IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Novel technique in charactarizing a pv module using pulse width modulatoreSAT Journals
Abstract The fabrication and characterization of PV modules are always done under standard test conditions (STC). However, The condition of operation are often far from thisstandard conditions. As a result, developing a characterization circuit is considered as a point of interest for researchers.This paper presents a new methodology in characterizing a PV module using an electronic load circuit. The circuit is implemented using a power MOSFET driven by a pulse width modulator (PWM) developed by LABVIEW. The system is tested and its results are validated by comparing it with simulation results performed by Comsol Multiphysics and Matlab. The system shows high accuracy with respect to the previous published work with lower cost and higher simplicity. Keywords: Photovoltaic, Characterization, Electronic load, and Pulse width modulation (PWM)…
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
A new bidirectional multilevel inverter topology with a high number of voltage levels with a very reduced number of power components is proposed in this paper. Only TEN power switches and four asymmetric DC voltage sources are used to generate 25 voltage levels in this new topology. The proposed multilevel converter is more suitable for e-mobility and photovoltaic applications where the overall energy source can be composed of a few units/associations of several basic source modules. Several benefits are provided by this new topology: Highly sinusoidal current and voltage waveforms, low Total Harmonic Distortion, very low switching losses, and minimum cost and size of the device. For optimum control of this 25-level voltage inverter, a special Modified Hybrid Modulation technique is performed. The proposed 25-level inverter is compared to various topologies published recently in terms of cost, the number of active power switches, clamped diodes, flying capacitors, DC floating capacitors, and the number of DC voltage sources. This comparison clearly shows that the proposed topology is cost-effective, compact, and very efficient. The effectiveness and the good performance of the proposed multilevel power converter (with and without PWM control) are verified and checked by computational simulations.
Novel technique in charactarizing a pv module using pulse width modulatoreSAT Journals
Abstract The fabrication and characterization of PV modules are always done under standard test conditions (STC). However, The condition of operation are often far from thisstandard conditions. As a result, developing a characterization circuit is considered as a point of interest for researchers.This paper presents a new methodology in characterizing a PV module using an electronic load circuit. The circuit is implemented using a power MOSFET driven by a pulse width modulator (PWM) developed by LABVIEW. The system is tested and its results are validated by comparing it with simulation results performed by Comsol Multiphysics and Matlab. The system shows high accuracy with respect to the previous published work with lower cost and higher simplicity. Keywords: Photovoltaic, Characterization, Electronic load, and Pulse width modulation (PWM)…
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
A new bidirectional multilevel inverter topology with a high number of voltage levels with a very reduced number of power components is proposed in this paper. Only TEN power switches and four asymmetric DC voltage sources are used to generate 25 voltage levels in this new topology. The proposed multilevel converter is more suitable for e-mobility and photovoltaic applications where the overall energy source can be composed of a few units/associations of several basic source modules. Several benefits are provided by this new topology: Highly sinusoidal current and voltage waveforms, low Total Harmonic Distortion, very low switching losses, and minimum cost and size of the device. For optimum control of this 25-level voltage inverter, a special Modified Hybrid Modulation technique is performed. The proposed 25-level inverter is compared to various topologies published recently in terms of cost, the number of active power switches, clamped diodes, flying capacitors, DC floating capacitors, and the number of DC voltage sources. This comparison clearly shows that the proposed topology is cost-effective, compact, and very efficient. The effectiveness and the good performance of the proposed multilevel power converter (with and without PWM control) are verified and checked by computational simulations.
The growing demand for electricity and the increasing integration of clean energies into the electrical grids requires the multiplication and reinforcement of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) projects throughout the world and demonstrates the interest in this electricity transmission technology. The transmitting system of the voltage source converter-high-voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) consists primarily of two converter stations that are connected by a dc cable. In this paper, a nonlinear control based on the backstepping approach is proposed to improve the dynamic performance of a VSC-HVDC transmission system, these transport systems are characterized by different complexities such as parametric uncertainties, coupled state variables, neglected dynamics, presents a very interesting research topic. Our contribution through adaptive control based on the backstepping approach allows regulating the direct current (DC) bus voltage and the active and reactive powers of the converter stations. Finally, the validity of the proposed control has been verified under various operating conditions by simulation in the MATLAB/Simulink environment.
Design and Simulation of Efficient DC-DC Converter Topology for a Solar PV Mo...Sajin Ismail
Modulated Integrated Converter systems are considered to be the new and global turning point in the field of
Solar PV systems. These converters are highly recognised for its modular size and compact nature and they are supposed to
be attached directly with each PV module and since one PV module is having the power rating of a few watts ranging from
0-500Ws, the design rating would be in the same range and thus the most vital condition in such a design is efficiency
under these relatively low loads. In this paper an isolated interleaved boost converter topology is considered in the DC-DC
section and which is designed and simulated for a specific power rating (250W) and the efficiency is analysed with varying
load conditions and compared with the target efficiency of the system.
An Intelligent Technique By Using The Method of Constant Coefficient of Short...Ali Mahmood
Photovoltaic (PV) system is extensively increasing since it is clean,
pollution free, and inexhaustible and by consider available resource as a future
energy supply. The PV array output power is used to directly control the Pulse-width
modulation (PWM), dc/dc boost converter, thereby reducing the complexity of the
system. The resulting system has high efficiency with lower cost. This paper presents
an improved Constant Coefficient of Short Circuit Current (CCSCC) Maximum Power
Point Tracking (MPPT) technique under PWM control of photovoltaic (PV) power
generation systems to obtain the maximum output power. The solar panel is
modelled and analyzed in MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
Alternating current (AC) electrical drives mainly require smaller current (or torque) ripples and lower total harmonic distortion (THD) of voltage for excellent drive performances. Normally, in practice, to achieve these requirements, the inverter needs to be operated at high switching frequency. By operating at high switching frequency, the size of filter can be reduced. However, the inverter which oftenly employs insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) for high power applications cannot be operated at high switching frequency. This is because, the IGBT switching frequency cannot be operated above 50 kHz due to its thermal restrictions. This paper proposes an alternate switching strategy to enable the use of IGBT for operating the inverter at high switching frequency to improve THD performances. In this strategy, each IGBT in a group of switches in the modified inverter circuit will operate the switching frequency at one-fourth of the inverter switching frequency. The alternate switching is implemented using simple analog and digital integrated circuits.
Transmission lines react to an unexpected increase in power, and if these power changes are not controlled, some lines will become overloaded on certain routes. Flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices can change the voltage range and phase angle and thus control the power flow. This paper presents suitable mathematical modeling of FACTS
devices including static var compensator (SVC) as a parallel compensator and high voltage direct current (HVDC) bonding. A comprehensive modeling of SVC and HVDC bonding in the form of simultaneous applications for power flow is also performed, and the effects of compensations are compared. The comprehensive model obtained was implemented on the 5-bus test system in MATLAB software using the Newton-Raphson method, revealed that generators have to produce more power. Also, the addition of these devices stabilizes the voltage and controls active and reactive power in the network.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Environmental factors such as air pollution and increase in global warming by using polluting fuels are the most important reasons of using renewable and clean energy that runs in global community. Wind energy is one of the most suitable and widely used kind of renewable energy which had been in consideration so well. This paper introduces an electric power generation
system of wind based on Y-source and improved Y-source inverter to deliver optimal electrical power to the network. This new converter is from impedance source converters family. This presented converter has more degrees of freedom to adjust voltage gain and modulation. Also, by limiting the range of simultaneous control (shooting through) while it maintains the
highest power of maximizer, it can operate in higher modulation range. This causes the reduce of stress in switching and thus it will improve the quality of output. Recommended system had been simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and shown results indicate accurate functionality.
This paper presents a real-time emulator of a dual permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive implemented on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) board for supervision and observation purposes. In order to increase the reliability of the drive, a sensorless speed control method is proposed. This method allows replacing the physical sensor while guaranteeing a satisfactory operation even in faulty conditions. The novelty of the proposed approach consists of an FPGA implementation of an emulator to control the actual system. Hence, this emulator operates in real-time with actual system control in healthy or faulty mode. It gives an observation of the speed rotation in case of fault for the sake of continuity of service. The observation of the rotor position and the speed are achieved using the dSPACE DS52030D digital platform with a digital signal processor (DSP) associated with a Xilinx FPGA.
Mainly the DC motors are employed in most of the application. The main objective is to Regulate the DC motor system. A motor which displays the appearances of a DC motor but there is no commutator and brushes is called as brushless DC motor. These motors are widespread to their compensations than other motors in relationships of dependability, sound, efficiency, preliminary torque and longevity. To achieve the operation more reliable and less noisy, brushless dc motors are employed. In the proposed work, dissimilar methods of speed control are analysed. In real time submission of speed control of BLDC motor, numerous strategies are executed for the speed control singularity. The modified approaches are the employment of PI controller, use of PID controller and proposed current controller.
A batch study of phosphate adsorption characteristics on clay soileSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Load balancing in public cloud by division of cloud based on the geographical...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The growing demand for electricity and the increasing integration of clean energies into the electrical grids requires the multiplication and reinforcement of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) projects throughout the world and demonstrates the interest in this electricity transmission technology. The transmitting system of the voltage source converter-high-voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) consists primarily of two converter stations that are connected by a dc cable. In this paper, a nonlinear control based on the backstepping approach is proposed to improve the dynamic performance of a VSC-HVDC transmission system, these transport systems are characterized by different complexities such as parametric uncertainties, coupled state variables, neglected dynamics, presents a very interesting research topic. Our contribution through adaptive control based on the backstepping approach allows regulating the direct current (DC) bus voltage and the active and reactive powers of the converter stations. Finally, the validity of the proposed control has been verified under various operating conditions by simulation in the MATLAB/Simulink environment.
Design and Simulation of Efficient DC-DC Converter Topology for a Solar PV Mo...Sajin Ismail
Modulated Integrated Converter systems are considered to be the new and global turning point in the field of
Solar PV systems. These converters are highly recognised for its modular size and compact nature and they are supposed to
be attached directly with each PV module and since one PV module is having the power rating of a few watts ranging from
0-500Ws, the design rating would be in the same range and thus the most vital condition in such a design is efficiency
under these relatively low loads. In this paper an isolated interleaved boost converter topology is considered in the DC-DC
section and which is designed and simulated for a specific power rating (250W) and the efficiency is analysed with varying
load conditions and compared with the target efficiency of the system.
An Intelligent Technique By Using The Method of Constant Coefficient of Short...Ali Mahmood
Photovoltaic (PV) system is extensively increasing since it is clean,
pollution free, and inexhaustible and by consider available resource as a future
energy supply. The PV array output power is used to directly control the Pulse-width
modulation (PWM), dc/dc boost converter, thereby reducing the complexity of the
system. The resulting system has high efficiency with lower cost. This paper presents
an improved Constant Coefficient of Short Circuit Current (CCSCC) Maximum Power
Point Tracking (MPPT) technique under PWM control of photovoltaic (PV) power
generation systems to obtain the maximum output power. The solar panel is
modelled and analyzed in MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
Alternating current (AC) electrical drives mainly require smaller current (or torque) ripples and lower total harmonic distortion (THD) of voltage for excellent drive performances. Normally, in practice, to achieve these requirements, the inverter needs to be operated at high switching frequency. By operating at high switching frequency, the size of filter can be reduced. However, the inverter which oftenly employs insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) for high power applications cannot be operated at high switching frequency. This is because, the IGBT switching frequency cannot be operated above 50 kHz due to its thermal restrictions. This paper proposes an alternate switching strategy to enable the use of IGBT for operating the inverter at high switching frequency to improve THD performances. In this strategy, each IGBT in a group of switches in the modified inverter circuit will operate the switching frequency at one-fourth of the inverter switching frequency. The alternate switching is implemented using simple analog and digital integrated circuits.
Transmission lines react to an unexpected increase in power, and if these power changes are not controlled, some lines will become overloaded on certain routes. Flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices can change the voltage range and phase angle and thus control the power flow. This paper presents suitable mathematical modeling of FACTS
devices including static var compensator (SVC) as a parallel compensator and high voltage direct current (HVDC) bonding. A comprehensive modeling of SVC and HVDC bonding in the form of simultaneous applications for power flow is also performed, and the effects of compensations are compared. The comprehensive model obtained was implemented on the 5-bus test system in MATLAB software using the Newton-Raphson method, revealed that generators have to produce more power. Also, the addition of these devices stabilizes the voltage and controls active and reactive power in the network.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Environmental factors such as air pollution and increase in global warming by using polluting fuels are the most important reasons of using renewable and clean energy that runs in global community. Wind energy is one of the most suitable and widely used kind of renewable energy which had been in consideration so well. This paper introduces an electric power generation
system of wind based on Y-source and improved Y-source inverter to deliver optimal electrical power to the network. This new converter is from impedance source converters family. This presented converter has more degrees of freedom to adjust voltage gain and modulation. Also, by limiting the range of simultaneous control (shooting through) while it maintains the
highest power of maximizer, it can operate in higher modulation range. This causes the reduce of stress in switching and thus it will improve the quality of output. Recommended system had been simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and shown results indicate accurate functionality.
This paper presents a real-time emulator of a dual permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive implemented on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) board for supervision and observation purposes. In order to increase the reliability of the drive, a sensorless speed control method is proposed. This method allows replacing the physical sensor while guaranteeing a satisfactory operation even in faulty conditions. The novelty of the proposed approach consists of an FPGA implementation of an emulator to control the actual system. Hence, this emulator operates in real-time with actual system control in healthy or faulty mode. It gives an observation of the speed rotation in case of fault for the sake of continuity of service. The observation of the rotor position and the speed are achieved using the dSPACE DS52030D digital platform with a digital signal processor (DSP) associated with a Xilinx FPGA.
Mainly the DC motors are employed in most of the application. The main objective is to Regulate the DC motor system. A motor which displays the appearances of a DC motor but there is no commutator and brushes is called as brushless DC motor. These motors are widespread to their compensations than other motors in relationships of dependability, sound, efficiency, preliminary torque and longevity. To achieve the operation more reliable and less noisy, brushless dc motors are employed. In the proposed work, dissimilar methods of speed control are analysed. In real time submission of speed control of BLDC motor, numerous strategies are executed for the speed control singularity. The modified approaches are the employment of PI controller, use of PID controller and proposed current controller.
A batch study of phosphate adsorption characteristics on clay soileSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Load balancing in public cloud by division of cloud based on the geographical...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
An analysis of environmental impacts of various environmental aspects for ind...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Scheduling for interference mitigation using enhanced intercell interference ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Automatic collision detection for an autonomous robot using proximity sensing...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Identifying e learner’s opinion using automated sentiment analysis in e-learningeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Real Time Implementation of Variable Step Size Based P&O MPPT for PV Systems ...IJPEDS-IAES
Nowadays Solar energy is an important energy source due to the energy crisis and environment pollution. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm improves the utilization efficiency of a photovoltaic systems. In this paper an improved P&O MPPT algorithm is developed and simulated using MATLAB / SIMULINK to control the DC/DC buck converter. The obtained simulink model is also verified using dspace tool. Both the simulated and experimental results are validated by also comparing them with conventional MPPT methods. The performance measures show the increase in the efficiency of PV system by the proposed model.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis and Modeling of Transformerless Photovoltaic Inverter SystemsIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Filter Based Solar Power Generation System with a Seven Level InverterIJMTST Journal
This paper proposes a new solar power generation system, which is composed of a DC/DC power converter and a new seven-level inverter. The DC/DC power converter integrates a DC-DC boost converter and a transformer to convert the output voltage of the solar cell array into two independent voltage sources with multiple relationships. This new seven-level inverter is configured using a capacitor selection circuit and a full-bridge power converter, connected in cascade. The capacitor selection circuit converts the two output voltage sources of DC-DC power converter into a three-level DC voltage and the full- bridge power converter further converts this three- level DC voltage into a seven-level AC voltage. In this way, the proposed solar power generation system generates a sinusoidal output current that is in phase with the utility voltage and is fed into the utility. The salient features of the proposed seven-level inverter are that only six power electronic switches are used and only one power electronic switch is switched at high frequency at any time. A prototype is developed and tested to verify the performance of this proposed solar power generation system.
Design and Development of Power Electronic Controller for Grid-connected PV A...IJAPEJOURNAL
Design and simulation of a simple power electronic interface for grid-connected PV array has been proposed using boost converter and line-commutated inverter with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller. The output of PV array varies with irradiation, and hence the duty cycle of the PI controller is adjusted automatically to supply a constant DC voltage to the inverter circuit, the output of which is directly connected to the grid. The MPPT controller extracts maximum power from the solar array and feeds it to the single-phase utility grid. The proposed scheme has been modeled in the MATLAB 7.1 software and the complete system has been simulated for open loop and closed loop configurations. The active power fed to the grid is taken for different firing angles in open loop mode and the firing angle for maximum power has been determined. This is compared with the firing angle obtained from the closed loop mode and found that both results agree with each other.
Modelling of fuzzy logic controller for variable step mppt in photovoltaic sy...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The output power of photovoltaic electrical systems is highly dynamic and non-linear in nature. In order to extract maximum power
from such systems, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is required. MPPT techniques with variable step-size of
perturbation track the maximum power point (MPP) with more efficiency. In this paper, a model of a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for
determining the step-size of perturbation in duty-cycle of a photovoltaic electrical system to track MPP is presented. The model is
simulated in MATLAB/Simulink®.
Keywords: Maximum power point tracking, perturb and observe, boost converter, fuzzy logic control, membership
function, crisp universe, centre of area, pulse width modulation
The performance of PV panel is very much dependent on the amount of sun light as well as the temperature of the surrounding environment which normally hard to be predicted. The use of PV emulator in the investigation of solar inverter especially at a lab scale platform helps to mitigate the inconsistency factors due to this uncontrollable variation. This work discussed on the design and development of a PV emulator for the grid-connected quasi-Z-source inverter which has different topology and control method compared to the conventional voltage source inverter. The I-V characteristics of the PV panel is modelled from the commercially available product and through circuit analysis the relation between capacitor voltage control and the PV terminal voltage is established, thus realizing the MPPT operation. Results from both simulation and experimental verification demonstrated that the PV emulator successfully able to produce power for the inverter according to the requirement.
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Novel technique in charactarizing a pv module using
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 173
NOVEL TECHNIQUE IN CHARACTARIZING A PV MODULE USING
PULSE WIDTH MODULATOR
I.M. Mahmoud1
, S. O. Abdellatif2
, T. S. Abdelsalam3,4
,O. E. Abdellatif5
1
Teaching Assistant, E E. Department, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
2
Assistant Lecturer, E E. Department, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
3
Head of Department, E E. Department, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
4
Assoc. Professor, Electrical Power and Machines Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
5
Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, Banha University, Cairo, Egypt
Abstract
The fabrication and characterization of PV modules are always done under standard test conditions (STC). However, The condition of
operation are often far from thisstandard conditions. As a result, developing a characterization circuit is considered as a point of
interest for researchers.This paper presents a new methodology in characterizing a PV module using an electronic load circuit. The
circuit is implemented using a power MOSFET driven by a pulse width modulator (PWM) developed by LABVIEW. The system is
tested and its results are validated by comparing it with simulation results performed by Comsol Multiphysics and Matlab. The system
shows high accuracy with respect to the previous published work with lower cost and higher simplicity.
Keywords: Photovoltaic, Characterization, Electronic load, and Pulse width modulation (PWM)…
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Photovoltaic (PV) represents one of the most promising means
of maintaining our energy intensive standard of living while
not contributing to global warming and pollution. PV refers to
the direct generation of electricity by solar irradiance. The
irradiance and the temperature are considered the main
environmental parameters that the generated power of the PV
depends on. Changes in the irradiance and the temperature
cause a variation in voltage and current respectively.
The PV manufacturers are utilized to obtain the module
parameters as short circuit current ( ), open circuit voltage (
), maximum power ( ) and fill factor ( ). This is
executed under a standard test conditions which is irradiance
equal to 1000 W/m2
, cell temperature is 25 o
C. However, these
conditions are sometimes far from the daily working
conditions. As a result, a low cost, precise characterizing
system is required to examine the PV performance during its
working conditions. A system for measuring the I-V
characteristic for seven PV modules, is introduced in [1]. A set
of resistors are connected together and are controlled by relays
and switches. In [2], a simple electronic load for testing a set
of PV panels using linear metal oxide field effect transistors
(MOSFETs) is presented. The proposed set up under test gives
the current versus voltage and power versus voltage
characteristics of PV panels by quickly scanning the load. A
developed system is published in [3] based on that in [2]. This
system uses LABVIEW with Microcontroller unit connected
to the electronic load circuit providing higher accuracy and
lower tracing time. The design is considered low cost system
but it still was complex. In [4], the electronic circuit was
enhanced by using a DAQ system with LABVIEW application
for controlling the MOSFET gate-source voltage. For
enhancing the I-V and P-V characteristic that was shown in
[4], a new design for the electronic circuit is suggested which
consist of MOSFET controlled by means of an innovative
sweeping gate-source voltage. These system shows a high
tracing frequency but with low accuracy. In order to improve
the tracing of the I-V characteristics, an oscilloscope with
pulse width modulation circuit is presented in [5]. The circuit
was developed in [6] with low-cost DAQ system in order to
trace the I-V characteristic accurately.
In this paper, an improved electronic load circuit is presented
to characterize a PV module by tracing their I-V and P-V
characteristic curves. Power MOSFET is used as an electronic
load for tracing the current voltage characteristics by varying
its gate source voltage ( ) through generating a signal using
a low cost NI-DAQ. Performing PWM using LABVIEW is
considered as an innovation with respect to the work in [4, 6]
since it provides the same accuracy in [6], but with lower cost
and less sophistication.
2. MODELLING AND SIMULATION
A numerical model based on Comsol Multiphysics [7] and
Matlab simulation tool for a PV module is introduced as
shown in Fig. 1. This model is used as a verification tool for
our experimental results. For optical modeling Maxwell’s
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 174
equations are solved in three dimensions to calculate the
absorption coefficient of the Si and AM1.5G is assumed
[8].On the other hand, drift diffusion model is considered for
the semiconductor modeling of the device where carrier
transport is assumed to be in one direction including both bulk
and surface recombination [9].
Fig1. PV module using in COMSOL
The operation of most semiconductor devices, including solar
cells, can be described by the so-called semiconductor device
equations, first derived by Van Roosbroeck as given in [10]. A
generalized form of these equations is given below.
εԐ q p n N (1)
This is a form of Poisson’s equation, where N is the net charge
due to dopants and other trapped charges. The hole and
electron continuity equations are
J q G R (2)
J q R G (3)
Where G is the optical generation rate of electron–hole pairs
and R and R are the recombination rate for both holes and
electrons, Thermal generation is included in R and R . The
hole and electron current densities are given by
J !
qμ p ф ϕ KTμ p(4)
J !
qμ n ф ϕ KTμ n (5)
Where ϕ andϕ are the so-called band parameters that
account for degeneracy and a spatially varying band gap and
electron affinity these terms were ignored in the preceding
discussion and can usually be ignored in no degenerate homo-
structure solar cells.
3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The I-V characteristics of a 150 Watt polycrystalline PV
module [11] were traced using the circuit shown in Fig. 2 with
a power MOSFET (IRFP260N) as a varying electronic load.
The I-V and P-V characteristics of a polycrystalline PV
module were traced using the circuit shown in Fig. 2. The
circuit is based on MOSFET IRFP260N as a varying
electronic load with heat sink to dissipate the power. The
characteristics of the MOSFET in both linear and saturation
region are described respectively by [12].
( )* 2 , ( (
-
6
( )* ,
-
7
Three power MOSFETs are used to tolerate the maximum
power of 150 Watt as shown in figure 2. The MOSFETs are
operated in its ohmic region where the resistive value is
controlled through the gate voltage which is generated by a
NI-DAQ 6009. Where is the gate-source voltage, ( the
drain-source voltage, )* the device constant, , the threshold
voltage and ( the drain current of the MOSFET. As is less
than the threshold voltage ,, the MOSFET will be OFF.
When is increased above , the MOSFET will operate in
the saturation region and the drain current rises quadratically
with . At lower solar module voltage the operating point of
the MOSFET shifts to the linear region where the drain
current changes linearly with VGS. Thus, by sweeping the gate
voltage the operating point of the MOSFET sweeps the I-V
characteristic of the module between and Isc. Pulse width
modulation (PWM) process is used to control the gate voltage
as illustrated in Fig. 3. The PWM frequency is set to 1 KHz
and a saw-tooth signal is used to vary the pulse duration. The
modulation process is developed by connecting the saw-tooth
generator with the duty cycle adjuster of the square wave
generator. The saw-tooth frequency is adjusted to be 1 Hz so
that a complete characterization process occurs in 1 sec with
1000 samples. In order to isolate the DAQ to avoid any
loading problem, a buffer is implemented using LM741 with
an adjustable gain to calibrate the operating point according to
the required gate voltage.
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 175
Fig. 2:.Electronic load circuit
Fig. 3:.LABVIEW block diagram for PWM.
In order to acquire the PV voltage and current, two acquiring
circuits is used. For voltage, a potential divider is inserted
parallel to the PV with relativity high resistive value with
respect to the MOSFETs equivalent resistance. Regarding
Current, a high power low resistive value resistance is
embedded in series with the PV module. A low resistive value
resistance is chosen to avoid its loading effect. A mechanical
setup is designed and implemented on the roof of the British
University in Egypt (BUE) with an inclination angle of 30o
with respect to the normal direction as shown in Fig. 4.
4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Experimental results are taken in more than one day and some
of them are chosen to be presented in this work. A comparison
between experimental, simulation results and the standard
curves is illustrated in Fig. 5 using the numerical model
described above. These output characteristics are taken under
irradiance 620 W/m2
where the maximum power observed
was about 100 W, ISC=8 A and VOC=20 V. The results shows a
great accordance between the simulation model and the
experimental data which can be considered as a validation for
our new approach in characterizing the PV module using a
LABVIEW PWM. On the other hand, both experimental and
simulation results are a little bit far from the standard curves
as the measurements condition was far from the ideal one.
This difference is not only in the irradiance variation from
1000 W/m2
in case of standard test condition to 620 W/m2
in
practical measurement, but also due to the power losses in
connections and acquiring system. This power losses can be
easily detected from the reduction in the open circuit voltage
from 22.5 volt in standard curve to about 20 volt in the
practical measurements. This voltage drop could be reduced
by using lower power consumption circuits for voltage and
current acquiring and this is considered for future work.
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 176
Fig. 4: Experimental setup for a 150 watt PV module.
Fig.5: I-V and P-V curves for a 150 Watt PV module (a)
under standard test conditions (b) Simulation results and (c)
experimental results.
CONCLUSIONS
The work in this paper presents a new approach in
characterizing a 150 Watt PV module using electronic load
circuit driven by pulse width modulator. Experimental results
are taken and compared with a precise developed simulator
based on Comsol Multiphysics. The experimental results
shows high accordance with simulation results. The suggested
systems shows a very high accuracy compared with the
previous published techniques with lower cost and complicity.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work is funded by the British University in Egypt (BUE).
The authors acknowledge the valuable support of Prof. Hani
Ghali, the vice-dean of the faculty of Engineering, throughout
the work.
REFERENCES
[1]. VanDyk E.E., Gxasheka A. R., Meyer E.L. Monitoring
Current–Voltage Characteristics and Energy Output of Silicon
Photovoltaic Modules. ELSEVIER, Renewable Energy 30,
2005. p. 399–411,
[2]. Kuai Y., YuvarajanS.,An Electronic Load for Testing
Photovoltaic Panels. ELSEVIER, Journal of Power Sources
154, 2006. P.308–313.
[3]. Atia Y., Zahran M., Al-Hossain A. Solar Cell Emulator
and Solar Cell Characteristics Measurements in Dark and
Illuminated Conditions. Wseas Transactions On Systems And
Control, Issue 4, Volume 6, ISSN: 1991-8763. April 2011.
[4]. A. Sahbal, N.Hassan, M. Abdelhameed, A. Zekry,
Experimental Performance Characterization of Photovoltaic
Modules Using DAQ, TerraGreen 13 International Conference
2013 - Advancements in Renewable Energy and Clean
Environment, Energy Procedia 36 (2013) 323 – 332
[5]. Leite V., Chenlo F.An Improved Electronic Circuit for
Tracing the I-V Characteristics of Photovoltaic Modules and
Strings. In Proc. of the International Conference on
Renewable Energies and Power Quality (ICREPQ'10), March
23-25, 2010.
[6]. Leite V., Batista J., Chenlo F., Afonso J. Low-Cost
Instrument for Tracing Current-Voltage Characteristics of
Photovoltaic Modules. in Proc. of the International Conference
on Renewable Energies and Power Quality (ICREPQ'12),
March 28-30, 2012.
[7]. Comsol, Version 4.2, http://www.comsol.com.
[8]. Reference solar spectral irradiance: Air mass 1.5, National
Renewable Energy Lab.
http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/spectra/am1.5/. Accessed 29
March2011.
[9]. Abdellatif, S., Kirah, K. ’’Nanowire photovoltaic
efficiency enhancement using plasmonic coupled nano-fractal
antennas ’ Optics Letters, Vol. 38, Issue 18, pp. 3680-3683,
2013.
[10]. Abdellatif, S, Kirah, K., Ghalli, H, .and Anis, W.’’
Spectral and Spatial Distributed Nanowire Array Enhanced by
Nanoring Optical Antenna ’’ Optical Materials Express, Vol. 2
Issue 10, pp.1432-1436 (2012)
[11]. ISTARSOLAR, http://www.istarsolar.com.
[12]. Hambley A. R. Electronics. 2nd edition. Prentice Hall.
Upper Saddle River. New Jersey 07458. 2000.
BIOGRAPHIES
IbrahemM. Mahmoud: received the B.Sc.
degree in Electrical Power and Machines
from Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt, in
2008 and a M.Sc. Student in Renewable
Energy at British University in Egypt, Cairo,
Egypt, Currently. Currently He is enrolled as
a demonstrator in the Electrical engineering department in the
British University in Egypt (BUE). His research interests lie
in the field of renewable energy especially PV and Wind
0 5 10 15 20 25
0
5
10
PV Voltage (volt)
PVCurrent(A)
0 5 10 15 20 25
0
100
200
PV Voltage (volt)
PVPower(Watt)
Simulation Results
Experimental Measurements
Standard Curve
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 177
energy systems. He is also involved in more than one funded
project in the renewable energy field.
Sameh O. Abdellatif: received the B.Sc.
degree in Electronics and communication
from Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt, in
2009 and the M.Sc. degree in Semiconductor
nano-structures from Ain Shams University,
Cairo, Egypt, in 2012. Currently He is
enrolled as an assistant lecturer in the
Electrical engineering department in the British University in
Egypt (BUE) and a research assistant in the Egypt Nano-
technology Center (EGNC). His research interests lie in the
field of modeling and simulation of inorganic semiconductor
nano-structures where he published some scientific papers in
the last two years.
Tarek S. Abdel-Salam: Got his B.Sc. and
M.Sc. from Ain Shams University, Cairo,
Egypt on 1980 and. His PhD was from
University of Windsor, Windsor, ON,
Canada. On 1994. His research area of
interest is power system analysis and
exposure to electromagnetic fields. Currently he acts as the
heads of electrical engineering department in the British
University in Egypt (BUE).
Osama E. Abdellalatif: received the B.Sc.
degree in Mechanical Engineering from
Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt, in 1979 and
the M.Sc. Degree from Cairo University,
Faculty of Engineering, Aeronautical
Department, 1985. His PhD was
fromUniversity of Zagazig and City
University, London, U.K., in 1990. His
research interests lie in the field of renewable energy
especially PV and Wind energy systems. He is enrolled as a
professor in the mechanical engineering department in
Shoubra Faculty of Engineering, Benha University.