Environmental conditions play a key role in defining the function and distribution of plants, in
combination with other factors. Changes in long term environmental conditions that can be
collectively coined climate change are known to have had enormous impacts on plant diversity
patterns in the future and are seen as having significant current impacts. It is predicted that
climate change will remain one of the major drivers of biodiversity patterns in the future.
The Earth has experienced a constantly changing climate in the time since plants first evolved. In
comparison to the present day, this history has seen Earth as cooler, warmer, drier and wetter,
and CO2 (carbon dioxide) concentrations have been both higher and lower. These changes have
been reflected by constantly shifting vegetation, for example forest communities dominating
most areas in interglacial periods, and herbaceous communities dominating during glacial
periods. It has been shown that past climatic change has been a major driver of the processes of
speciation and extinction. The best known example of this is the Carboniferous Rainforest
Collapse which occurred 350 million years ago. This event decimated amphibian populations
and spurred on the evolution of reptiles
Greenhouse effect - the mechanism
The sun radiates solar energy on earth. The larger part of this energy (45%) is radiated back into
space. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere contribute to global warming by adsorption and
reflection of atmospheric and solar energy. This natural phenomenon is what we call the
greenhouse effect. It is agreed that the greenhouse effect is correlated with global temperature
change. The primary greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere are water vapor, carbon
dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone
Mechanism of global warming:
i. The incoming radiation from the Sun is mostly in the form of visible light and nearby
wavelengths, largely in the range 0.2 – 4 1m, corresponding to the Sun’s radioactive temperature
of 6,000 K. Almost half the radiation is in the form of “visible” light, which our eyes are adapted
to use.
ii. About 50% of the Sun’s energy is absorbed at the earth’s surface and the rest is reflected or
absorbed by the atmosphere. The reflection of light back into space – largely by clouds – does
not much affect the basic mechanism; this light, effectively, is lost to the system.
iii (a) Earth absorbs most of the sunlight it receives; The absorbed energy warms the surface; (b)
Earth then emits the absorbed light’s energy as infrared light; (c) greenhouse gases absorb a lot
of the infrared light before it can leave our atmosphere; (d) being absorbed slows the rate at
which energy escapes to space; and (e) the slower passage of energy heats up the atmosphere,
water, and ground. By increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, humans are
increasing the atmosphere’s absorption of infrared light, thereby warming Earth and disrupting
global climate patterns.
Effec.
IMPACTS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ON AQUATIC BIOTAAlbert Wandera
the Presentation discuss the relevant mitigation and adaptation measures which should be employed to address the impacts of Global climatic changes on marine and fresh water habitats and Biota
“Change is the Law of Nature”.Climate Change is a reality. It has changed in Past, is changing in Present and will change in Future. The variation and shifts in weather conditions over space and time of different scales and magnitude resulting into
changes of Climatic Type is defined as Climate Change.
The factor that affect climate are,Continental drift,Variation in the earth’s orbit,Plate tectonics,Volcanic activity,Ocean currents,Greenhouse Gases,Atmospheric Aerosols etc. It effect climate in different ways such as Higher Temperatures,Changing Landscapes,Wildlife/Ecosystem at Risk,Ocean acidification /Rising Seas level,Increased Risk of Drought, Fire and Floods,Intensified Storms and Increased Storm Damages,Illness and Disease,Economic Losses,Agriculture Productivity/Food Security etc.
Understanding-Climate-Changes , global warmingRaju678948
Title: "Understanding Climate Change: A Comprehensive Overview"
Description:
Welcome to our SlideShare presentation on climate change, where we explore the science, impacts, and solutions to one of the most pressing challenges of our time. Join us as we delve into the complex dynamics of climate change and its far-reaching consequences on our planet and society.
**Key Sections:**
1. Introduction to Climate Change: Defining the phenomenon and identifying its primary drivers, including human activities and natural factors.
2. Evidence of Climate Change: Presenting compelling data and visuals showcasing the observable effects of climate change, such as rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and melting ice caps.
3. Impacts of Climate Change: Examining the environmental, economic, and social repercussions of a changing climate, from biodiversity loss and habitat destruction to economic instability and human displacement.
4. Global Responses to Climate Change: Highlighting international agreements, national policies, and corporate initiatives aimed at mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to climate impacts.
5. Mitigation Strategies: Exploring various approaches to reducing carbon emissions and transitioning to renewable energy sources, including renewable energy deployment, energy efficiency measures, and afforestation efforts.
6. Adaptation Measures: Discussing strategies for enhancing resilience and preparedness at the individual, community, and institutional levels to cope with the impacts of climate change.
7. Call to Action: Empowering individuals, organizations, and governments to take decisive action in addressing climate change through advocacy, education, and collective efforts.
8. Hope for the Future: Concluding with a message of optimism and resilience, emphasizing the transformative potential of climate action and the opportunity to create a more sustainable and equitable world for future generations.
Join us on this journey to deepen your understanding of climate change and inspire positive change in the fight against this global crisis. Let's work together to safeguard our planet and build a brighter, more resilient future for all. #ClimateChange #Sustainability #ActOnClimate
//Driver.java
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
public class Driver
{
public static void printSequence (int num)
{
if(num > 0)
{
for (int i = 0; i <= num ;i++ )
{
System.out.print(i + \" \");
}
System.out.println();
}
else if(num < 0)
{
for (int i = 0; i >= num ;i-- )
{
System.out.print(i + \" \");
}
System.out.println();
}
}
public static int trianglarNum (int num)
{
int sum = 0;
if(num > 0)
{
for (int i = 1; i <= num ;i++ )
{
sum = sum + i;
}
return sum;
}
else
return -1;
}
public static void printArray(int list [])
{
for (int i = 0; i < list.length ;i++ )
{
System.out.print(list[i] + \" \");
}
System.out.println();
}
public static int range(int list [])
{
int max,min;
max = list[0];
min = list[0];
for (int i = 1; i < list.length ;i++ )
{
if(list[i] > max)
max = list[i];
if(list[i] < min)
min = list[i];
}
System.out.println(\"difference between the maximum and minimum values in the array: \"+
(max-min));
return (max-min);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
printSequence(10);
printSequence(-10);
System.out.println();
if(trianglarNum(10) > 0)
System.out.println(\"Sum: \"+ trianglarNum(10));
else
System.out.println(\"Negative input\ \");
if(trianglarNum(-10) > 0)
System.out.println(\"Sum: \"+ trianglarNum(-10));
else
System.out.println(\"Negative input\ \ \");
int array[] = {1,2,4,5,-4,7,8,11,5,7};
printArray(array);
System.out.println();
System.out.println(\"difference between the maximum and minimum values in the array: \"+
range(array));
}
}
/*
output:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10
Sum: 55
Negative input
1 2 4 5 -4 7 8 11 5 7
difference between the maximum and minimum values in the array: 15
difference between the maximum and minimum values in the array: 15
*/
Solution
//Driver.java
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
public class Driver
{
public static void printSequence (int num)
{
if(num > 0)
{
for (int i = 0; i <= num ;i++ )
{
System.out.print(i + \" \");
}
System.out.println();
}
else if(num < 0)
{
for (int i = 0; i >= num ;i-- )
{
System.out.print(i + \" \");
}
System.out.println();
}
}
public static int trianglarNum (int num)
{
int sum = 0;
if(num > 0)
{
for (int i = 1; i <= num ;i++ )
{
sum = sum + i;
}
return sum;
}
else
return -1;
}
public static void printArray(int list [])
{
for (int i = 0; i < list.length ;i++ )
{
System.out.print(list[i] + \" \");
}
System.out.println();
}
public static int range(int list [])
{
int max,min;
max = list[0];
min = list[0];
for (int i = 1; i < list.length ;i++ )
{
if(list[i] > max)
max = list[i];
if(list[i] < min)
min = list[i];
}
System.out.println(\"difference between the maximum and minimum values in the array: \"+
(max-min));
return (max-min);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
printSequence(10);
printSequence(-10);
System.out.println();
if(trianglarNum(10) > 0)
System.out.println(\"Sum: \"+ trianglarNum(10));
else
System.out.println(\"Negative input\ \");
if(trianglarNum(-10) > 0)
System.out.println(\"Sum:.
Question 1,2,4 :-
-----------------------------------
Please check comments in Programme
#include
/**
* Method for Linear Search
* Loop through given array and search for given key
* IF found return index and stop
* else -1 will be returned at the end
*
*/
int search(int array[],int key,int size){
int index = -1;
for (int c = 0; c < size; c++)
{
if (array[c] == key) /* if required element found */
{
printf(\"%d is present at location %d.\ \", key, c+1);
index = c;
break;
}
}
if(index == -1)
printf(\"%d is not found.\ \", key);
return index;
}
/**
* Function for Binary search
* Binary search is used only for sorted arrays
* Check key with element at middle position
* if key == then return middle positon
* if key > middle position , apply same for sub array range from [middle...last]
* if key < middle position , apply same for sub array range from [0..middle]
*
*/
int binary_search(int array[],int key,int start,int end){
int index = -1;
int first = start;
int last = end;
int middle = (first+last)/2;
while (first <= last) {
//Print array between first nad last for each step
printf(\"Start binary search step.\ \");
for(int i = first ; i < last ; i++){
printf(\"Binary search step element.%d\ \",array[i]);
}
printf(\"Stop binary search step.\ \");
if (array[middle] < key)
first = middle + 1;
else if (array[middle] == key) {
index = middle;
printf(\"%d found at location %d.\ \", key, middle+1);
break;
}
else
last = middle - 1;
middle = (first + last)/2;
}
return index;
}
/**
* Recursive linear search
* Instead of for loop call same method with next index
* first pass 0, check if key found at index 0, if not found call same method with index 1 .....
*/
int linear_search_recursive(int array[],int key,int size,int index){
if(array[index] == key){
printf(\"%d found at location %d.\ \",key, index);
return index;
}
else if (index >= size-1){
return -1;
}
else{
return linear_search_recursive(array,key,size,++index);
}
}
/**
* Recursive Binary Search
* Recursively call Binary Search , check key found at element middle
* if key == then return middle positon
* if key > middle position , call recursive method for sub array range from [middle...last]
* if key < middle position , call recursive method for sub array range from [0..middle]
*/
int binary_search_recursive(int array[],int key,int start,int end){
//Key not found
if(start> end){
return -1;
}
int index = -1;
int first = start;
int last = end;
int middle = (first+last)/2;
//Print array between first nad last for each step
printf(\"Start binary search step.\ \");
for(int i = first ; i < last ; i++){
printf(\"Binary search step element.%d\ \",array[i]);
}
printf(\"Stop binary search step.\ \");
if (array[middle] < key){
first = middle + 1;
return binary_search_recursive(array,key,first,last) ;
}else if (array[middle] == key) {
printf(\"%d found at location %d.\ \", key, middle+1);
return middle;
}
else{
last = middle - 1;
return binary_search_recursive(array,key,first,last) ;
}
return -1;
}
/**
*Function t.
More Related Content
Similar to Environmental conditions play a key role in defining the function an.pdf
IMPACTS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ON AQUATIC BIOTAAlbert Wandera
the Presentation discuss the relevant mitigation and adaptation measures which should be employed to address the impacts of Global climatic changes on marine and fresh water habitats and Biota
“Change is the Law of Nature”.Climate Change is a reality. It has changed in Past, is changing in Present and will change in Future. The variation and shifts in weather conditions over space and time of different scales and magnitude resulting into
changes of Climatic Type is defined as Climate Change.
The factor that affect climate are,Continental drift,Variation in the earth’s orbit,Plate tectonics,Volcanic activity,Ocean currents,Greenhouse Gases,Atmospheric Aerosols etc. It effect climate in different ways such as Higher Temperatures,Changing Landscapes,Wildlife/Ecosystem at Risk,Ocean acidification /Rising Seas level,Increased Risk of Drought, Fire and Floods,Intensified Storms and Increased Storm Damages,Illness and Disease,Economic Losses,Agriculture Productivity/Food Security etc.
Understanding-Climate-Changes , global warmingRaju678948
Title: "Understanding Climate Change: A Comprehensive Overview"
Description:
Welcome to our SlideShare presentation on climate change, where we explore the science, impacts, and solutions to one of the most pressing challenges of our time. Join us as we delve into the complex dynamics of climate change and its far-reaching consequences on our planet and society.
**Key Sections:**
1. Introduction to Climate Change: Defining the phenomenon and identifying its primary drivers, including human activities and natural factors.
2. Evidence of Climate Change: Presenting compelling data and visuals showcasing the observable effects of climate change, such as rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and melting ice caps.
3. Impacts of Climate Change: Examining the environmental, economic, and social repercussions of a changing climate, from biodiversity loss and habitat destruction to economic instability and human displacement.
4. Global Responses to Climate Change: Highlighting international agreements, national policies, and corporate initiatives aimed at mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to climate impacts.
5. Mitigation Strategies: Exploring various approaches to reducing carbon emissions and transitioning to renewable energy sources, including renewable energy deployment, energy efficiency measures, and afforestation efforts.
6. Adaptation Measures: Discussing strategies for enhancing resilience and preparedness at the individual, community, and institutional levels to cope with the impacts of climate change.
7. Call to Action: Empowering individuals, organizations, and governments to take decisive action in addressing climate change through advocacy, education, and collective efforts.
8. Hope for the Future: Concluding with a message of optimism and resilience, emphasizing the transformative potential of climate action and the opportunity to create a more sustainable and equitable world for future generations.
Join us on this journey to deepen your understanding of climate change and inspire positive change in the fight against this global crisis. Let's work together to safeguard our planet and build a brighter, more resilient future for all. #ClimateChange #Sustainability #ActOnClimate
//Driver.java
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
public class Driver
{
public static void printSequence (int num)
{
if(num > 0)
{
for (int i = 0; i <= num ;i++ )
{
System.out.print(i + \" \");
}
System.out.println();
}
else if(num < 0)
{
for (int i = 0; i >= num ;i-- )
{
System.out.print(i + \" \");
}
System.out.println();
}
}
public static int trianglarNum (int num)
{
int sum = 0;
if(num > 0)
{
for (int i = 1; i <= num ;i++ )
{
sum = sum + i;
}
return sum;
}
else
return -1;
}
public static void printArray(int list [])
{
for (int i = 0; i < list.length ;i++ )
{
System.out.print(list[i] + \" \");
}
System.out.println();
}
public static int range(int list [])
{
int max,min;
max = list[0];
min = list[0];
for (int i = 1; i < list.length ;i++ )
{
if(list[i] > max)
max = list[i];
if(list[i] < min)
min = list[i];
}
System.out.println(\"difference between the maximum and minimum values in the array: \"+
(max-min));
return (max-min);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
printSequence(10);
printSequence(-10);
System.out.println();
if(trianglarNum(10) > 0)
System.out.println(\"Sum: \"+ trianglarNum(10));
else
System.out.println(\"Negative input\ \");
if(trianglarNum(-10) > 0)
System.out.println(\"Sum: \"+ trianglarNum(-10));
else
System.out.println(\"Negative input\ \ \");
int array[] = {1,2,4,5,-4,7,8,11,5,7};
printArray(array);
System.out.println();
System.out.println(\"difference between the maximum and minimum values in the array: \"+
range(array));
}
}
/*
output:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10
Sum: 55
Negative input
1 2 4 5 -4 7 8 11 5 7
difference between the maximum and minimum values in the array: 15
difference between the maximum and minimum values in the array: 15
*/
Solution
//Driver.java
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
public class Driver
{
public static void printSequence (int num)
{
if(num > 0)
{
for (int i = 0; i <= num ;i++ )
{
System.out.print(i + \" \");
}
System.out.println();
}
else if(num < 0)
{
for (int i = 0; i >= num ;i-- )
{
System.out.print(i + \" \");
}
System.out.println();
}
}
public static int trianglarNum (int num)
{
int sum = 0;
if(num > 0)
{
for (int i = 1; i <= num ;i++ )
{
sum = sum + i;
}
return sum;
}
else
return -1;
}
public static void printArray(int list [])
{
for (int i = 0; i < list.length ;i++ )
{
System.out.print(list[i] + \" \");
}
System.out.println();
}
public static int range(int list [])
{
int max,min;
max = list[0];
min = list[0];
for (int i = 1; i < list.length ;i++ )
{
if(list[i] > max)
max = list[i];
if(list[i] < min)
min = list[i];
}
System.out.println(\"difference between the maximum and minimum values in the array: \"+
(max-min));
return (max-min);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
printSequence(10);
printSequence(-10);
System.out.println();
if(trianglarNum(10) > 0)
System.out.println(\"Sum: \"+ trianglarNum(10));
else
System.out.println(\"Negative input\ \");
if(trianglarNum(-10) > 0)
System.out.println(\"Sum:.
Question 1,2,4 :-
-----------------------------------
Please check comments in Programme
#include
/**
* Method for Linear Search
* Loop through given array and search for given key
* IF found return index and stop
* else -1 will be returned at the end
*
*/
int search(int array[],int key,int size){
int index = -1;
for (int c = 0; c < size; c++)
{
if (array[c] == key) /* if required element found */
{
printf(\"%d is present at location %d.\ \", key, c+1);
index = c;
break;
}
}
if(index == -1)
printf(\"%d is not found.\ \", key);
return index;
}
/**
* Function for Binary search
* Binary search is used only for sorted arrays
* Check key with element at middle position
* if key == then return middle positon
* if key > middle position , apply same for sub array range from [middle...last]
* if key < middle position , apply same for sub array range from [0..middle]
*
*/
int binary_search(int array[],int key,int start,int end){
int index = -1;
int first = start;
int last = end;
int middle = (first+last)/2;
while (first <= last) {
//Print array between first nad last for each step
printf(\"Start binary search step.\ \");
for(int i = first ; i < last ; i++){
printf(\"Binary search step element.%d\ \",array[i]);
}
printf(\"Stop binary search step.\ \");
if (array[middle] < key)
first = middle + 1;
else if (array[middle] == key) {
index = middle;
printf(\"%d found at location %d.\ \", key, middle+1);
break;
}
else
last = middle - 1;
middle = (first + last)/2;
}
return index;
}
/**
* Recursive linear search
* Instead of for loop call same method with next index
* first pass 0, check if key found at index 0, if not found call same method with index 1 .....
*/
int linear_search_recursive(int array[],int key,int size,int index){
if(array[index] == key){
printf(\"%d found at location %d.\ \",key, index);
return index;
}
else if (index >= size-1){
return -1;
}
else{
return linear_search_recursive(array,key,size,++index);
}
}
/**
* Recursive Binary Search
* Recursively call Binary Search , check key found at element middle
* if key == then return middle positon
* if key > middle position , call recursive method for sub array range from [middle...last]
* if key < middle position , call recursive method for sub array range from [0..middle]
*/
int binary_search_recursive(int array[],int key,int start,int end){
//Key not found
if(start> end){
return -1;
}
int index = -1;
int first = start;
int last = end;
int middle = (first+last)/2;
//Print array between first nad last for each step
printf(\"Start binary search step.\ \");
for(int i = first ; i < last ; i++){
printf(\"Binary search step element.%d\ \",array[i]);
}
printf(\"Stop binary search step.\ \");
if (array[middle] < key){
first = middle + 1;
return binary_search_recursive(array,key,first,last) ;
}else if (array[middle] == key) {
printf(\"%d found at location %d.\ \", key, middle+1);
return middle;
}
else{
last = middle - 1;
return binary_search_recursive(array,key,first,last) ;
}
return -1;
}
/**
*Function t.
The answer is C. securin.APC degrade securin to release separase .pdfanandhomeneeds
The answer is: C. securin.
APC degrade securin to release separase which degrades cohesin.
Solution
The answer is: C. securin.
APC degrade securin to release separase which degrades cohesin..
HiCan you please summarise the question. More information confuse .pdfanandhomeneeds
Hi
Can you please summarise the question. More information confuse to sole this question
Solution
Hi
Can you please summarise the question. More information confuse to sole this question.
What property of proteins us used to separate them in HICHydrophob.pdfanandhomeneeds
What property of proteins us used to separate them in HIC
Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) isolates Proteins in light of their hydrophobicity,
and is regularly utilized as a middle stride as a part of a cleaning plan. Proteins are bound to a
stationary stage in a high ionic quality cushion and, along these lines, HIC can commonly be
performed instantly after particle trade chromatography with no cradle trade or weakening
required. HIC is likewise usually performed after an ammonium sulfate precipitation, a strategy
that can be utilized to rapidly expel proteins by accelerating a few, yet not all, proteins with salt.
HIC is infrequently material in early strides of a purging plan or as a last stride in the expulsion
of follow polluting influences from the protein of intrigue.
====================================================
Described mobile and stationary phase in HIC
Hydrophobic association chromatography (HIC) is an other option to turned around stage
chromatography for abusing the hydrophobic properties of proteins.
The expansion of a salt to the mobile stage support and test arrangement advances protein-
medium connections. The proteins are adsorbed to the medium in a mobile stage containing a
high grouping of salt. The vast majority of the bound proteins are viably desorbed by essentially
washing with water or a weaken, close impartial support. Since HIC utilizes a more polar, less
denaturing environment than RPLC, it is getting to be well known for protein filtration, regularly
in blend with particle trade or gel filtration chromatography.
Solution
What property of proteins us used to separate them in HIC
Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) isolates Proteins in light of their hydrophobicity,
and is regularly utilized as a middle stride as a part of a cleaning plan. Proteins are bound to a
stationary stage in a high ionic quality cushion and, along these lines, HIC can commonly be
performed instantly after particle trade chromatography with no cradle trade or weakening
required. HIC is likewise usually performed after an ammonium sulfate precipitation, a strategy
that can be utilized to rapidly expel proteins by accelerating a few, yet not all, proteins with salt.
HIC is infrequently material in early strides of a purging plan or as a last stride in the expulsion
of follow polluting influences from the protein of intrigue.
====================================================
Described mobile and stationary phase in HIC
Hydrophobic association chromatography (HIC) is an other option to turned around stage
chromatography for abusing the hydrophobic properties of proteins.
The expansion of a salt to the mobile stage support and test arrangement advances protein-
medium connections. The proteins are adsorbed to the medium in a mobile stage containing a
high grouping of salt. The vast majority of the bound proteins are viably desorbed by essentially
washing with water or a weaken, close impartial support. Since HIC uti.
the phenomena responsible for this type of inheritancce is Epistasis.pdfanandhomeneeds
the phenomena responsible for this type of inheritancce is Epistasis. in this particular example
two recessive allele at one locus has the ability to affect the allele of other locus.say for example,
lets take first locus to be C and other to be P.
later on it was discovered that it is linked to the biochemistry of the pea plant.
Solution
the phenomena responsible for this type of inheritancce is Epistasis. in this particular example
two recessive allele at one locus has the ability to affect the allele of other locus.say for example,
lets take first locus to be C and other to be P.
later on it was discovered that it is linked to the biochemistry of the pea plant..
The substrate in urease test is urea.The end products in urease te.pdfanandhomeneeds
The substrate in urease test is urea.
The end products in urease test are urea, carbondioxide and water
(NH2)2 CO+2H2O CO2+ H2O + 2NH3
Urease test is used to determine the ability of an organism to hydrolyse urea into ammonia and
carbon dioxide. The ammonia formed during the reaction turns the media into alkaline, which is
indicated by phenol red, changing its color from light orange (at pH 6.8) to pink (at pH 8.1).
Rapid urease positive organisms like Helicobacter pylori, turns the medium pink within 24
hours. Weakly positive organisms take several days, whereas negative organisms produce no
colour.
Rapid Urease Test (RUT) is a popular and simple test which uses the above principle , for
detecting the presence of Helicobacter pylori on gastric mucosa. The test is also known as CLO
test (Campylobacter like organism test). It is also useful in identifying several genera and species
of Enterobacteriaceae like Proteus spp, Klebsiella spp and Yersinia spp. Also for identifying
Cryptococcus spp and Brucella spp.
Solution
The substrate in urease test is urea.
The end products in urease test are urea, carbondioxide and water
(NH2)2 CO+2H2O CO2+ H2O + 2NH3
Urease test is used to determine the ability of an organism to hydrolyse urea into ammonia and
carbon dioxide. The ammonia formed during the reaction turns the media into alkaline, which is
indicated by phenol red, changing its color from light orange (at pH 6.8) to pink (at pH 8.1).
Rapid urease positive organisms like Helicobacter pylori, turns the medium pink within 24
hours. Weakly positive organisms take several days, whereas negative organisms produce no
colour.
Rapid Urease Test (RUT) is a popular and simple test which uses the above principle , for
detecting the presence of Helicobacter pylori on gastric mucosa. The test is also known as CLO
test (Campylobacter like organism test). It is also useful in identifying several genera and species
of Enterobacteriaceae like Proteus spp, Klebsiella spp and Yersinia spp. Also for identifying
Cryptococcus spp and Brucella spp..
later we create a specialstack class ,which inherits from stack cl.pdfanandhomeneeds
//later we create a specialstack class ,which inherits from stack class.there we return the smallest
integer
//implementation
#include
#include
using namespace std;
/* A simple stack class named IntStack with push and pop operations */
class IntStack
{
private:
static const int max = 100;
int arr[max];
int top;
public:
//constructor for initialising value of top
IntStack()
{
top = -1;
}
void push(int x);
int pop();
bool isEmpty();
bool isFull();
};
/* Stack\'s member method to check if the stack is iempty */
bool IntStack::isEmpty()
{
if(top == -1)
return true;
return false;
}
/* Stack\'s member method to check if the stack is full */
bool IntStack::isFull()
{
if(top == max - 1)
return true;
return false;
}
/* Stack\'s member method push() to insert an element */
void IntStack::push(int x)
{
if(isFull())
{
cout<<\"Stack Overflow\";
}
top++;
arr[top] = x;
}
/* Stack\'s member method pop() to remove an element from it */
int IntStack::pop()
{
if(isEmpty())
{
cout<<\"Stack Underflow\";
abort();
}
int x = arr[top];
top--;
return x;
}
/* A class that supports all the stack operations and one additional operation getMIN() that
returns the minimum element from stack at any time. This class inherits from the stack class and
uses an auxiliarry stack that holds minimum elements */
class SpecialStack: public IntStack
{
IntStack min;
public:
//function declarations
void push(int x);
int pop();
int getMIN();
};
/* SpecialStack\'s member method to insert an element to it. This method
makes sure that the min stack is also updated with appropriate minimum
values */
void SpecialStack::push(int x)
{
if(isEmpty()==true)
{
IntStack::push(x);
min.push(x);
}
else
{
IntStack::push(x);
int y = min.pop();
min.push(y);
/* push only when the incoming element of main stack is smaller
than or equal to top of auxiliary stack */
if( x <= y )
min.push(x);
}
}
/* SpecialStack\'s member method to remove an element from it. This method
removes top element from min stack also. */
int SpecialStack::pop()
{
int x = IntStack::pop();
int y = min.pop();
/* Push the popped element y back only if it is not equal to x */
if ( y != x )
min.push(y);
return x;
}
/* SpecialStack\'s member method to get minimum element from it. */
int SpecialStack::getMIN()
{
int x = min.pop();
min.push(x);
return x;
}
/* main program to test SpecialStack methods */
//execution starts here
int main()
{
SpecialStack s;
//push 3 elements and get the minimum
s.push(15);
s.push(25);
s.push(33);
cout<
#include
using namespace std;
/* A simple stack class named IntStack with push and pop operations */
class IntStack
{
private:
static const int max = 100;
int arr[max];
int top;
public:
//constructor for initialising value of top
IntStack()
{
top = -1;
}
void push(int x);
int pop();
bool isEmpty();
bool isFull();
};
/* Stack\'s member method to check if the stack is iempty */
bool IntStack::isEmpty()
{
if(top == -1)
return true;
return false;
}
/* Stack\'s member method to check if the stack is full */
bool IntStac.
D(ANSWER)Polycrystalline or multicrystalline materials, or polycry.pdfanandhomeneeds
D(ANSWER)
Polycrystalline or multicrystalline materials, or polycrystals are solids that are composed of
many crystallites of varying size and orientation. Crystallites are also referred to as grains. They
are small or even microscopic crystals and form during the cooling of many materials. Their
orientation can be random with no preferred direction, called random texture, or directed,
possibly due to growth and processing conditions. Fiber texture is an example of the latter. The
areas where crystallite grains meet are known as grain boundaries.
Grain boundaries are interfaces where crystals of different orientations meet. A grain boundary is
a single-phase interface, with crystals on each side of the boundary being identical except in
orientation. The term \"crystallite boundary\" is sometimes, though rarely, used. Grain boundary
areas contain those atoms that have been perturbed from their original lattice sites, dislocations,
and impurities that have migrated to the lower energy grain boundary.
Treating a grain boundary geometrically as an interface of a single crystal cut into two parts, one
of which is rotated, we see that there are five variables required to define a grain boundary. The
first two numbers come from the unit vector that specifies a rotation axis. The third number
designates the angle of rotation of the grain. The final two numbers specify the plane of the grain
boundary (or a unit vector that is normal to this plane).
Grain boundaries disrupt the motion of dislocations through a material. Dislocation propagation
is impeded because of the stress field of the grain boundary defect region and the lack of slip
planes and slip directions and overall alignment across the boundaries. Reducing grain size is
therefore a common way to improve strength, often without any sacrifice in toughness because
the smaller grains create more obstacles per unit area of slip plane. This crystallite size-strength
relationship is given by the Hall-Petch relationship. The high interfacial energy and relatively
weak bonding in grain boundaries makes them preferred sites for the onset of corrosion and for
the precipitation of new phases from the solid.
Grain boundary migration plays an important role in many of the mechanisms of creep. Grain
boundary migration occurs when a shear stress acts on the grain boundary plane and causes the
grains to slide. This means that fine-grained materials actually have a poor resistance to creep
relative to coarser grains, especially at high temperatures, because smaller grains contain more
atoms in grain boundary sites. Grain boundaries also cause deformation in that they are sources
and sinks of point defects. Voids in a material tend to gather in a grain boundary, and if this
happens to a critical extent, the material could fracture.
During grain boundary migration, the rate determining step depends on the angle between two
adjacent grains. In a small angle dislocation boundary, the migration rate depends on vac.
1.It is the process of directing the television assistances are tran.pdfanandhomeneeds
1.It is the process of directing the television assistances are transported with the help of intrenet
protocol insdicating a packed switched network like local area network.
2.This iptv provides a power to bourn the media in tiny batches.moreover it provides a com-pell
alternative as a commanding method to appart the content whe help of digital rights
management.
3.Selecting a iptv lattice is depending upon the multiples containing service portfilo and network
investment .
4.super head end : It is brain of iptv system.this is the place where broadcasting channels are
received and transmited through the sources like fibre feeds,satelites.the video demand storage
content is present at this stage.
5.Coustmer premise equipement:It is joined with home wiring to produce the home network.it
contains a residential gate which is used to handle the control request from set top box.originally
the cost of home wiring is costly,service providers extremely prefers to rewire the homes at the
time of begining installation.
6.Core network: It is the middle part of a communication system offering a interconnection shift
between the boarder networks.it is utilized to offer a soloitary connection.
7.headend end :It is a slice of television system.modulators demodulators processors and
antennna....etc apparatus are used at this headend.
protocols:
1.This iptv layers on multicast ans unicast.the protocols that are utilized in iptv are as below.
1.service based provider streaming
2.web based unicast only live and vod
3.web based multicast live and unicast vod streaming
4.joined tv\'s set top boxes
Devices
The devices utilized in internet protocol telivision are as below
1.android
2.mobiles
3.smart tvs
4.spark
5.royal
6.sun price ................etc
Features specific to television services
1.Time shifting :A combo of iptv and digital video recorder allows the time shifting of
scheduling theme.
2.Personalization:End-to-end iptv methodology braces the bidirectional communicationa and
permits the end users to indidualize their tv watching atitude by permiting the users to mark as
per their mood and what they want to see.
3.bandwidth requirements:This iptv system supports as per the channel requested by user.hence
the iptv system allows the cable operators in order to preserve the bandwidth.
4.Support to interact tv:This iptv system offers two -way proficiency to perit the network
operators to carry a complete output interactive of tv applications like games,internet browsing.
Solution
1.It is the process of directing the television assistances are transported with the help of intrenet
protocol insdicating a packed switched network like local area network.
2.This iptv provides a power to bourn the media in tiny batches.moreover it provides a com-pell
alternative as a commanding method to appart the content whe help of digital rights
management.
3.Selecting a iptv lattice is depending upon the multiples containing service portfilo and network
investment .
4.super head en.
Answer The major objective of implementing a health information man.pdfanandhomeneeds
Answer: The major objective of implementing a health information management system is to
automate and streamline the process of capturing, processing, maintaining/storing, and analysing
the information related to health and health case. This information is just not related to one thing,
but covers many aspects and involves many stakeholders. It is related to patient\'s profile
(personal as well as medical), treatment prescribed to him/her, doctor\'s and health officials\'
profile, other relevant health records like details and results of various tests (if performed),
accounting, health related human resources among many other things.
Out of these, the most important part is - information related to patient\'s profile, treatment
prescribed, and other relevant health records. Collectively, this is termed as Electronic Health
Records (EHRs) which lies at the core of any HIMS. The nature and kind of information that is
present in EHRs is very personal and sensitive. Hence, ensuring security, privacy and
confidentiality of EHRs in HMIS should be utmost concern because if this information is
breached or comromised, its after-effects can be desasterous.
Hence, while implementing any HMIS, it is very critical to think of required and relevant
security and data protection mechanisms and make provisions for them into the system.
Solution
Answer: The major objective of implementing a health information management system is to
automate and streamline the process of capturing, processing, maintaining/storing, and analysing
the information related to health and health case. This information is just not related to one thing,
but covers many aspects and involves many stakeholders. It is related to patient\'s profile
(personal as well as medical), treatment prescribed to him/her, doctor\'s and health officials\'
profile, other relevant health records like details and results of various tests (if performed),
accounting, health related human resources among many other things.
Out of these, the most important part is - information related to patient\'s profile, treatment
prescribed, and other relevant health records. Collectively, this is termed as Electronic Health
Records (EHRs) which lies at the core of any HIMS. The nature and kind of information that is
present in EHRs is very personal and sensitive. Hence, ensuring security, privacy and
confidentiality of EHRs in HMIS should be utmost concern because if this information is
breached or comromised, its after-effects can be desasterous.
Hence, while implementing any HMIS, it is very critical to think of required and relevant
security and data protection mechanisms and make provisions for them into the system..
The key assumptions made by the Hadoop Distributed File System(HDFS).pdfanandhomeneeds
The key assumptions made by the Hadoop Distributed File System(HDFS) approach are:
1. High Volume: The volume of data in HDFS is expected to be really large, some like being
measured in terabytes or even petabytes.
2. High Availability: The cluster can contain thousands of file servers, and some of them may be
down(unavailable) at some given instance.
3. Reliable Communication: Communication is reliable among working machines.
4. The filesystem is not designed for interactive operations, instead, we prefer high throughput
over low latency.
5. Servers are distributed among racks and data centers, to ensure redundancy, and therefore
availability.
Solution
The key assumptions made by the Hadoop Distributed File System(HDFS) approach are:
1. High Volume: The volume of data in HDFS is expected to be really large, some like being
measured in terabytes or even petabytes.
2. High Availability: The cluster can contain thousands of file servers, and some of them may be
down(unavailable) at some given instance.
3. Reliable Communication: Communication is reliable among working machines.
4. The filesystem is not designed for interactive operations, instead, we prefer high throughput
over low latency.
5. Servers are distributed among racks and data centers, to ensure redundancy, and therefore
availability..
Properties are:
Mean
Mode
Median
Quartiles
Percentiles
Range
Mean = Sum of values / n
Standard Variation = Sqrt( variance )
Variance = Sum ( X - Mean )^2 / n
Median = Middle Most Observation
Mode = Most Repeated Observation
Range = Maximum - Minimum
Solution
Properties are:
Mean
Mode
Median
Quartiles
Percentiles
Range
Mean = Sum of values / n
Standard Variation = Sqrt( variance )
Variance = Sum ( X - Mean )^2 / n
Median = Middle Most Observation
Mode = Most Repeated Observation
Range = Maximum - Minimum.
MgCO3 Increasing acidity will cause the following reaction Mg.pdfanandhomeneeds
MgCO3:
Increasing acidity will cause the following reaction:
MgCO3(s) + 2H+ ==> Mg(2+) + H2O + CO2(g)
and thus the solubility will increase.
AgI:
Increasing acidity will NOT affect the solubility.
CuS:
Increasing acidity will cause the following reaction:
CuS(s) + 2H+ ==> Cu(2+) + H2S(g)
and thus the solubility will increase.
PbBr2:
Increasing acidity will NOT affect the solubility.
Ba(OH)2
The solubility of Ba(OH)2 in water is only 5.6 g/100 g. By acidifying the solution, the following
reaction take place:
H+ + OH- ==> H2O
and thus [OH-] would drop, and thus Ba(OH)2 solubility would be increased.
Solution
MgCO3:
Increasing acidity will cause the following reaction:
MgCO3(s) + 2H+ ==> Mg(2+) + H2O + CO2(g)
and thus the solubility will increase.
AgI:
Increasing acidity will NOT affect the solubility.
CuS:
Increasing acidity will cause the following reaction:
CuS(s) + 2H+ ==> Cu(2+) + H2S(g)
and thus the solubility will increase.
PbBr2:
Increasing acidity will NOT affect the solubility.
Ba(OH)2
The solubility of Ba(OH)2 in water is only 5.6 g/100 g. By acidifying the solution, the following
reaction take place:
H+ + OH- ==> H2O
and thus [OH-] would drop, and thus Ba(OH)2 solubility would be increased..
1. Autralopith is a known genus of hominids which is extinct today..pdfanandhomeneeds
1. Autralopith is a known genus of hominids which is extinct today.
This can be A. biosei species. This genus dates back to 2.3-1.2 million years. Teeth and bones
examination is the major way to know what exactly is the age of the skeleton.
The proof of them being bipedal is that their foot imprints match to that of the present day
humans. Pelvis, femur and foot bones should be examined to confirm that the organism used to
walk bipedally.
Long arms and sloping fave are the ape like characters.
It was an adult. This can be known by examining the layers deposited on the body which may
come from volcanic eruption. Topmost layer and lowermost layers can be examined.
Solution
1. Autralopith is a known genus of hominids which is extinct today.
This can be A. biosei species. This genus dates back to 2.3-1.2 million years. Teeth and bones
examination is the major way to know what exactly is the age of the skeleton.
The proof of them being bipedal is that their foot imprints match to that of the present day
humans. Pelvis, femur and foot bones should be examined to confirm that the organism used to
walk bipedally.
Long arms and sloping fave are the ape like characters.
It was an adult. This can be known by examining the layers deposited on the body which may
come from volcanic eruption. Topmost layer and lowermost layers can be examined..
Mobile IP1) Mobile IP(MIP) is an Internet Engineering Task Force(.pdfanandhomeneeds
Mobile IP:
1) Mobile IP(MIP) is an Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF) standard communications
protocol.
2) This is designed to allow mobile device users to move from one network to another while
maintaining a permanent IP address.
3) Mobile IP for IPv4 is described in IETF RFC 5944 and extensions are defined in IETF RFC
4721.
4) Mobile IPv6 the IP mobility implementation for the next generation of the Internet Protocol
IPv6 is described in RFC 6275.
Advantages of using Mobile IP
• It allows fast, continuous lowcost access to corporate networks in remote areas where there
is no public telephone system or cellular coverage.
• It supports a wide range of applications from Internet access and email to ecommerce.
• Users can be permanently connected to their Internet provider and charged only for the data
packets that are sent and received.
• Lower equipment and utilization costs for those requiring reliable highspeed data connections
in remote locations worldwide.
• A user can take a palmtop or laptop computer anywhere without losing the connection to the
home network.
• Mobile IP finds local IP routers and connects automatically. It is phonejack and wirefree.
• Other than mobile nodes/routers, the remaining routers and hosts will still use current IP.
Mobile IP leaves transport and higher protocols
unaffected.
• Authentication is performed to ensure that rights are being protected.
• Mobile IP can move from one type of medium to another without losing connectivity. It is
unique in its ability to accommodate heterogeneous
mobility in addition to homogenous mobility.
Disadvantage of Mobile IP
• There is a routing inefficiency problem caused by the “triangle routing” formed by the home
agent, correspondent host and the foreign agent.
• Security risks are the most important problem facing Mobile IP. Besides the traditional security
risks with
IP, one has to worry about faked careof addresses.
• Another issue related to the security is how to make Mobile IP coexist with the security
features coming in
use within the Internet.
Characteristics of Mobile IP (Baseline Requirements)
• Compatibility: A new standard cannot require changes for applications or network protocols
already in use.
• Transparency: Mobility should remain “invisible” for many higher layer protocols and
applications.
• Scalability and efficiency: Introducing a new mechanism into the Internet must not degrade the
efficiency of the network.
• Security: All messages used to transmit information to another node about the location of a
mobile node must be authenticated to protect against remote redirection attacks
The Mobile IP in Wireless Networks
• new proposed standard of the IETF designed to support mobile users .
• new Internet standard for the Web and private networks.
• currently two standards one to support the current IPv4 one for the upcoming IPv6.
• One of the big requirements on the new standard is that it should support both ordinary and
wireless network
• The big issue is.
Answer1. Cells can generate many different tissue types endoderm,.pdfanandhomeneeds
Answer
1. Cells can generate many different tissue types: endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm
2. Cells can generate any type of mesoderm tissue.
3. Cells can generate any type of muscle.
4. cells can generate heart muscle.
Solution
Answer
1. Cells can generate many different tissue types: endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm
2. Cells can generate any type of mesoderm tissue.
3. Cells can generate any type of muscle.
4. cells can generate heart muscle..
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
Environmental conditions play a key role in defining the function an.pdf
1. Environmental conditions play a key role in defining the function and distribution of plants, in
combination with other factors. Changes in long term environmental conditions that can be
collectively coined climate change are known to have had enormous impacts on plant diversity
patterns in the future and are seen as having significant current impacts. It is predicted that
climate change will remain one of the major drivers of biodiversity patterns in the future.
The Earth has experienced a constantly changing climate in the time since plants first evolved. In
comparison to the present day, this history has seen Earth as cooler, warmer, drier and wetter,
and CO2 (carbon dioxide) concentrations have been both higher and lower. These changes have
been reflected by constantly shifting vegetation, for example forest communities dominating
most areas in interglacial periods, and herbaceous communities dominating during glacial
periods. It has been shown that past climatic change has been a major driver of the processes of
speciation and extinction. The best known example of this is the Carboniferous Rainforest
Collapse which occurred 350 million years ago. This event decimated amphibian populations
and spurred on the evolution of reptiles
Greenhouse effect - the mechanism
The sun radiates solar energy on earth. The larger part of this energy (45%) is radiated back into
space. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere contribute to global warming by adsorption and
reflection of atmospheric and solar energy. This natural phenomenon is what we call the
greenhouse effect. It is agreed that the greenhouse effect is correlated with global temperature
change. The primary greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere are water vapor, carbon
dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone
Mechanism of global warming:
i. The incoming radiation from the Sun is mostly in the form of visible light and nearby
wavelengths, largely in the range 0.2 – 4 1m, corresponding to the Sun’s radioactive temperature
of 6,000 K. Almost half the radiation is in the form of “visible” light, which our eyes are adapted
to use.
ii. About 50% of the Sun’s energy is absorbed at the earth’s surface and the rest is reflected or
absorbed by the atmosphere. The reflection of light back into space – largely by clouds – does
not much affect the basic mechanism; this light, effectively, is lost to the system.
iii (a) Earth absorbs most of the sunlight it receives; The absorbed energy warms the surface; (b)
Earth then emits the absorbed light’s energy as infrared light; (c) greenhouse gases absorb a lot
of the infrared light before it can leave our atmosphere; (d) being absorbed slows the rate at
which energy escapes to space; and (e) the slower passage of energy heats up the atmosphere,
water, and ground. By increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, humans are
increasing the atmosphere’s absorption of infrared light, thereby warming Earth and disrupting
2. global climate patterns.
Effects of CO2
Increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration affect how plants photosynthesize, resulting in
increases in plant water use efficiency, enhanced photosynthetic capacity and increased growth.
Increased CO2 has been implicated in ‘vegetation thickening’ which affects plant community
structure and function. Increased CO2 can also lead to increased Carbon:Nitrogen ratios in the
leaves of plants or in other aspects of leaf chemistry, possibly changing herbivore nutrition.
Effects of temperature
Increases in temperature raise the rate of many physiological processes such as photosynthesis in
plants, to an upper limit. Extreme temperatures can be harmful when beyond the physiological
limits of a plant.
Effects of water
Water supply is critical for plant growth; it plays a key role in determining the distribution of
plants. Changes in precipitation are predicted to be less consistent than for temperature and more
variable between regions, with predictions for some areas to become much wetter, and some
much drier. This can cause a major change in some ecosystems which are dependent on water
supply.
Agriculture
While CO2 is essential for plant growth, all agriculture depends also on steady water supplies,
and climate change is likely to disrupt those supplies through floods and droughts. It has been
suggested that higher latitudes – Siberia, for example – may become productive due to global
warming, but the soil in Arctic and bordering territories is very poor, and the amount of sunlight
reaching the ground in summer will not change because it is governed by the tilt of the earth.
Agriculture can also be disrupted by wildfires and changes in seasonal periodicity, which is
already taking place, and changes to grasslands and water supplies could impact grazing and
welfare of domestic livestock. Increased warming may also have a greater effect on countries
whose climate is already near or at a temperature limit over which yields reduce or crops fail – in
the tropics or sub-Sahara, for example.
Health
Warmer winters would mean fewer deaths, particularly among vulnerable groups like the aged.
However, the same groups are also vulnerable to additional heat, and deaths attributable to heat
waves are expected to be approximately five times as great as winter deaths prevented. It is
widely believed that warmer climates will encourage migration of disease-bearing insects like
mosquitoes and malaria is already appearing in places it hasn’t been seen before.
Polar melting
While the opening of a year-round ice free Arctic passage between the Atlantic and Pacific
3. oceans would confer some commercial benefits, these are considerably outweighed by the
negatives. Detrimental effects include loss of polar bear habitat and increased mobile ice hazards
to shipping. The loss of ice albedo (the reflection of heat), causing the ocean to absorb more heat,
is also a positive feedback; the warming waters increase glacier and Greenland ice cap melt, as
well as raising the temperature of Arctic tundra, which then releases methane, a very potent
greenhouse gas (methane is also released from the sea-bed, where it is trapped in ice-crystals
called clathrates). Melting of the Antarctic ice shelves is predicted to add further to sea-level rise
with no benefits accruing.
Ocean acidification
A cause for considerable concern, there appears to be no benefits to the change in pH of the
oceans. This process is caused by additional CO2 being absorbed in the water, and may have
severe destabilising effects on the entire oceanic food-chain.
Melting glaciers
The effects of glaciers melting are largely detrimental; the principle impact being that many
millions of people (one-sixth of the world’s population) depend on fresh water supplied each
year by natural spring melt and regrowth cycles and those water supplies – drinking water,
agriculture – may fail.
Sea level rise
Many parts of the world are low-lying and will be severely affected by modest sea rises. Rice
paddies are being inundated with salt water, which destroys the crops. Seawater is contaminating
rivers as it mixes with fresh water further upstream, and aquifers are becoming polluted. Given
that the IPCC did not include melt-water from the Greenland and Antarctic ice-caps due to
uncertainties at that time, estimates of sea-level rise are feared to considerably underestimate the
scale of the problem. There are no proposed benefits to sea-level rise.
Positives and negatives of global warming
Positive effects of climate change may include greener rainforests and enhanced plant growth in
the Amazon, increased vegetation in northern latitudes and possible increases in plankton
biomass in some parts of the ocean.
Negative responses may include further growth of oxygen poor ocean zones, contamination or
exhaustion of fresh water, increased incidence of natural fires, extensive vegetation die-off due
to droughts, increased risk of coral extinction, decline in global phytoplankton, changes in
migration patterns of birds and animals, changes in seasonal periodicity, disruption to food
chains and species loss.
Solution
4. Environmental conditions play a key role in defining the function and distribution of plants, in
combination with other factors. Changes in long term environmental conditions that can be
collectively coined climate change are known to have had enormous impacts on plant diversity
patterns in the future and are seen as having significant current impacts. It is predicted that
climate change will remain one of the major drivers of biodiversity patterns in the future.
The Earth has experienced a constantly changing climate in the time since plants first evolved. In
comparison to the present day, this history has seen Earth as cooler, warmer, drier and wetter,
and CO2 (carbon dioxide) concentrations have been both higher and lower. These changes have
been reflected by constantly shifting vegetation, for example forest communities dominating
most areas in interglacial periods, and herbaceous communities dominating during glacial
periods. It has been shown that past climatic change has been a major driver of the processes of
speciation and extinction. The best known example of this is the Carboniferous Rainforest
Collapse which occurred 350 million years ago. This event decimated amphibian populations
and spurred on the evolution of reptiles
Greenhouse effect - the mechanism
The sun radiates solar energy on earth. The larger part of this energy (45%) is radiated back into
space. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere contribute to global warming by adsorption and
reflection of atmospheric and solar energy. This natural phenomenon is what we call the
greenhouse effect. It is agreed that the greenhouse effect is correlated with global temperature
change. The primary greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere are water vapor, carbon
dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone
Mechanism of global warming:
i. The incoming radiation from the Sun is mostly in the form of visible light and nearby
wavelengths, largely in the range 0.2 – 4 1m, corresponding to the Sun’s radioactive temperature
of 6,000 K. Almost half the radiation is in the form of “visible” light, which our eyes are adapted
to use.
ii. About 50% of the Sun’s energy is absorbed at the earth’s surface and the rest is reflected or
absorbed by the atmosphere. The reflection of light back into space – largely by clouds – does
not much affect the basic mechanism; this light, effectively, is lost to the system.
iii (a) Earth absorbs most of the sunlight it receives; The absorbed energy warms the surface; (b)
Earth then emits the absorbed light’s energy as infrared light; (c) greenhouse gases absorb a lot
of the infrared light before it can leave our atmosphere; (d) being absorbed slows the rate at
which energy escapes to space; and (e) the slower passage of energy heats up the atmosphere,
water, and ground. By increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, humans are
increasing the atmosphere’s absorption of infrared light, thereby warming Earth and disrupting
global climate patterns.
5. Effects of CO2
Increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration affect how plants photosynthesize, resulting in
increases in plant water use efficiency, enhanced photosynthetic capacity and increased growth.
Increased CO2 has been implicated in ‘vegetation thickening’ which affects plant community
structure and function. Increased CO2 can also lead to increased Carbon:Nitrogen ratios in the
leaves of plants or in other aspects of leaf chemistry, possibly changing herbivore nutrition.
Effects of temperature
Increases in temperature raise the rate of many physiological processes such as photosynthesis in
plants, to an upper limit. Extreme temperatures can be harmful when beyond the physiological
limits of a plant.
Effects of water
Water supply is critical for plant growth; it plays a key role in determining the distribution of
plants. Changes in precipitation are predicted to be less consistent than for temperature and more
variable between regions, with predictions for some areas to become much wetter, and some
much drier. This can cause a major change in some ecosystems which are dependent on water
supply.
Agriculture
While CO2 is essential for plant growth, all agriculture depends also on steady water supplies,
and climate change is likely to disrupt those supplies through floods and droughts. It has been
suggested that higher latitudes – Siberia, for example – may become productive due to global
warming, but the soil in Arctic and bordering territories is very poor, and the amount of sunlight
reaching the ground in summer will not change because it is governed by the tilt of the earth.
Agriculture can also be disrupted by wildfires and changes in seasonal periodicity, which is
already taking place, and changes to grasslands and water supplies could impact grazing and
welfare of domestic livestock. Increased warming may also have a greater effect on countries
whose climate is already near or at a temperature limit over which yields reduce or crops fail – in
the tropics or sub-Sahara, for example.
Health
Warmer winters would mean fewer deaths, particularly among vulnerable groups like the aged.
However, the same groups are also vulnerable to additional heat, and deaths attributable to heat
waves are expected to be approximately five times as great as winter deaths prevented. It is
widely believed that warmer climates will encourage migration of disease-bearing insects like
mosquitoes and malaria is already appearing in places it hasn’t been seen before.
Polar melting
While the opening of a year-round ice free Arctic passage between the Atlantic and Pacific
oceans would confer some commercial benefits, these are considerably outweighed by the
6. negatives. Detrimental effects include loss of polar bear habitat and increased mobile ice hazards
to shipping. The loss of ice albedo (the reflection of heat), causing the ocean to absorb more heat,
is also a positive feedback; the warming waters increase glacier and Greenland ice cap melt, as
well as raising the temperature of Arctic tundra, which then releases methane, a very potent
greenhouse gas (methane is also released from the sea-bed, where it is trapped in ice-crystals
called clathrates). Melting of the Antarctic ice shelves is predicted to add further to sea-level rise
with no benefits accruing.
Ocean acidification
A cause for considerable concern, there appears to be no benefits to the change in pH of the
oceans. This process is caused by additional CO2 being absorbed in the water, and may have
severe destabilising effects on the entire oceanic food-chain.
Melting glaciers
The effects of glaciers melting are largely detrimental; the principle impact being that many
millions of people (one-sixth of the world’s population) depend on fresh water supplied each
year by natural spring melt and regrowth cycles and those water supplies – drinking water,
agriculture – may fail.
Sea level rise
Many parts of the world are low-lying and will be severely affected by modest sea rises. Rice
paddies are being inundated with salt water, which destroys the crops. Seawater is contaminating
rivers as it mixes with fresh water further upstream, and aquifers are becoming polluted. Given
that the IPCC did not include melt-water from the Greenland and Antarctic ice-caps due to
uncertainties at that time, estimates of sea-level rise are feared to considerably underestimate the
scale of the problem. There are no proposed benefits to sea-level rise.
Positives and negatives of global warming
Positive effects of climate change may include greener rainforests and enhanced plant growth in
the Amazon, increased vegetation in northern latitudes and possible increases in plankton
biomass in some parts of the ocean.
Negative responses may include further growth of oxygen poor ocean zones, contamination or
exhaustion of fresh water, increased incidence of natural fires, extensive vegetation die-off due
to droughts, increased risk of coral extinction, decline in global phytoplankton, changes in
migration patterns of birds and animals, changes in seasonal periodicity, disruption to food
chains and species loss.
