1. The document describes a technique to precisely determine the frequency of a ring oscillator using only three parameters: the number of stages (N), the capacitance at each stage (C), and the estimated resistance (R).
2. It derives a formula to calculate the frequency by studying the effects of capacitance on delay, estimating resistance using power dissipation, and applying Barkhausen's criterion for oscillation conditions.
3. The technique was tested using LTspice simulations and was found to estimate frequency accurately irrespective of transistor sizes and technology used.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow and levels of neurotransmitters and endorphins that elevate and stabilize mood.
The document discusses the objectives of designing various linear wave shaping circuits including a low pass filter, integrator, high pass filter, and differentiator. It provides details on the design, components, procedure, and results for each objective. For the low pass filter and integrator objectives, it discusses the expected output waveforms for different conditions. The key points are:
1) Objectives are to design four linear wave shaping circuits with cut-off frequencies of 1kHz.
2) Details on the design, components, procedure, and results are provided for a low pass filter and integrator.
3) The behavior of the low pass filter and integrator are studied under different conditions to observe their wave shaping capabilities.
Step respponse of rlc circuit by Aditya Pratap Singh Delhi UniversityAditya Pratap Singh
The document derives equations to relate voltages across components in a series RLC circuit when a step voltage source is applied at t=to. There are three possible solutions for the capacitor voltage depending if the circuit is overdamped, critically damped, or underdamped. The initial conditions before t=to and final steady state conditions after t=to are also given. Once the capacitor voltage solution is determined, other component voltages and currents can be calculated using provided relationships.
- The document discusses first-order RC and RL circuits.
- Key aspects include: RC and RL circuits can be modeled with first-order differential equations; the natural response of source-free circuits decays exponentially with a time constant τ equal to RC or L/R.
- The energy initially stored in the capacitor or inductor is dissipated in the resistor over time according to an exponential function with the same time constant.
1) An RC circuit contains a resistor and capacitor in series. The charge on the capacitor and current through the circuit can be expressed as exponential functions of time, with the time constant τ=RC.
2) For an RL circuit, the current through the inductor is expressed as 1-e^(-t/τ) where τ=L/R. This shows the current rising exponentially towards its maximum value.
3) In an RLC circuit, the charge on the capacitor undergoes damped harmonic oscillations expressed as e^(-Rt/2L)cos(ωdt), where ωd is the angular frequency of oscillations.
Time domain response in rc & rl circuitsDharit Unadkat
The document summarizes time domain responses in RC and RL circuits. It describes that transients are the time-varying currents and voltages resulting from sudden changes in sources. RC circuits with a single energy storage element are first-order circuits that can be used for filtering. The time constant for an RC circuit is RC and for an RL circuit is L/R. It represents the time required for an exponential to decay to 36.7% of its initial value. The document also discusses determining the initial conditions for transient analysis based on inductor current and capacitor voltage remaining constant during circuit changes.
This chapter discusses principles of steady-state analysis of DC-DC power converters. It introduces inductor volt-second balance and capacitor charge balance, which relate the average inductor voltage and capacitor current to be zero during steady-state. A small ripple approximation is used to simplify analysis by ignoring output voltage ripple. Examples of steady-state analysis of the buck and boost converters are presented using these principles to determine output voltage, inductor current, and capacitor sizing for given ripple levels.
1. The document describes extending the averaged equivalent circuit modeling approach to include effects of switching loss. It involves sketching converter waveforms during switching transitions and approximating their effects.
2. An example is worked through for a buck converter with diode reverse recovery, constructing waveforms and deriving equations for inductor voltage, capacitor current, and input current.
3. The equations are used to build an equivalent circuit model with independent current sources representing switching loss, allowing calculation of efficiency degradation.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow and levels of neurotransmitters and endorphins that elevate and stabilize mood.
The document discusses the objectives of designing various linear wave shaping circuits including a low pass filter, integrator, high pass filter, and differentiator. It provides details on the design, components, procedure, and results for each objective. For the low pass filter and integrator objectives, it discusses the expected output waveforms for different conditions. The key points are:
1) Objectives are to design four linear wave shaping circuits with cut-off frequencies of 1kHz.
2) Details on the design, components, procedure, and results are provided for a low pass filter and integrator.
3) The behavior of the low pass filter and integrator are studied under different conditions to observe their wave shaping capabilities.
Step respponse of rlc circuit by Aditya Pratap Singh Delhi UniversityAditya Pratap Singh
The document derives equations to relate voltages across components in a series RLC circuit when a step voltage source is applied at t=to. There are three possible solutions for the capacitor voltage depending if the circuit is overdamped, critically damped, or underdamped. The initial conditions before t=to and final steady state conditions after t=to are also given. Once the capacitor voltage solution is determined, other component voltages and currents can be calculated using provided relationships.
- The document discusses first-order RC and RL circuits.
- Key aspects include: RC and RL circuits can be modeled with first-order differential equations; the natural response of source-free circuits decays exponentially with a time constant τ equal to RC or L/R.
- The energy initially stored in the capacitor or inductor is dissipated in the resistor over time according to an exponential function with the same time constant.
1) An RC circuit contains a resistor and capacitor in series. The charge on the capacitor and current through the circuit can be expressed as exponential functions of time, with the time constant τ=RC.
2) For an RL circuit, the current through the inductor is expressed as 1-e^(-t/τ) where τ=L/R. This shows the current rising exponentially towards its maximum value.
3) In an RLC circuit, the charge on the capacitor undergoes damped harmonic oscillations expressed as e^(-Rt/2L)cos(ωdt), where ωd is the angular frequency of oscillations.
Time domain response in rc & rl circuitsDharit Unadkat
The document summarizes time domain responses in RC and RL circuits. It describes that transients are the time-varying currents and voltages resulting from sudden changes in sources. RC circuits with a single energy storage element are first-order circuits that can be used for filtering. The time constant for an RC circuit is RC and for an RL circuit is L/R. It represents the time required for an exponential to decay to 36.7% of its initial value. The document also discusses determining the initial conditions for transient analysis based on inductor current and capacitor voltage remaining constant during circuit changes.
This chapter discusses principles of steady-state analysis of DC-DC power converters. It introduces inductor volt-second balance and capacitor charge balance, which relate the average inductor voltage and capacitor current to be zero during steady-state. A small ripple approximation is used to simplify analysis by ignoring output voltage ripple. Examples of steady-state analysis of the buck and boost converters are presented using these principles to determine output voltage, inductor current, and capacitor sizing for given ripple levels.
1. The document describes extending the averaged equivalent circuit modeling approach to include effects of switching loss. It involves sketching converter waveforms during switching transitions and approximating their effects.
2. An example is worked through for a buck converter with diode reverse recovery, constructing waveforms and deriving equations for inductor voltage, capacitor current, and input current.
3. The equations are used to build an equivalent circuit model with independent current sources representing switching loss, allowing calculation of efficiency degradation.
- The natural response of a circuit refers to the behavior of the circuit when external sources are removed. This allows the stored energy in inductors and capacitors to dissipate.
- The general solution for the natural response of RL and RC circuits is an exponential decay from an initial value to a final value, with the decay rate determined by the circuit time constant.
- For an RL circuit, the inductor current decays exponentially with time constant L/R. For an RC circuit, the capacitor voltage decays exponentially with time constant RC.
This chapter discusses the design of inductors and coupled inductors. It presents the key constraints in inductor design including maximum flux density, inductance, winding area, and winding resistance. It then provides a step-by-step design procedure that involves selecting a core, determining the air gap length, number of turns, and wire size. Methods for designing multiple-winding magnetics using the Kg method are also described, including how to allocate window area between windings to minimize copper losses.
The document summarizes an experiment on analyzing series and parallel RLC circuits. It describes:
1) Calculating the theoretical resonance frequency of a series RLC circuit as 18.8 kHz, but measuring it experimentally as 16.73 kHz, a difference of 11.1%.
2) Plotting the output voltage versus frequency, which reaches a minimum at the theoretical resonance point.
3) Analyzing the phase relationship and impedance characteristics at resonance, finding the voltage and current are in phase.
CONTROL SYSTEMS PPT ON A UNIT STEP RESPONSE OF A SERIES RLC CIRCUIT sanjay kumar pediredla
THIS PPT IS SO USEFUL TO KNOW ABOUT THE SERIES RLC CIRCUIT AND IN THIS WE CAN ALSO HOW THE RESPONSE WILL BE THERE FOR A UNIT STEP RESPONSE AND I ALSO KEPT A MATLAB CODING AND GRAPHS FOR THE SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
This document summarizes the key steps in designing a transformer, including:
1. Selecting an appropriate core size based on specifications and material properties to minimize total power loss.
2. Calculating the optimum operating flux density based on voltage, current, and core geometry.
3. Determining the required number of turns for each winding based on voltage and flux density.
4. Sizing the wire gauges for each winding based on current and available winding area.
The procedure is then demonstrated through an example design of a transformer for a Cuk converter.
This document provides an overview of voltage references and describes a lecture on bandgap voltage references. It discusses the performance requirements of voltage references including accuracy, stability, load regulation, and thermal stability. It then summarizes zener diode references and describes how a bandgap voltage reference works by combining the positive temperature coefficient of thermal voltage VT with the negative coefficient of the base-emitter voltage VBE to produce an output voltage independent of temperature. The document explains the fundamentals and shows a bandgap voltage reference circuit using two bipolar transistors with different emitter areas to generate proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) and complementary to absolute temperature (CTAT) voltages.
This 3 sentence summary provides the key details about the document:
The document describes the design of a low-voltage low-dropout (LDO) voltage regulator that can operate from an input of 1V down to an output of 0.85V-0.5V. It uses a simple symmetric operational transconductance amplifier as the error amplifier with a current splitting technique to boost gain and bandwidth. Simulation results showed the proposed LDO regulator achieved 99.94% current efficiency, a 28mV output variation for a 0-100mA load transient, and 50dB power supply rejection from 0-100kHz, while only requiring an area of 0.0041mm2.
This document summarizes Chapter 17 of the textbook "Fundamentals of Power Electronics" which covers line-commutated rectifiers. It discusses single-phase and three-phase full-wave rectifiers in both continuous and discontinuous conduction modes. It also describes phase control of rectifiers, harmonic trap filters used to reduce harmonics, and different transformer connections that can shift voltages and currents to cancel harmonics. The chapter provides analysis of rectifier circuits including harmonic content, power factor, and efficiency over a range of operating conditions.
This chapter discusses discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) in power electronics. DCM occurs when inductor current or capacitor voltage ripple causes the applied switch current or voltage to reverse polarity. Analysis techniques for DCM include inductor volt-second balance and capacitor charge balance. The chapter provides an example analysis of a buck converter in DCM and derives the mode boundary and conversion ratio equations.
This document section describes alternating current (AC) circuits containing a single circuit element: resistor, inductor, or capacitor, connected to an AC voltage source. For a resistive circuit, the current and voltage are in phase. For an inductive circuit, the current lags the voltage by 90 degrees. For a capacitive circuit, the current leads the voltage by 90 degrees. The document defines important concepts such as reactance, impedance, and phasor diagrams for analyzing AC circuits.
The document discusses the design of filter inductors for power electronics applications. It covers various types of magnetic devices and their operating principles. The key constraints in inductor design are discussed as maximizing flux density without saturation, achieving the required inductance value, fitting the winding within the core window, and meeting the target winding resistance. A step-by-step procedure is outlined that involves selecting a suitable core based on its geometrical constant and calculating the necessary air gap length.
An RC circuit contains a resistor and capacitor in series. When power is applied, maximum current (I0) flows which charges the capacitor. The charge on the capacitor (Q) is equal to the capacitance (C) multiplied by the voltage (Ɛ). The expressions for the charge (q(t)), voltage across the capacitor (VC), and current (I) during the charging phase are given. The time constant (RC) represents the time for the current to decrease to 37% of its initial value. For the discharging phase, the expression for the remaining charge is given.
This presentation contains basics of RLC circuit. Also there is a model developed for a given RLC circuit problem. The solution of this model is also included with MATLAB code.
This document provides an introduction to power electronics. It discusses various power electronic applications including power supplies, motor drives, and utility transmission systems. It also covers common power electronic components like switches, capacitors, inductors, and semiconductor devices. The document outlines the topics that will be covered in the course, including converter circuit operation, control systems, magnetics design, rectifiers, and resonant converters.
The document describes deriving a differential equation to model the behavior of an RLC circuit. It provides the component values for an RLC circuit that was designed and built. Through applying Kirchhoff's voltage law and differentiating the equation, a second order differential equation is derived. The parameters are then substituted into the equation to solve for the natural response of the underdamped circuit. The derived differential equation solution is compared to simulations and measurements from an oscilloscope.
IC Design of Power Management Circuits (II)Claudia Sin
The document discusses various aspects of integrated circuit design for power management circuits. It covers control loop design including biasing circuits, oscillators, comparators and operational amplifiers. It also discusses power stage design such as power transistors, synchronous rectification and active diodes. Finally it discusses peripheral circuits including undervoltage lockout, overcurrent protection and soft start circuits. The document provides guidelines and examples for analog integrated circuit design of switching converters and related circuits.
This document summarizes circuit analysis for series RC, parallel RL, and series RLC circuits. It provides the differential equations that describe each circuit in its first and second order forms. It also defines the relevant time constants and natural frequency. Key circuits covered include series RC, parallel RC, series RL, parallel RL, series RLC, and parallel RLC. Equations are provided for the differential forms of each.
This document provides an overview of alternating current (AC) circuits. It begins by introducing AC voltage sources and defining key concepts like frequency, period, and angular frequency. It then analyzes simple circuits with a single circuit element - resistor, inductor, or capacitor - connected to an AC source. The behavior of current and voltage in each case is examined. Finally, the document considers the driven RLC series circuit, deriving the differential equation that governs it. Key circuit concepts like impedance and resonance are also introduced.
This document discusses cloud computing, including its architecture, security issues, and types of attacks. It begins by defining cloud computing and describing its key characteristics like on-demand self-service, broad network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity, and measured service. It then outlines the three main service models - Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). The four deployment models of private cloud, community cloud, public cloud, and hybrid cloud are also defined. Finally, it notes that the document will focus on exploring the security issues that arise from the nature of cloud service delivery and the types of attacks seen in cloud environments.
1) A PID controller was designed using ISE, IAE, ITAE and MSE error criteria for a stable linear time invariant continuous system. A bacterial foraging particle swarm optimization (BF-PSO) technique was used to tune the PID controller gains (Kp, Ki, Kd) to meet performance specifications.
2) The PID controller was applied to the system using each error criteria and the closed-loop responses were observed and compared. For the IAE criteria, the system had 0% overshoot and undershoot with a settling time of 7.2172e-006 seconds and rise time of 4.0551e-006 seconds.
3) The BF-PSO algorithm combines
This document discusses using Lagrange interpolation to estimate missing values in datasets. It begins with an introduction to missing data problems and common techniques for handling missing values like deletion, mean substitution, and more. It then explains Lagrange interpolation, which uses known data points to estimate values at unknown points. The algorithm for Lagrange interpolation is presented. An example using years of experience and salary data to estimate salary for 10 years of experience is shown. The document concludes that Lagrange interpolation can be used to estimate missing values in preprocessing if the relationship between attributes is uniform. Limitations are noted if the relationship is not uniform.
- The natural response of a circuit refers to the behavior of the circuit when external sources are removed. This allows the stored energy in inductors and capacitors to dissipate.
- The general solution for the natural response of RL and RC circuits is an exponential decay from an initial value to a final value, with the decay rate determined by the circuit time constant.
- For an RL circuit, the inductor current decays exponentially with time constant L/R. For an RC circuit, the capacitor voltage decays exponentially with time constant RC.
This chapter discusses the design of inductors and coupled inductors. It presents the key constraints in inductor design including maximum flux density, inductance, winding area, and winding resistance. It then provides a step-by-step design procedure that involves selecting a core, determining the air gap length, number of turns, and wire size. Methods for designing multiple-winding magnetics using the Kg method are also described, including how to allocate window area between windings to minimize copper losses.
The document summarizes an experiment on analyzing series and parallel RLC circuits. It describes:
1) Calculating the theoretical resonance frequency of a series RLC circuit as 18.8 kHz, but measuring it experimentally as 16.73 kHz, a difference of 11.1%.
2) Plotting the output voltage versus frequency, which reaches a minimum at the theoretical resonance point.
3) Analyzing the phase relationship and impedance characteristics at resonance, finding the voltage and current are in phase.
CONTROL SYSTEMS PPT ON A UNIT STEP RESPONSE OF A SERIES RLC CIRCUIT sanjay kumar pediredla
THIS PPT IS SO USEFUL TO KNOW ABOUT THE SERIES RLC CIRCUIT AND IN THIS WE CAN ALSO HOW THE RESPONSE WILL BE THERE FOR A UNIT STEP RESPONSE AND I ALSO KEPT A MATLAB CODING AND GRAPHS FOR THE SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
This document summarizes the key steps in designing a transformer, including:
1. Selecting an appropriate core size based on specifications and material properties to minimize total power loss.
2. Calculating the optimum operating flux density based on voltage, current, and core geometry.
3. Determining the required number of turns for each winding based on voltage and flux density.
4. Sizing the wire gauges for each winding based on current and available winding area.
The procedure is then demonstrated through an example design of a transformer for a Cuk converter.
This document provides an overview of voltage references and describes a lecture on bandgap voltage references. It discusses the performance requirements of voltage references including accuracy, stability, load regulation, and thermal stability. It then summarizes zener diode references and describes how a bandgap voltage reference works by combining the positive temperature coefficient of thermal voltage VT with the negative coefficient of the base-emitter voltage VBE to produce an output voltage independent of temperature. The document explains the fundamentals and shows a bandgap voltage reference circuit using two bipolar transistors with different emitter areas to generate proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) and complementary to absolute temperature (CTAT) voltages.
This 3 sentence summary provides the key details about the document:
The document describes the design of a low-voltage low-dropout (LDO) voltage regulator that can operate from an input of 1V down to an output of 0.85V-0.5V. It uses a simple symmetric operational transconductance amplifier as the error amplifier with a current splitting technique to boost gain and bandwidth. Simulation results showed the proposed LDO regulator achieved 99.94% current efficiency, a 28mV output variation for a 0-100mA load transient, and 50dB power supply rejection from 0-100kHz, while only requiring an area of 0.0041mm2.
This document summarizes Chapter 17 of the textbook "Fundamentals of Power Electronics" which covers line-commutated rectifiers. It discusses single-phase and three-phase full-wave rectifiers in both continuous and discontinuous conduction modes. It also describes phase control of rectifiers, harmonic trap filters used to reduce harmonics, and different transformer connections that can shift voltages and currents to cancel harmonics. The chapter provides analysis of rectifier circuits including harmonic content, power factor, and efficiency over a range of operating conditions.
This chapter discusses discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) in power electronics. DCM occurs when inductor current or capacitor voltage ripple causes the applied switch current or voltage to reverse polarity. Analysis techniques for DCM include inductor volt-second balance and capacitor charge balance. The chapter provides an example analysis of a buck converter in DCM and derives the mode boundary and conversion ratio equations.
This document section describes alternating current (AC) circuits containing a single circuit element: resistor, inductor, or capacitor, connected to an AC voltage source. For a resistive circuit, the current and voltage are in phase. For an inductive circuit, the current lags the voltage by 90 degrees. For a capacitive circuit, the current leads the voltage by 90 degrees. The document defines important concepts such as reactance, impedance, and phasor diagrams for analyzing AC circuits.
The document discusses the design of filter inductors for power electronics applications. It covers various types of magnetic devices and their operating principles. The key constraints in inductor design are discussed as maximizing flux density without saturation, achieving the required inductance value, fitting the winding within the core window, and meeting the target winding resistance. A step-by-step procedure is outlined that involves selecting a suitable core based on its geometrical constant and calculating the necessary air gap length.
An RC circuit contains a resistor and capacitor in series. When power is applied, maximum current (I0) flows which charges the capacitor. The charge on the capacitor (Q) is equal to the capacitance (C) multiplied by the voltage (Ɛ). The expressions for the charge (q(t)), voltage across the capacitor (VC), and current (I) during the charging phase are given. The time constant (RC) represents the time for the current to decrease to 37% of its initial value. For the discharging phase, the expression for the remaining charge is given.
This presentation contains basics of RLC circuit. Also there is a model developed for a given RLC circuit problem. The solution of this model is also included with MATLAB code.
This document provides an introduction to power electronics. It discusses various power electronic applications including power supplies, motor drives, and utility transmission systems. It also covers common power electronic components like switches, capacitors, inductors, and semiconductor devices. The document outlines the topics that will be covered in the course, including converter circuit operation, control systems, magnetics design, rectifiers, and resonant converters.
The document describes deriving a differential equation to model the behavior of an RLC circuit. It provides the component values for an RLC circuit that was designed and built. Through applying Kirchhoff's voltage law and differentiating the equation, a second order differential equation is derived. The parameters are then substituted into the equation to solve for the natural response of the underdamped circuit. The derived differential equation solution is compared to simulations and measurements from an oscilloscope.
IC Design of Power Management Circuits (II)Claudia Sin
The document discusses various aspects of integrated circuit design for power management circuits. It covers control loop design including biasing circuits, oscillators, comparators and operational amplifiers. It also discusses power stage design such as power transistors, synchronous rectification and active diodes. Finally it discusses peripheral circuits including undervoltage lockout, overcurrent protection and soft start circuits. The document provides guidelines and examples for analog integrated circuit design of switching converters and related circuits.
This document summarizes circuit analysis for series RC, parallel RL, and series RLC circuits. It provides the differential equations that describe each circuit in its first and second order forms. It also defines the relevant time constants and natural frequency. Key circuits covered include series RC, parallel RC, series RL, parallel RL, series RLC, and parallel RLC. Equations are provided for the differential forms of each.
This document provides an overview of alternating current (AC) circuits. It begins by introducing AC voltage sources and defining key concepts like frequency, period, and angular frequency. It then analyzes simple circuits with a single circuit element - resistor, inductor, or capacitor - connected to an AC source. The behavior of current and voltage in each case is examined. Finally, the document considers the driven RLC series circuit, deriving the differential equation that governs it. Key circuit concepts like impedance and resonance are also introduced.
This document discusses cloud computing, including its architecture, security issues, and types of attacks. It begins by defining cloud computing and describing its key characteristics like on-demand self-service, broad network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity, and measured service. It then outlines the three main service models - Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). The four deployment models of private cloud, community cloud, public cloud, and hybrid cloud are also defined. Finally, it notes that the document will focus on exploring the security issues that arise from the nature of cloud service delivery and the types of attacks seen in cloud environments.
1) A PID controller was designed using ISE, IAE, ITAE and MSE error criteria for a stable linear time invariant continuous system. A bacterial foraging particle swarm optimization (BF-PSO) technique was used to tune the PID controller gains (Kp, Ki, Kd) to meet performance specifications.
2) The PID controller was applied to the system using each error criteria and the closed-loop responses were observed and compared. For the IAE criteria, the system had 0% overshoot and undershoot with a settling time of 7.2172e-006 seconds and rise time of 4.0551e-006 seconds.
3) The BF-PSO algorithm combines
This document discusses using Lagrange interpolation to estimate missing values in datasets. It begins with an introduction to missing data problems and common techniques for handling missing values like deletion, mean substitution, and more. It then explains Lagrange interpolation, which uses known data points to estimate values at unknown points. The algorithm for Lagrange interpolation is presented. An example using years of experience and salary data to estimate salary for 10 years of experience is shown. The document concludes that Lagrange interpolation can be used to estimate missing values in preprocessing if the relationship between attributes is uniform. Limitations are noted if the relationship is not uniform.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new algorithm called ESW-FI to efficiently mine frequent itemsets from data streams using a sliding window model. The algorithm actively maintains potentially frequent itemsets in a compact data structure using only a single pass over the data. It guarantees output quality and bounds memory usage. The algorithm divides the sliding window into fixed-size segments and processes window slides by inserting new segments and removing old ones, avoiding reprocessing of all transactions on each slide.
The document describes using simulated annealing to tune the parameters of a PID controller (Kp, Ki, Kd) for a stable linear time-invariant system based on different error criteria (ISE, IAE, ITAE, MSE). Simulated annealing is an optimization technique inspired by annealing in metallurgy. It was used to minimize the error criteria and design PID controllers that meet performance specifications. The PID controllers were tested in closed-loop simulations, and their step responses were presented for each error criteria. The results showed the tuned PID parameters and performance for each criteria.
This document describes the design of different types of parallel multipliers using low power techniques on a 0.18um technology node. It discusses Braun multipliers, row bypassing multipliers, and column bypassing multipliers. The multipliers are implemented using both conventional CMOS design and the Gate Diffusion Input (GDI) technique. Simulation results show that implementing the multipliers using GDI reduces transistor count and power consumption compared to the conventional design. The column bypassing multiplier implemented with GDI has the lowest power consumption of 3.4mw. In conclusion, combining row and column bypassing in a 2D multiplier design results in lower delay and power than the individual approaches.
This document discusses Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) modulation. GMSK is widely used in wireless communication standards like GSM. It provides high spectral efficiency and is more immune to noise compared to other modulation schemes. GMSK uses Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) modulation along with pre-modulation filtering using a Gaussian filter. This filter shapes the modulating signal to reduce side lobes and interference. However, it also introduces inter-symbol interference (ISI) which degrades performance. The document discusses various methods to reduce ISI and improve GMSK performance, including using optimum filters, Viterbi equalization, and soft decision decoding.
This document proposes an Earthquake Disaster Based Resource Scheduling (EDBRS) framework for efficiently allocating cloud computing resources during earthquake disasters. The framework prioritizes resource allocation based on the urgency of workloads, with more urgent workloads related to earthquake response and rescue receiving resources first. An algorithm is proposed that schedules resources to workloads based on this urgency criterion. The algorithm aims to reduce the execution time and costs of cloud workloads submitted during disasters as compared to existing scheduling algorithms. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated using CloudSim simulation software, and it is shown to outperform existing algorithms.
Electrically small antennas: The art of miniaturizationEditor IJARCET
We are living in the technological era, were we preferred to have the portable devices rather than unmovable devices. We are isolating our self rom the wires and we are becoming the habitual of wireless world what makes the device portable? I guess physical dimensions (mechanical) of that particular device, but along with this the electrical dimension is of the device is also of great importance. Reducing the physical dimension of the antenna would result in the small antenna but not electrically small antenna. We have different definition for the electrically small antenna but the one which is most appropriate is, where k is the wave number and is equal to and a is the radius of the imaginary sphere circumscribing the maximum dimension of the antenna. As the present day electronic devices progress to diminish in size, technocrats have become increasingly concentrated on electrically small antenna (ESA) designs to reduce the size of the antenna in the overall electronics system. Researchers in many fields, including RF and Microwave, biomedical technology and national intelligence, can benefit from electrically small antennas as long as the performance of the designed ESA meets the system requirement.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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EEE 117L Network Analysis Laboratory Lab 1
1
EEE 117L Network Analysis Laboratory
Lab 1 – Voltage/Current Division and Filters
Lab Overview
The objective of Lab 1 is to familiarize students with a variety of basic applications of
passive R, C devices, and also how to measure the performance of these circuits using
both Spice simulations and the Digilent Analog Discovery 2 on the circuits constructed.
Prelab
Before coming to lab, students need to complete the following items for each of the
circuits studied in this lab :
• Any hand calculations needed to determine the values of components used in the
circuits such as resistors and capacitors, or specifications such as pole frequencies.
• A Spice simulation of each circuit to get familiar with how it works, and determine
what to expect when the circuit is built and its performance is measured.
Making connections on a Breadboard
Breadboards are used to easily construct circuits without the need to solder parts on a
printed circuit board. As seen in Figure 0 they have columns of pins that are connected
together internally, so that all the wires inserted in a column are shorted together. Note
that the columns on top and bottom are not connected together. There are also rows of
pins at the top and bottom that are connected together. These rows are intended for use
as the power supplies, and are typically labeled + and – and color coded red and blue for
the positive and negative power supplies. These rows are not connected in the middle.
Figure 0.
EEE 117L Network Analysis Laboratory Lab 1
2
Circuits to be studied
When choosing resistor and capacitor values use standard values available to you,
and keep all resistor values between 100 W and 100 kW.
1. Voltage and Current Dividers
One of the most commonly used circuits is a voltage divider
like the one shown in Figure 1.a. For example, if a signal is
too large to be input to a voltmeter or oscilloscope it can be
attenuated (reduced in size) using voltage division. The DC
voltage that an AC signal like a sine wave varies around can
also be reduced using this circuit.
For example, if all of the resistors in this circuit are the same
value, and the VS input source provides a DC voltage of 4V,
then the voltages in this circuit will be VA = 4V, VB = 3V,
VC = 2V, and VD = 1V. That is, voltage division will cause the voltage at node B to be
¾ of VS , the voltage at node C to be ½ of VS , and the voltage at node D to be ¼ of VS.
If a sine wave with an amplitude of 1V is then added so that VS = 4 + sin(wt) Volts, then
voltage division will cause the new values of VA , VB , VC and VD to be :
VA = 1.00*VS = 1.00*(4 + sin(wt)) = 4 + 1.00*sin(wt) Volts
VB = 0.75*VS = 0.75*(4 + sin(wt)) = 3 + 0.75*sin(wt) Volts
VC = 0.50*VS = 0.50*(4 + sin(wt)) = 2 + 0.50*sin(wt) Volts
VD = 0.25*VS = 0.25*(4 + sin(wt)) = 1 + 0.25*sin(wt) Volts
In this example both the amplitude of the ...
Novel technique in charactarizing a pv module using pulse width modulatoreSAT Journals
This document summarizes a novel technique for characterizing photovoltaic (PV) modules using a pulse width modulator. The technique uses an electronic load circuit with power MOSFETs controlled by a pulse width modulation signal generated using LABVIEW. Experimental results from a 150W polycrystalline PV module showed high accuracy when compared to simulations performed using COMSOL Multiphysics and MATLAB. The technique provides accurate characterization with lower cost and simplicity compared to previous methods.
Lightning Characteristics and Impulse Voltage.Milton Sarker
Lightning characteristics and standard impulse
waveform are related to each other. But the lack
of realization about the relation between them
would make the solution to produce better
protection against lightning surge becomes
harder. Natural lightning surge waveform has
been compared to standard impulse waveform as
evidence that there have similarity between
them. The standard impulse waveform could be
used to test the strength of electrical equipment
against the lightning. Therefore designing and
simulating the impulse generator are the purpose
of this project beside to get better understanding
about lightning characteristics. This project aims
to develop an impulse generator circuit. The
main objectives of this work are two folds: the
first is the characterization of impulse voltages
and the second is the designing of an impulse
voltage generator. Our working purpose is to
give a concept about Impulse voltages and
impulse generator to the students and
researchers.
Sinusoidal Response of RC & RL CircuitsSachin Mehta
This document describes an experiment on analyzing the sinusoidal responses of RC and RL circuits. RC and RL circuits were constructed using a breadboard, resistors, capacitors, inductors, function generator, oscilloscope and multimeter. Experimental measurements of output voltage, phase shift, and resistor current were taken at various frequencies and compared to theoretical calculations. The results showed close agreement between measured and calculated output voltages, but more discrepancy for RMS voltages, possibly due to experimental or calculation errors.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications.
Selection of Passive Component for Cockroft Walton Voltage Multiplier: A Low ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on selecting passive components for a Cockroft-Walton voltage multiplier circuit to generate high voltages for educational laboratories. It describes criteria for selecting the number of stages, capacitors, and diodes in the circuit based on the required output voltage and allowable ripple. Simulation results show the effect of these selections on ripple voltage at different stages. The selection approach aims to minimize ripple at the final stage by reducing it at earlier stages, requiring non-equal capacitor values. This circuit can generate up to 100kV for laboratory experiments in a low-cost manner.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Analog and Digital Electronics Lab ManualChirag Shetty
This document provides details on 12 experiments conducted in an Analog and Digital Electronics Lab. The first experiment involves simulating clipping and clamping circuits using diodes. The second experiment involves simulating a relaxation oscillator using an op-amp and comparing the frequency and duty cycle to theoretical values. The third experiment involves simulating a Schmitt trigger using an op-amp and comparing the upper and lower trigger points. The remaining experiments involve simulating circuits such as a Wein bridge oscillator, power supply, CE amplifier, half/full adders, multiplexers, and counters. Procedures and calculations are provided for analyzing and verifying the output of each circuit simulation.
Dual Edge Triggered Phase Detector for DLL and PLL ApplicationsIJERA Editor
An ASIC design of Dual Edge Triggered Phase Detector(DET PD) for Delay locked loop(DLL) and Phase locked loop(PLL) applications is proposed in this paper.The proposed DET PD has high locking speed and less jitter. The designs are based on TSPC flip flop logic, which overcomes the issue of narrow capture range. The Double edge triggered phase detector dissipates less power than conventional designs and can be operated at a frequency range of 250MHz to 1GHz.The proposed DET-PD is designed using 180nm CMOS process technology at a 1.8V supply voltage in cadence virtuoso and circuit simulated in cadence spectre.
Frequency dependency analysis for differential capacitive sensorjournalBEEI
A differential capacitive sensing technique is discussed in this paper.
The differential capacitive sensing circuit is making use of a single power supply. The design focus for this paper is on the excitation frequency dependency analysis to the circuit. Theory of the differential capacitive sensor under test is discussed and derivation is elaborated. Simulation results are shown and discussed. Next, results improvement has also been shown in this paper for comparison. Test was carried out using frequency from 40 kHz up to 400 kHz. Results have shown output voltage of Vout=0.07927 Cx+1.25205 and good linearity of R-squared value 0.99957 at 200 kHz. Potential application for this capacitive sensor is to be used for energy harvesting for its potential power supply.
This is B.E Lab for 3rd Semester Computer Science Branch. Its involve semiconductor CRO and DSO. It consist of 10 experiment which is necessary to perform during semester.
IRJET-Comparative Analysis of Rectangular and Square Column for Axial loading...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of a Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier circuit to generate high voltage from a low input voltage. The circuit uses a ladder network of capacitors and diodes to multiply the input voltage in successive stages. The document discusses the design considerations for components based on expected output voltage and current. It also presents the simulation results showing the output voltage increasing with each stage up to 100kV at the final stage, along with the associated ripple voltage. The summary concludes that the designed circuit provides a small, low-cost way to generate high voltages for laboratory applications.
This document provides instructions for experiments on power semiconductor switches and switch-mode power converters to be carried out by students. The experiments involve testing an SCR using a multimeter, studying the turn-on and turn-off states of an SCR, and effects of gate current. Students will also study the switching parameters of a BJT and build a buck converter circuit. Performance in the experiments, teamwork, and learning attitude will contribute towards marks. Students are advised to read the instructions fully before conducting the experiments.
This document provides a laboratory manual for experiments in a Microwave and Digital Communication lab. It includes 12 experiments covering topics like the characteristics of reflex klystron tubes, Gunn diodes, directional couplers, standing wave ratio measurements, and digital modulation techniques including time division multiplexing, frequency shift keying, phase shift keying, and differential phase shift keying. The manual provides the objectives, theoretical background, experimental procedures, observations tables and questions for each experiment.
Method Of Compensation Instability Of Frequency Modulators In The Absence Of ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
A new precision peak detector full wave rectifierVishal kakade
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new precision peak detector/full-wave rectifier circuit based on dual-output current conveyors. The key points are:
1) The proposed circuit uses MOS transistors, a phase shifter, and dual-output current conveyors to generate a DC output voltage equal to the peak amplitude of the input sinusoidal signal over a wide frequency range.
2) An all-pass filter is used to shift the phase of the input signal by 90 degrees. This allows the circuit to fully rectify both halves of the sinusoidal wave.
3) Simulation results show the circuit has very low ripple voltage and harmonic distortion compared to existing techniques, making it
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Design of a current Mode Sample and Hold Circuit at sampling rate of 150 MS/sIJERA Editor
A current mode sample and hold circuit is presented in this paper at 180nm technology. The major concerns of
VLSI are area, power, delay and speed. Hence, we have used a MOSFET in triode region in the proposed
architecture for voltage to current conversion instead of a resistor being used in previously proposed circuit. The
proposed circuit achieves high sampling frequency and with more accuracy than the previous one. The
performance of the proposed circuit is depicted in the form of simulation results.
This document provides a comparative study of two-way finite automata and Turing machines. Some key points:
- Two-way finite automata are similar to read-only Turing machines in that they have a finite tape that can be read in both directions, but cannot write to the tape.
- Turing machines have an infinite tape that can be read from and written to, allowing them to recognize recursively enumerable languages.
- Both models are examined in their ability to accept the regular language L={anbm|m,n>0}.
- The time complexity of a two-way finite automaton for this language is O(n2) due to making two passes over the
This document analyzes and compares the performance of the AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) simulation. Simulations were conducted using NS-2, SUMO, and MOVE simulators for a grid map scenario with varying numbers of nodes. The results show that AODV performed better than DSDV in terms of throughput and packet delivery fraction, while DSDV had lower end-to-end delays. However, neither protocol was found to be fully suitable for the highly dynamic VANET environment. The document concludes that further work is needed to develop improved routing protocols optimized for VANETs.
This document discusses the digital circuit layout problem and approaches to solving it using graph partitioning techniques. It begins by introducing the digital circuit layout problem and how it has become more complex with increasing circuit sizes. It then discusses how the problem can be decomposed into subproblems using graph partitioning to assign geometric coordinates to circuit components. The document reviews several traditional approaches to solve the problem, such as the Kernighan-Lin algorithm, and discusses their limitations for larger circuit sizes. It also discusses more recent approaches using evolutionary algorithms and concludes by analyzing the contributions of various approaches.
This document summarizes various data mining techniques that have been used for intrusion detection systems. It first describes the architecture of a data mining-based IDS, including sensors to collect data, detectors to evaluate the data using detection models, a data warehouse for storage, and a model generator. It then discusses supervised and unsupervised learning approaches that have been applied, including neural networks, support vector machines, K-means clustering, and self-organizing maps. Finally, it reviews several related works applying these techniques and compares their results, finding that combinations of approaches can improve detection rates while reducing false alarms.
This document provides an overview of speech recognition systems and recent progress in the field. It discusses different types of speech recognition including isolated word, connected word, continuous speech, and spontaneous speech. Various techniques used in speech recognition are also summarized, such as simulated evolutionary computation, artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, Kalman filters, and Hidden Markov Models. The document reviews several papers published between 2004-2012 that studied speech recognition methods including using dynamic spectral subband centroids, Kalman filters, biomimetic computing techniques, noise estimation, and modulation filtering. It concludes that Hidden Markov Models combined with MFCC features provide good recognition results for large vocabulary, speaker-independent, continuous speech recognition.
This document discusses integrating two assembly lines, Line A and Line B, based on lean line design concepts to reduce space and operators. It analyzes the current state of the lines using tools like takt time analysis and MTM/UAS studies. Improvements are identified to eliminate waste, including methods improvements, workplace rearrangement, ergonomic changes, and outsourcing. Paper kaizen is conducted and work elements are retimed. The goal is to integrate the lines to better utilize space and manpower while meeting manufacturing standards.
This document summarizes research on the exposure of microwaves from cellular networks. It describes how microwaves interact with biological systems and discusses measurement techniques and safety standards regarding microwave exposure. While some studies have alleged health hazards from microwaves, independent reviews by health organizations have found no evidence that exposure to microwaves below international safety limits causes harm. The document concludes that with precautions like limiting exposure time and using phones with lower SAR ratings, microwaves from cell phones pose minimal health risks.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the effect of feature reduction in sentiment analysis of online reviews. It uses principle component analysis to reduce the number of features (product attributes) from a dataset of 500 camera reviews labeled as positive or negative. Two models are developed - one using the original set of 95 product attributes, and one using the reduced set. Support vector machines and naive Bayes classifiers are applied to both models and their performance is evaluated to determine if classification accuracy can be maintained while using fewer features. The results show it is possible to achieve similar accuracy levels with less features, improving computational efficiency.
This document provides a review of multispectral palm image fusion techniques. It begins with an introduction to biometrics and palm print identification. Different palm print images capture different spectral information about the palm. The document then reviews several pixel-level fusion methods for combining multispectral palm images, finding that Curvelet transform performs best at preserving discriminative patterns. It also discusses hardware for capturing multispectral palm images and the process of region of interest extraction and localization. Common fusion methods like wavelet transform and Curvelet transform are also summarized.
This document describes a vehicle theft detection system that uses radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. The system involves embedding an RFID chip in each vehicle that continuously transmits a unique identification signal. When a vehicle is stolen, the owner reports it to the police, who upload the vehicle's information to a central database. Police vehicles are equipped with RFID receivers. If a stolen vehicle passes within range of a receiver, the receiver detects the vehicle's ID signal and displays its details on a tablet. This allows police to quickly identify and recover stolen vehicles. The system aims to make it difficult for thieves to hide a vehicle's identity and allows vehicles to be tracked globally wherever the detection system is implemented.
This document discusses and compares two techniques for image denoising using wavelet transforms: Dual-Tree Complex DWT and Double-Density Dual-Tree Complex DWT. Both techniques decompose an image corrupted by noise using filter banks, apply thresholding to the wavelet coefficients, and reconstruct the image. The Double-Density Dual-Tree Complex DWT yields better denoising results than the Dual-Tree Complex DWT as it produces more directional wavelets and is less sensitive to shifts and noise variance. Experimental results on test images demonstrate that the Double-Density method achieves higher peak signal-to-noise ratios, especially at higher noise levels.
This document compares the k-means and grid density clustering algorithms. It summarizes that grid density clustering determines dense grids based on the densities of neighboring grids, and is able to handle different shaped clusters in multi-density environments. The grid density algorithm does not require distance computation and is not dependent on the number of clusters being known in advance like k-means. The document concludes that grid density clustering is better than k-means clustering as it can handle noise and outliers, find arbitrary shaped clusters, and has lower time complexity.
This document proposes a method for detecting, localizing, and extracting text from videos with complex backgrounds. It involves three main steps:
1. Text detection uses corner metric and Laplacian filtering techniques independently to detect text regions. Corner metric identifies regions with high curvature, while Laplacian filtering highlights intensity discontinuities. The results are combined through multiplication to reduce noise.
2. Text localization then determines the accurate boundaries of detected text strings.
3. Text binarization filters background pixels to extract text pixels for recognition. Thresholding techniques are used to convert localized text regions to binary images.
The method exploits different text properties to detect text using corner metric and Laplacian filtering. Combining the results improves
This document describes the design and implementation of a low power 16-bit arithmetic logic unit (ALU) using clock gating techniques. A variable block length carry skip adder is used in the arithmetic unit to reduce power consumption and improve performance. The ALU uses a clock gating circuit to selectively clock only the active arithmetic or logic unit, reducing dynamic power dissipation from unnecessary clock charging/discharging. The ALU was simulated in VHDL and synthesized for a Xilinx Spartan 3E FPGA, achieving a maximum frequency of 65.19MHz at 1.98mW power dissipation, demonstrating improved performance over a conventional ALU design.
This document describes using particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithms (GA) to tune the parameters of a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller for an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) system. PSO and GA are used to minimize the objective function by adjusting the PID parameters to achieve optimal step response with minimal overshoot, settling time, and rise time. The results show that PSO provides high-quality solutions within a shorter calculation time than other stochastic methods.
This document discusses implementing trust negotiations in multisession transactions. It proposes a framework that supports voluntary and unexpected interruptions, allowing negotiating parties to complete negotiations despite temporary unavailability of resources. The Trust-x protocol addresses issues related to validity, temporary loss of data, and extended unavailability of one negotiator. It allows a peer to suspend an ongoing negotiation and resume it with another authenticated peer. Negotiation portions and intermediate states can be safely and privately passed among peers to guarantee stability for continued suspended negotiations. An ontology is also proposed to provide formal specification of concepts and relationships, which is essential in complex web service environments for sharing credential information needed to establish trust.
This document discusses and compares various nature-inspired optimization algorithms for resolving the mixed pixel problem in remote sensing imagery, including Biogeography-Based Optimization (BBO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). It provides an overview of each algorithm, explaining key concepts like migration and mutation in BBO. The document aims to prove that BBO is the best algorithm for resolving the mixed pixel problem by comparing it to other evolutionary algorithms. It also includes figures illustrating concepts like the species model and habitat in BBO.
This document discusses principal component analysis (PCA) for face recognition. It begins with an introduction to face recognition and PCA. PCA works by calculating eigenvectors from a set of face images, which represent the principal components that account for the most variance in the image data. These eigenvectors are called "eigenfaces" and can be used to reconstruct the face images. The document then discusses how the system is implemented, including preparing a face database, normalizing the training images, calculating the eigenfaces/principal components, projecting the face images into this reduced space, and recognizing faces by calculating distances between projected test images and training images.
This document summarizes research on using wireless sensor networks to detect mobile targets. It discusses two optimization problems: 1) maximizing the exposure of the least exposed path within a sensor budget, and 2) minimizing sensor installation costs while ensuring all paths have exposure above a threshold. It proposes using tabu search heuristics to provide near-optimal solutions. The research also addresses extending the models to consider wireless connectivity, heterogeneous sensors, and intrusion detection using a game theory approach. Experimental results show the proposed mobile replica detection scheme can rapidly detect replicas with no false positives or negatives.
This document compares several propagation path loss models - Okumura, Hata, ECC 33, Cost-231, and SUI - by estimating path losses and signal strengths at 950 MHz in urban, suburban, and rural areas. Path losses are estimated using each model and compared to measured practical data from those environments. The results show that the Hata model most closely matches the practical data across all three environments. Therefore, the Hata model is concluded to be the most suitable for predicting signal strength in urban, suburban, and rural areas.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6
Ijarcet vol-2-issue-7-2378-2383
1. ISSN: 2278 – 1323
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET)
Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2013
2378
www.ijarcet.org
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF
RING OSCILLATORS
(Derivation of frequency of an N staged inverter based ring oscillator)
ARYA TAH (Author)
Dept. name of organization: Electronics and communication engineering
Name of organization: NIT Durgapur
Durgapur, India
DEBASISH KUMAR RAKSHIT (Author)
Dept. name of organization: Electronics and communication engineering
Name of organization: NIT Durgapur
Durgapur, India
Dr. ASISH KUMAR MAL (Author)
Dept. name of organization: Electronics and communication engineering
Name of organization: NIT Durgapur
Durgapur, India
Abstract— This document emphasizes on deducing a
technique to evaluate the frequency of a ring oscillator.
The estimation of frequency of a ring oscillator in the
absence of parameters like process transconductance,
threshold voltage etc is quite a tedious job. Here we
describe a technique and a formula thus has been
deduced to precisely determine the frequency of a ring
oscillator. The formula derived here has high precision
rates, irrespective of the technology used, and the (W/L)
ratio of the used transistors. In the underlying work, a
comparison has also been made between the existent
CMOS based Ring oscillators and DTMOS [1] based
Ring oscillators based on performance. The advantage
over other defined techniques is that it gives far better
results, and is simple and lucid. Results have been
obtained using LTspiceIV and BSIM 4.0 level 54 based
MOSFET model using 50nm CMOS technology.
Keywords— delay, ring oscillator, inverter, power
dissipation, frequency, Elmore delay calculation.
I. INTRODUCTION
Ring Oscillators are of prime importance in the
electronics industry. The importance is quite intense
nowadays, given the developments in the domain of
VLSI. ADCs, PLLs and VCOs have tremendous
usage of ring oscillators.
Ring oscillators comprise of a ring of N-stages of
inverters, where N is necessarily odd and the output
oscillates between two limits, HIGH and LOW. We
know that frequency of such oscillation can be
increased by decreasing the number of stages or by
altering device dimensions, which often end up
disastrously increasing the power consumption.
Now, the big task is how to estimate the frequency
of operation of the oscillator. The inverter based
delay, td, can be found out, and hence by conventional
methods we can find out the ring oscillator frequency,
by the age old formula f=1/2Ntd.
But, the evaluation of delay of each inverter stage
remains a huge problem. This requires quite an
amount of knowledge about internal device
parameters. There have been methods, where the
estimation formulae have been derived without much
use of device parameters but, in those cases the
efficiency of the formula is not appreciable. There
have been a large number of works, but all of them
have their own handicaps, in being applicable only to
a particular device length or device (W/L) ratio. The
proposed method largely oversees these deficits and
is applicable not only at any (W/L) ratio, but also,
even on changing device characteristics this
formulation holds true.
The formula, prescribed here depends on only 3
parameters, namely the number of stages, the
capacitance at each stage, and the resistance, which in
turn is estimated by Barkhausen’s criterion and power
dissipation at a single stage.
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II. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROPOSED TECHNIQUE
A. Study of existing formulae and making of a new
estimation process
The most basic ring oscillator is simply a chain of
single ended digital inverters, with the output of the
last stage fed back to the input of the first stage. Note
that to provide the DC inversion, an odd number of
stages must be used. To see why this circuit will
oscillate, assume that the output of the first inverter is
a ‘0’. Therefore, the output of the N-th inverter,
where N is odd, must also be‘0’.However, this output
is also the input to the first inverter, so the first
inverter’s output must switch to a‘1’.By the same
logic, the output of the last inverter will eventually
switch to a ‘1’, switching the output of the first
inverter back to ‘0’. This process will repeat
indefinitely, resulting in the voltage at each node
oscillating.
Let’s assume that the delay each inverter gives is
td. So, the net delay associated with N stages will be
N*td*2. This is because td is nothing but the
difference in time of the toggle points of the input and
corresponding output.
We know the net phase shift should be of the order
of 2π. But the net phase shift per oscillator must be of
the order of π/N; as the remaining shift is obtained by
the DC inversion. Now, this is one of the basic
requirements that would come into play while we
calculate the delay.
Now, our work involves studying of frequency
response in case of an N-stage oscillator. We have
seen already that frequency depends on td. We can
say that every stage in the ring oscillator has a
resistance and capacitance associated with it, which
ultimately causes the delay. Now, to start with we use
inverter stages using 50nm CMOS technology, with
Wpmos=1000nm, and Wnmos=500nm
STUDYING THE EFFECTS OF ADDING IDENTICAL
CAPACITIVE LOAD AT THE TERMINUS OF EACH STAGE
S.No.
DELAY TABLE
External load n delay
1. 0pf 5 0.22ns
2. 0.01pf 5 0.44ns
3. 0.02pf 5 0.67ns
4. 0pf 7 0.32ns
5. 0.01pf 7 0.64ns
6. 0.02pf 7 0.97ns
7. 0pf 9 0.42ns
8. 0.01pf 9 0.84ns
TABLE: 1
In the table above we have seen the effect of adding
load capacitances at the terminal of each stage of the
ring oscillator. Now, adding capacitance would
increase delay, as we have seen td is proportional to
Capacitance [3]. We have to analyze the dynamic
operation of the inverter in this context.
Let us now analyze the results in the table. We
know that, every ring oscillator has its characteristic
capacitance. If we equal the load capacitance to the
intrinsic capacitance that each stage of the oscillator
provides, we find that the frequency halves. Thus, we
may conclude, that when frequency halves, our
estimated capacitance becomes equal to the intrinsic
capacitance.
B. Studying the effect of capacitance on frequency
From [5] we get to know about Miller’s effect and
about replacing bridging capacitances with a single
capacitance. In this way we bring about replacement
in the transistors used in this context, and thus we get
an equivalent load Cl across the inverter stage. Thus
when we add another C=Cl at the terminal of each
stage, the equivalent load becomes 2Cl.
Now, there are quite a number of ways to find Cl.
Using the SPICE model files and hence device
parameters for capacitance estimation is often tedious
and time consuming. Also, the evaluation becomes a
lot more difficult for advanced CMOS technology
models.
So, a better way is experimental determination, by
way of plots. The table below gives us the delay in
relation to (W/L)p,(W/L)n and (W/L)p+(W/L)n ratio.
STUDY OF CAPACITANCE WITH RESPECT TO W/L RATIOS
S.No.
CAPACITANCE TABLE
(W/L)p (W/L)n C
1. (1000/50)=20 (500/50)=10 0.010pf
2. (1000/50)=20 (1000/50)=20 0.012pf
3. (1250/50)=25 (500/50)=10 0.011pf
4. (1000/50)=20 (3000/50)=60 0.023pf
5. (4000/50)=80 (3000/50)=60 0.039pf
TABLE: 2
Capacitance can also be calculated analytically, by
way of formulae given in [6]. Model manuals give us
detailed description about how to calculate
capacitance, and capacitance at the terminal of each
stage can be calculated by Miller’s effect.
However, as expected, the experimental results
would vastly be equal to the results obtained by
model files.
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STUDY OF CAPACITANCE WITH (W/L)p+(W/L)n
TABLE: 3
An observation can be accredited from the above
table; capacitance is doubling with doubling (w/l)
ratios. So, we can make a conclusion, by further close
observation, that
C1/C2 is approximately equal to (sum of (W/L) ratios
of p and n transistors)1/ (sum of (W/L) ratios of p and
n transistors)2. This is a rough way of estimating the
capacitance at each stage of the ring oscillator.
The delay is therefore proportional to N (number of
stages) and C (capacitance).
Also, there must be a resistance term to equate the
left and right sides. Hence, there must be a R. Our
next objective is to determine the Resistance, R.
The gate drain overlap capacitance of Q1, Cgd1 is
replaced by an equivalent capacitance between output
node and ground of 2Cgd1. Each of the drain body
capacitances has a terminal at a constant voltage.
Thus, these are replaced by equal capacitances
between output node and ground. Since the second
inverter does not switch states we will assume that
the input capacitances of the upcoming stage remain
constant and equal to gate capacitance.
C=2Cgd1+2Cgd2+Cdb1+Cdb2+Cg3+Cg4+Cw.
[7].
C. Study of resistance parameter and estimating
resistance
Now, the important thing is estimating the
resistance parameter. We have found out a new
experimental way, of finding out resistance using
power dissipation at a single stage. A point to be
noted here is the power dissipation of a single stage is
same as long as the device parameters remain the
same. However, it does not depend on the length of
the ring oscillator in any sense.
If the ring oscillator stages are replaced by their linear
equivalents, then the whole loop can be reconstructed
as shown in Fig.2.
The important thing that is done here is frequency
domain analysis of the loop. The loop gain X(s) =A
(s1).A (s2)…A (sn).More often than not, A (s1) = A
(s2) =…= A (sn). [8,9]
First, let’s start analyzing the Barkhausen’s
criterion. The Barkhausen’s criterion states that the
net phase of the loop gain should be zero. Given that
should happen, the net phase shift needs to be 2kπ.
However, π phase shift is obtained from DC
inversion. Hence the phase shift of the rest of the loop
has to be π. Hence, we find phase shift per stage of
the oscillator is π/N.The general practice however
remains, lessening the required phase shift, hence to
minimize the number of required stages.
We can obviously state at this juncture that the
total phase shift of RC delay =±π.
Thus if phase shift per stage is β then:
β =±π/N…………..1.
The model proposed here, hence would have ,
tan-1
(RCω)=β………..2. [8]
Hence, our oscillation frequency becomes:
ω = (tanβ)/RC………..3.
We know that, for an inverter in operation, in each
cycle, the energy dissipation in the Qn and Qp is
0.5CVDD
2
respectively. Hence the net energy
dissipation is equal to CVDD
2
. Now, we would like to
frame a possible evaluation of power.
P= CVDD
2
/T…………4.
P=f CVDD
2
…………..5.
f=P/ CVDD
2
.................6.
ω= P.2π/ CVDD
2
………7.
Hence, now for finding a possible estimate of
resistance we equate equation 3 and 7.
(tanβ)/RC= P.2π/ CVDD
2
…8
R= VDD
2
.(tanβ)/2 πP……..9.
For our case, VDD has always been 1V, so our result
would well be
R= (tanβ)/2 πP…………..10.
This is how we have developed an effective and
efficient way of Resistance estimation.
However in reference [9] they have taken
β =2kπ/N, which is certainly not the case as the
remaining phase shift is provided vy DC inversion
The advantages of using this method are many.
Firstly we do not have to engage ourselves into
tedious calculations. Nextly, by knowing power
dissipation of a single stage, of a particular design of
inverter, the resistance can be calculated for any
length of ring oscillator, i.e. having any number of
permissible stages.
With this, we approach the crucial juncture, where
estimation of capacitances and resistances have been
done.
So, we see, the 3 parameters on which the frequency
depends, namely N,R,C have been sorted out to the
best possible extent. The next task is to frame a
relation between the parameters.
D. Framing a relation between number of stages
,frequency, resistance, capacitance
Frequency of operation is the parameter of interest
for us. But, we know, f=1/T. We can say, T is
proportional to N, R, and C as we can see. What we
S.No.
CAPACITANCE TABLE
(W/L)p,(W/L)n (W/L)p+(W/L)n C
1.
20,10 30 0.010pf
2.
25,10 35 0.011pf
3.
20,20 40 0.012pf
4.
20,60 80
0.023pf
5.
80,60 140 0.039pf
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are actually interested in is nothing but the
propagation delay, that would ultimate give us the
frequency. [4]
Quick delay estimation is the core basis of
designing faster and critical paths. We may use the
simulator based approach for our delay and hence
frequency estimation purpose. But that does not help
our understanding of paths in any case, hence faster;
more efficient pathways cannot be developed. Novice
designers, spend hours tweaking parameters to find
out efficient model designs.
In this section we take up a lumped circuit RC
model of transistors. Although transistors have
complex, nonlinear current voltage characteristics,
they can be well approximated as a switch in series
with a resistor, where the effective resistance would
depend on the average current delivered by the
transistor. Transistor gate and diffusion nodes have
capacitance.
So, we in this arena, devise a method, where the
net delay measurement would be on the basis of
driving resistance and load capacitance. Usually in
the technology, we use devices of minimal length,
and optimum power consumption.
We take up the Elmore delay model [10] for our
purpose of synthesizing the delay of the ring
oscillator.
Viewing ON transistors as resistors, a possible way
of viewing the circuit is as shown in Figure 7. Elmore
Delay states that the net delay over the whole
Network is equivalent to the summation of the
product of individual load capacitance at each node
and the subsequent resistance between Node and
Source.
kCk
Now, let’s take up the case of investigating how to
implement the technique of Elmore delay to Ring
oscillator.
Ring oscillator does not contain any source as such,
from where we would calculate the resistance per
node. So, we take up an analogous method. We
know, capacitors can act as voltage sources, when
they are charged. Thus, for our sake, we take the ring
oscillator to be composed of (N-1) +1 delay stages.
So, for our analysis, there are N-1 stages of resistors
and capacitors. The remaining stage is termed the
‘Engine stage’. We, take up that it is this capacitor-
resistor stage that acts as voltage source.
As ring oscillators have connected ends, we can take
this ‘Engine stage’ anywhere in the ring.
A better representation would involve, cutting the
ring at the Kth
node. (K≤N). So the (K+1)th
node
((K+1) th stage of capacitance and resistance) is
termed the engine node (engine stage). The remaining
length of the ring is analyzed by Elmore delay
analysis:
There would be (N-1) stages of identical
capacitance and resistance
In case of added capacitive load, we take the
capacitance as (Cp+Cl), where Cp is the intrinsic
capacitance of the transistor and Cl is the added
capacitive load at each level.
So our formula becomes:
Tpd = kCk........12.
For no added capacitive load, for a N stage ring
oscillator, this formula becomes:
Tpd = N(N-1)RC/2.....13
(It is because, Tpd becomes RC + 2RC+...+ (N-1)RC,
and the driving or engine stage is excluded as it acts
as the source).
So, a method has been devised to obtain both
driving resistance and delay associated with a ring
oscillator. Resistance has been calculated by the
method given above. While delay estimation, is
nothing but the summation of the product of
estimated resistance and capacitance over (N-1)
nodes. Now, it’s time to check whether our proposal
holds experimentally by simulation, and thus bring
about a detailed study about accuracy of the proposed
method
III. EXPERIMENTATIONS AND CHECKING OF THE
PROPOSED METHOD
Now, we will check whether our proposed method
holds by using simulation tool LTspiceIV and BSIM
4.0 model using 50nm CMOS technology.
First we have studied ring oscillators using 50nm
CMOS technology with width of NMOS being
500nm and width of PMOS being 1000nm.
All the stages have a capacitance of 0.01pf as has
been shown in a table above.
READINGS FOR A RING OSCILLATOR USING BSIM 4.0
MODEL WITH 50nm CMOS TECHNOLOGY.
S.No.
DELAY TABLE
n power RC(in 10-11
s) Tdspice Tdcalcu.
1. 3
53.12
uW
5.161 0.13 ns 0.13 ns
2. 5
53.12
uW
2.167 0.21 ns 0.21 ns
3. 7
53.12
uW
1.661 0.30 ns 0.297 ns
4. 9
53.12
uW
1.090 0.41 ns 0.42 ns
5. 11
53.12
uW
0.876 0.46 ns 0.47 ns
6. 13
53.12
uW
0.73 0.56 ns 0.567 ns
7. 15
53.12
uW
0.63 0.69 ns 0.67 ns
TABLE: 4
So, we find that our formulation does predict results
with great accuracy as far as working with a
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Wp=1um, Wn=500nm, Lp,n=50nm based CMOS based
ring oscillator.
Now, we find out, whether our proposed method
holds true for any generalized case, i.e. for any
(W/L)p,n ratio. The table below shows the results of
simulation using transistors of different (W/L) ratio.
FREQUENCY RESPONSE WHEN THE (W/L) RATIOS ARE
DIFFERENT
S.No.
DELAY TABLE
n power Wp Wn Tdspice Tdcalcu.
1. 5
67.12
uW
1u 1u 0.21ns 0.19ns
2. 5
60.14
uW
1.25
u
0.5u 0.24ns 0.22ns
3. 5
95.40
uW
1u 3u 0.31ns 0.28ns
4. 5
240.6
uW
4u 3u 0.22ns 0.19ns
5. 5
53.11
uW
1u 0.5u 0.21ns 0.21ns
TABLE: 5
Now, we see our formula operates with quite a high
rate of precision for any value of (W/L) and N, for
CMOS inverter stages.
Now, if we can show, that this formula can operate
beyond CMOS technology, the formula would
encompass a huge working domain. For our purpose
we would use DTMOS [1].
IV. COMPARISION OF RESULTS FOR DTMOS AND
CMOS BASED RING OSCILLATORS
So, we now begin our analysis of the formula,
based on DTMOS technology. Using LTspiceIV
simulator we have been able to get the following
results. Model used is the same level 54 based BSIM
4.0 model. Ln = Lp =50nm.
READINGS BASED ON DTMOS TECHNOLOGY BASED
RING OSCILLATORS.
S.No.
DELAY TABLE
n C(pF) Wp Wn Tdspice Tdcalcu.
1. 5 0.065 4u 3u 0.18ns 0.18ns
2. 5 0.035 4u 0.5u 0.30ns 0.29ns
3. 7 0.013 1u 0.5u 0.26ns 0.25ns
TABLE: 6
So, we see our formula fits quite well for DTMOS
based technology as well. So, there can’t be much
questionability regarding the domain of the proposed
method.
Now, let’s incorporate the fact that power
dissipation in the first case of the above given table is
a staggering 396.107uWatt per stage. In the next case
its a 133.83uWatt, while for the last case its
80.5338uWatt.
What we can hence see, is that our formula works
well for CMOS as well as DTMOS technologies. So,
that generalizes the fact that this formula is well
acceptable irrespective of the technology, irrespective
of the device parameters. The above quoted
technology further promises the fact of generalization
because the ring oscillators can drive a higher
frequency than CMOS based ones, although the
power dissipation is a bit more than CMOS based
ring oscillators.
V. CONCLUSION
Thus, the above study proves that the proposed
method works well as far as single ended N stage ring
oscillators are concerned irrespective of technology.
Also, we get to bypass a number of parameters like
Threshold voltage etc, and hence it comprehensively
simplifies our work. This work is comparatively
much better positioned than the previous works. It
has all the abilities to find out frequency of operation
irrespective of the technology being used.
Figure1: DTMOS inverter
Figure2: Ring oscillator using above inverter
Figure3: Simulation results of above inverter
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International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET)
Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2013
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Figure4: CMOS inverter
Figure5: Ring oscillator using the above CMOS Inverter
Figure6: Simulation results of the above ring oscillator
Figure7: RC ladder
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I, Arya Tah want to thank my partner Debasish
Kumar Rakshit who co-authored this work, and
provided me with ample support. I want to thank our
faculty mentor, Dr. Asish Kumar Mal of NIT
Durgapur for all the support, suggestions and advice
he has given us. Also, I want to thank my parents who
have been by our side all throughout the span of this
work.
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