heat stress,
vector borne diseases (such as malaria, dengue fever and yellow fever); extreme
weather events; air pollution; communicable diseases (such as HIV/AIDS, TB and
cholera) and non-communicable diseases (such as cardio-vascular and respiratory
diseases). Climate change could also have deleterious effects on mental and
occupational health, and its adverse impacts would be worsened by food insecurity,
hunger and malnutrition.
Sea level rise is already putting low-lying coastal populations at risk, and intense
rainfall events are projected to increase with climate change. This increases the risk of
flooding, which can introduce chemicals, pesticides, and heavy metals into water
systems and increase the risk of water-borne disease outbreak. Droughts, which are
expected to become more common, can destroy crops and grazing land, reduce the
quantity and quality of water resources, and increase risk of fire.
As per IPCC report, these impacts of climate change on human health and social
wellbeing are varied and occur through many different pathways. Among the key
risks are:
Death, injury, ill-health or disrupted livelihoods in low-lying coastal zones and island
states
Breakdown of infrastructure networks and critical services such as electricity, water
supply, and health and emergency services
Higher mortality and morbidity during periods of extreme heat and
Food insecurity and the breakdown of food systems, particularly for poorer
populations.
Some the above mentioned extreme weather related health issues can be
summarized in table 6.
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Table 6 Diseases projection due to climate change
Floods and storms Drought Fire
Increased or decreased vector (e.g.
mosquito) abundance (e.g. if
breeding sites are washed away).
Increased risk of respiratory and
diarrhoeal diseases.
Drowning
Injuries
Health effects associated with
population displacement.
Impacts on Food supply
Mental Health Impacts
Changes in abundance of
vectors that breeds in dried up
river beds.
Food shortage
Illness
Malnutrition
Increased risk of infections
Death (starvation)
Health impacts associated with
population displacement
Burns and smoke
inhalation
Soil erosion and increased
risks of land slides
Increased mortality and
morbidity
Increased risk of hospital
and emergency
admissions
Source: www.sanbi.org/climatechangefactsheet(2013)
2.5. Forest
Forests play a critical role in maintaining a varied range of delicate relationships with
nature and its ecosystems. Forests are highly sensitive to climate change. Climate is
one of the most important determinants of vegetation patterns globally and thus
climate change can significantly alter the distribution, structure and ecology of
forests. Forest type distribution, carbon stocks or emissions and climate change are
interlinked processes. Impacts on the wellbeing of forests likely to be caused by
climate change will therefore have a dramatic effect. According to the latest
projections by UNEP (2015), changes in climate will mean that by 2050 the world’s
ecosystems, including its all-important forests, will be releasing more carbon than
they are capable of absorbing. Increase in temperatures might force many living
organisms to migrate to cooler areas, while new organisms arrive. Such movements
involve all species, including plants. Various studies have noted that a number of bird,
tree, scrub and herb species have migrated by an average of six kilometres every ten
years, or have sought higher altitudes of between one and four metres (Parmesan et
al.,2003).
The present environmental situation is heavily influenced by climate change and it
could lead to a massive destruction of forests and the extinction of countless species.
For example, modeling focusing on the Amazon region has indicated that 43 per cent
of 193 representative plant species could become non-viable by the year 2095 due to
the fact that changes in climate will have fundamentally altered the composition of
species habitats (UNEP/Miles et al. 2004).
Changes in the growth and regeneration capacity of many tree species can be
possible, even a mild increases of as little as 1°C in mean annual air temperature.
This mild increase in air temperature can significantly alter the function and
composition of forests and also possibly can cause forest cover to disappear
completely. Since the forest is water dependent, either the extreme drought or water
logging will force the forest cover decline. The changes in the temperature and
rainfall might influence the change in soil water availability; as a result tropical
forests existence and survival become an issue. Decreases in soil moisture may
accelerate forest loss in many areas where water availability is already marginal. In
other areas, increasing precipitation may be more than adequate to meet increased
evaporative demand and may even lead to erosion.
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Forests are particularly sensitive to climate change, because the long life-span of
trees does not allow for rapid adaptation to environmental changes. Adaptation
measures for forestry need to be planned well in advance of expected changes in
growing conditions because the forests regenerated today will have to cope with the
future climate conditions of at least several decades, often even more than 100 years
(Marcus et al.,2008).
2.6. Coastal Area
Worldwide, the human activities are transforming natural ecosystems. Certain
ecosystem types are being lost, while completely new ones are emerging in their place
(Ellis et al., 2008). “Emerging” or “novel” ecosystems have two key characteristics
(Hobbs et al., 2006): (1) they contain new combinations of species, which can change
how the ecosystem functions and (2) they result from human activities but
nevertheless can persist without continued intervention by humans. Novel ecosystems
often differ considerably from either wild or intensively managed systems, for
example in fishery production, shoreline erosion control and maintenance of water
quality.
Gradual changes in environmental conditions such as water temperature do not
necessarily produce gradual responses in the ecosystem - a small change can cross a
“tipping point”, producing a sudden or large shift in the system. Such non-linear
responses to a stressor can occur either because (1) the change pushes a key species
over a threshold in its physiological tolerances or (2) the stressor affects species
differently and disrupts the complex interactions among them. Such complex
relationships in ecosystems mean that a change is often difficult to reverse once it has
occurred. A classic example involves submerged vegetation. Loss of sea grasses due
to nutrient pollution destabilizes the underlying sediment and allows it to be mixed up
into the water column. This suspended sediment in turn reduces light and interferes
with reestablishment of grasses, even if nutrient loading is reduced well below its
original level (Schefferet al.,2001).
The review of IPCC document on Coastal system and low lying areas indicates
that Coasts are highly vulnerable to extreme events, such as storms. Annually, about
120 million people are exposed to tropical cyclone hazards, which killed 250,000
people from 1980 to 2000. Through the 20th century, global rise of sea level
contributed to increased coastal inundation, erosion and ecosystem losses, but with
considerable local and regional variation due to other factors. Anticipated climate
related changes include:
An accelerated rise in sea level of up to 0.6 m or more by 2100 (Fig.1.9)
A further rise in sea surface temperatures by up to 3°C. Increases in sea surface
temperature of about 1 to 3°C are projected to result in more frequent coral bleaching
events and widespread mortality, unless there is thermal adaptation or acclimatization
by corals
An intensification of tropical and extra-tropical cyclones; larger extreme waves and
storm surges and
Altered precipitation/run-off and ocean acidification.
Degradation of coastal ecosystems, especially wetlands and coral reefs, has
serious implications for the wellbeing of societies dependent on the coastal
ecosystems for goods and services. Increased flooding and the degradation of
freshwater, fisheries and other resources could impact hundreds of millions of people,
and socio-economic costs on coasts will escalate as a result of climate change.
13. Impacts of Global Warming on Environment - A Review
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Source: AR4, IPCC (2007)
Figure 9 Expected global mean sea level raise
As per EPA, one of the most obvious effects of climate change on human made
structures is sea level rise, which causes destruction through erosion and the intrusion
of salt water into the water table. According to the IPCC (2001) and (Church et al.,
2001), it is very likely that warming will contribute significantly to future sea level
rise, through thermal expansion of sea water and widespread loss of land ice. Human
habitat could be affected significantly, as nearly 20 per cent of the world’s population
lives within 30 km of the sea, and approximately 40 per cent live within 100 km of the
coast (Cohen et al., 1997 and Gommeset al., 1998). As indicated by Nurse et al.
(2001), low-lying coastal regions and islands in particular are the most vulnerable to
rising seas. The problem may be even more severe in the future as coastal populations
worldwide expand. The major effects of a rise in sea level are the loss of land due to
inundation and erosion, increased flooding during storm surges and rainstorms, and
the intrusion of saltwater into aquifers, estuaries and wetlands (Tituset al., 1993).
Coastal ecosystems are of vital socio-economic and ecological importance to humans.
A 1997 study estimated the total value of ecosystem services provided by coastal
marine habitats to be in excess of 14 trillion U.S. dollars per year: over 40% of the
world’s total (Robert et al., (1997). Therefore, understanding the future of coastal
ecosystems has major implications for human society.
2.7. Biodiversity
Biological diversity deals with the degree of nature’s variety in the biosphere.
Biological diversity or biodiversity, encompasses the variety of all life on earth.
Biodiversity manifests itself at three levels: Species diversity which refers to the
numbers and kinds of living organisms. Genetic diversity refers to genetic variation
within species and ecosystem diversity which denotes the variety of habitats,
biological communities and ecological processes (MoE&F, GoI). During the last
century, population growth, market pressures and new technological development in
agriculture have influenced the pattern of agricultural development tending towards
agriculture intensification, (i.e. increasing scales of monoculture production, intensive
mechanical tillage, irrigation and the use of synthetic fertilizer, pest control agents and
a restricted diversity of crop and livestock varieties), often leading to natural
resources degradation. Biodiversity losses can be attributed to the resource demands
14. A. Kalimuthu and Dr. T. T. Ranganathan
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of our rapidly growing human population. In modern times, the human population has
increased from about one billion in 1900 to almost six billion today. Like other living
beings, we use natural resources to survive, but we are far more resourceful and
destructive to other life-forms than any species previously known.
Climate change, on account of a buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
leading to global warming, poses significant threat to biodiversity, ecosystems, and
the goods and services they provide. There are indications that the projected changes
in temperature and CO2 concentration may alter growth, reproduction and host-
pathogen relationships in both plants and animals.
The multiple components of climate change are anticipated to affect all the levels
of biodiversity. A study of 9650 inter specific systems, including pollinators and
parasites, suggested that around 6300 species could disappear following the extinction
of their associated species (Kohet al., 2004). In addition, for many species, the
primary impact of climate change may be mediated through effects on synchrony with
species food and habitat requirements. Climate change has led to phenological shifts
in flowering plants and insect pollinators, causing mismatches between plant and
pollinator populations that lead to the extinctions of both the plant and the pollinator
with expected consequences on the structure of plant–pollinator networks (Rafferty, et
al., 2010).
Review of IPCC report on climate change and biodiversity reveals that at Global
level, the human activities have caused and continue to cause a loss in biodiversity
through land use, soil and water pollution, degradation/desertification, air pollution,
habitat fragmentation, exploitation of species and introduction of non- native species
etc. Increase in land and ocean surface temperature, changes in the spatial and
temporal patterns of precipitation, rise in sea level etc. are affecting the timing of
reproduction of animals and plants, migration of animals, length of growing season,
species distribution and the frequency of pest and disease outbreaks. Also, climate
change is projected to affect individual organisms, population, species distributions,
and ecosystem composition and function both directly and indirectly. Varies climate
related changes will disturb and increase the rate of species loss and create
opportunities for the establishment of new species. The impact of sea level rise on
coastal ecosystem will vary regionally and will depend on the erosion processes from
the sea and depositional processes from the land. Hence, climate change impacts on
the biodiversity are expected to be huge.
3. SUMMARY
It is evident that impacts of climate change are cutting across all major sectors,
especially agriculture, water resource, health, forest, coastal ecosystem and
biodiversity. Also, the review of existing climate change related studies, literature,
future projection, mitigation, adaptive techniques are indicating that the existing facts
and figures are still limited and these learning cannot be applied universally, in order
to plan a realistic adaptive measures to cope with the changing climate, location and
issue based in depth studies are essential. Also, it is very clear that out of all sectors,
agriculture going to be affected very severally, especially preparing small and
marginal farmers to undertake a realistic adaptive measure is very critical in order to
keep them active in the business of agriculture to ensure food security of the global
population.
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Two major ways are there to control global warming.
Carbon sequestration (keeping the carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere).
Reduce production of greenhouse gases (Alternate sources of energy).
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