A differential capacitive sensing technique is discussed in this paper.
The differential capacitive sensing circuit is making use of a single power supply. The design focus for this paper is on the excitation frequency dependency analysis to the circuit. Theory of the differential capacitive sensor under test is discussed and derivation is elaborated. Simulation results are shown and discussed. Next, results improvement has also been shown in this paper for comparison. Test was carried out using frequency from 40 kHz up to 400 kHz. Results have shown output voltage of Vout=0.07927 Cx+1.25205 and good linearity of R-squared value 0.99957 at 200 kHz. Potential application for this capacitive sensor is to be used for energy harvesting for its potential power supply.
This paper presents the design of folded cascode operational transconductance amplifier (OTA). This
design has been implemented in 0.18um CMOS Technology using Cadence. Spectre simulation shows
that the OTA has flat gain of 47dB from 1Hz to 100 KHz frequency, indicating stability of OTA, noise
ranges as 22.49769nV/ at 10Hz to 66.89128fV/ at 1MHz and average power as 0.770mW. In
this paper, we will be studying the design concepts, analysis of operational transconductance amplifier
which is used for recording the bio signals. This paper plays a key role in real time applications for
equipment designing of ECG, EEG, EMG, ENG devices. It is also used in recording and also for
treatment of Paralysis, Epilepsy, Neuro diseases etc.,
This paper presents the design of folded cascode operational transconductance amplifier (OTA). This
design has been implemented in 0.18um CMOS Technology using Cadence. Spectre simulation shows
that the OTA has flat gain of 47dB from 1Hz to 100 KHz frequency, indicating stability of OTA, noise
ranges as 22.49769nV/ at 10Hz to 66.89128fV/ at 1MHz and average power as 0.770mW. In
this paper, we will be studying the design concepts, analysis of operational transconductance amplifier
which is used for recording the bio signals. This paper plays a key role in real time applications for
equipment designing of ECG, EEG, EMG, ENG devices. It is also used in recording and also for
treatment of Paralysis, Epilepsy, Neuro diseases etc.,
A Novel Topology of Multilevel Inverter with Reduced Number of Switches and D...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper introduces new topology of cascaded multilevel inverter, with considerable reduction in the number of switches and DC voltage sources. The proposed topology is based on asymmetrical multilevel inverter which produces 21 levels of output with the use of 11 unidirectional switches, 3 diodes and 4 DC voltage sources. The advantages of this topology are reduction in the number of switches (2 nos.) and gate driver circuits (2 nos.), reduction in the number of DC sources (2 nos.) also cost, complexity, and space required for hardware is reduced without sacrificing the quality output of the inverter. To reduce the THD further Level shifting SPWM techniques such as PD, POD & APOD are used and comparison is shown on the basis of THDs obtained from the above SPWM techniques. Frequency of carrier waves is 1KHz, and modulation index is 1.0. To validate the proposed topology the circuit is simulated and verified by using MATLAB/Simulink.
A novel single switch resonant power converterSameer Kasba
This deals with the novel single-switch resonant power converter for renewable energy generation applications. This circuit topology integrates a novel single switch resonant inverter with zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) with an energyblocking diode with zero-current-switching (ZCS).
Electronics and Communication Engineering is the Branch of Engineering. Electronics and Communication Engineering field requires an understanding of core areas including Engineering Graphics, Computer Programming,Electronics Devices and Circuits-I, Network Analysis, Signals and Systems, Communication Systems, Electromagnetics Engineering, Digital Signal Processing, Embedded Systems, Microprocessor and Computer Architecture. Ekeeda offers Online Mechanical Engineering Courses for all the Subjects as per the Syllabus. Visit : https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/stream/Electronics-and-Communication-Engineering
ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ZERO-CURRENT-SWITCHING RESONANT CONVER...hunypink
This paper presents a Buck type circuit structure, the designing of ZCS resonant Buck converter and analysis of the working principles involved. The designed buck converter uses ZCS technique and the function is realized so that the power form is converted from 12V DC to 5V DC (1A). A detailed analysis of zero current switching buck converters is performed and a mathematical analysis of the mode of operation is also presented. In order to reduce the switching losses in associated with conventional converters; resonant inductor and resonant capacitor (LC resonant circuit) is applied which helps to turn on-off the switch at zero current. The dc-dc buck converter receives the energy from the input source, when the switch is turned-on. If the switch is turned-off the LC resonant circuit pumps the energy by ensuring that the current does not come to zero. During the hardware implementation Ton, Toff, duty cycle & operating frequency values were determined and thoroughly tuned through the NE555 IC circuit. As a result of this various waveforms across capacitors,inductors and load resistor were observed. A simulation study was carried out and the effectiveness of the designed converter is verified by PSpice simulation results.
Designed a differential input and single ended output high gain (>= 85 dB) operational amplifier using CMOS 0.35um technology using a single independent current source. The amplifier was also designed to achieve a CMRR (>= 80dB), Average Slew Rate (>= 15 V/us), UGF (>= 15 MHz) & Output Voltage Swing ( >= 1.4V). The maximum power dissipation through the complete circuit including the current source branch was limited to 0.3 mW.
Parasitic consideration for differential capacitive sensorjournalBEEI
Parasitic integration for a single supply differential capacitive sensing technique is presented in this paper. In real capacitive sensor measurement, parasitic impedance exists in its measurement. This paper objective is to study the effect of capacitive and resistive parasitic to the capacitive sensor circuit. The differential capacitive sensor circuit derivation theory is elaborated first. Then, comparison is made using simulation. Test was carried out using frequency from 40 kHz up to 400 kHz. Result is presented and have shown good linearity of 0.99984 at 300 kHz, R-squared value. This capacitive sensor is expected to be used for energy harvesting application.
Design of Ota-C Filter for Biomedical ApplicationsIOSR Journals
Abstract-This paper presents design of operational transconductance amplifier is to amplify the ECG signal
having low frequency of 300Hz, with the supply voltage of 0.8v. To reduce the power dissipation of 779nW, by
using fifth order low pass filter. The OTA-C filter is to eliminate noise voltage and increases the reliability of
the system. A chip is fabricated in a 0.18μm CMOS process is simulated and measured to validate the system
performance using HSPICE.
A Novel Topology of Multilevel Inverter with Reduced Number of Switches and D...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper introduces new topology of cascaded multilevel inverter, with considerable reduction in the number of switches and DC voltage sources. The proposed topology is based on asymmetrical multilevel inverter which produces 21 levels of output with the use of 11 unidirectional switches, 3 diodes and 4 DC voltage sources. The advantages of this topology are reduction in the number of switches (2 nos.) and gate driver circuits (2 nos.), reduction in the number of DC sources (2 nos.) also cost, complexity, and space required for hardware is reduced without sacrificing the quality output of the inverter. To reduce the THD further Level shifting SPWM techniques such as PD, POD & APOD are used and comparison is shown on the basis of THDs obtained from the above SPWM techniques. Frequency of carrier waves is 1KHz, and modulation index is 1.0. To validate the proposed topology the circuit is simulated and verified by using MATLAB/Simulink.
A novel single switch resonant power converterSameer Kasba
This deals with the novel single-switch resonant power converter for renewable energy generation applications. This circuit topology integrates a novel single switch resonant inverter with zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) with an energyblocking diode with zero-current-switching (ZCS).
Electronics and Communication Engineering is the Branch of Engineering. Electronics and Communication Engineering field requires an understanding of core areas including Engineering Graphics, Computer Programming,Electronics Devices and Circuits-I, Network Analysis, Signals and Systems, Communication Systems, Electromagnetics Engineering, Digital Signal Processing, Embedded Systems, Microprocessor and Computer Architecture. Ekeeda offers Online Mechanical Engineering Courses for all the Subjects as per the Syllabus. Visit : https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/stream/Electronics-and-Communication-Engineering
ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ZERO-CURRENT-SWITCHING RESONANT CONVER...hunypink
This paper presents a Buck type circuit structure, the designing of ZCS resonant Buck converter and analysis of the working principles involved. The designed buck converter uses ZCS technique and the function is realized so that the power form is converted from 12V DC to 5V DC (1A). A detailed analysis of zero current switching buck converters is performed and a mathematical analysis of the mode of operation is also presented. In order to reduce the switching losses in associated with conventional converters; resonant inductor and resonant capacitor (LC resonant circuit) is applied which helps to turn on-off the switch at zero current. The dc-dc buck converter receives the energy from the input source, when the switch is turned-on. If the switch is turned-off the LC resonant circuit pumps the energy by ensuring that the current does not come to zero. During the hardware implementation Ton, Toff, duty cycle & operating frequency values were determined and thoroughly tuned through the NE555 IC circuit. As a result of this various waveforms across capacitors,inductors and load resistor were observed. A simulation study was carried out and the effectiveness of the designed converter is verified by PSpice simulation results.
Designed a differential input and single ended output high gain (>= 85 dB) operational amplifier using CMOS 0.35um technology using a single independent current source. The amplifier was also designed to achieve a CMRR (>= 80dB), Average Slew Rate (>= 15 V/us), UGF (>= 15 MHz) & Output Voltage Swing ( >= 1.4V). The maximum power dissipation through the complete circuit including the current source branch was limited to 0.3 mW.
Parasitic consideration for differential capacitive sensorjournalBEEI
Parasitic integration for a single supply differential capacitive sensing technique is presented in this paper. In real capacitive sensor measurement, parasitic impedance exists in its measurement. This paper objective is to study the effect of capacitive and resistive parasitic to the capacitive sensor circuit. The differential capacitive sensor circuit derivation theory is elaborated first. Then, comparison is made using simulation. Test was carried out using frequency from 40 kHz up to 400 kHz. Result is presented and have shown good linearity of 0.99984 at 300 kHz, R-squared value. This capacitive sensor is expected to be used for energy harvesting application.
Design of Ota-C Filter for Biomedical ApplicationsIOSR Journals
Abstract-This paper presents design of operational transconductance amplifier is to amplify the ECG signal
having low frequency of 300Hz, with the supply voltage of 0.8v. To reduce the power dissipation of 779nW, by
using fifth order low pass filter. The OTA-C filter is to eliminate noise voltage and increases the reliability of
the system. A chip is fabricated in a 0.18μm CMOS process is simulated and measured to validate the system
performance using HSPICE.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications.
Method Of Compensation Instability Of Frequency Modulators In The Absence Of ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A novel voltage reference without the operational amplifier and resistorsIJRES Journal
novel voltage reference has been proposed and simulated using a 0.18μm CMOS process in
this paper. A near-zero temperature coefficient voltage is achieved in virtue of the bias voltage subcirciut which
consists of two MOSFETs operating in the saturation region. The kind of bias voltage subcirciut is used to
adjust the output voltage and compensate the curvature. The output voltage is equal to the extrapolated
threshold voltage of a MOSFET at absolute zero temperature, which was about 591.5 mV for the MOSFETs we
used. The power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) is improved with three feedback loops. Although the output
voltage fluctuates with process variation, the circuit can monitor the process variation in MOSFET threshold
voltage. The simulation results show that the line regulation is 0.75 mV/V in a supply voltage range from 1.6 V
to 3.1 V and the temperature coefficient is around 10.8 ppm/℃ to 28.5 ppm/℃ at 9 different corners in a
temperature range from -20℃ to 120 ℃.
The PSRR is -70 dB at 100Hz with a supply voltage at 1.8 V, and the
layout size is 0.012mm2. The results of simulation and post layout simulation are almost the same.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
EEE 117L Network Analysis Laboratory Lab 1
1
EEE 117L Network Analysis Laboratory
Lab 1 – Voltage/Current Division and Filters
Lab Overview
The objective of Lab 1 is to familiarize students with a variety of basic applications of
passive R, C devices, and also how to measure the performance of these circuits using
both Spice simulations and the Digilent Analog Discovery 2 on the circuits constructed.
Prelab
Before coming to lab, students need to complete the following items for each of the
circuits studied in this lab :
• Any hand calculations needed to determine the values of components used in the
circuits such as resistors and capacitors, or specifications such as pole frequencies.
• A Spice simulation of each circuit to get familiar with how it works, and determine
what to expect when the circuit is built and its performance is measured.
Making connections on a Breadboard
Breadboards are used to easily construct circuits without the need to solder parts on a
printed circuit board. As seen in Figure 0 they have columns of pins that are connected
together internally, so that all the wires inserted in a column are shorted together. Note
that the columns on top and bottom are not connected together. There are also rows of
pins at the top and bottom that are connected together. These rows are intended for use
as the power supplies, and are typically labeled + and – and color coded red and blue for
the positive and negative power supplies. These rows are not connected in the middle.
Figure 0.
EEE 117L Network Analysis Laboratory Lab 1
2
Circuits to be studied
When choosing resistor and capacitor values use standard values available to you,
and keep all resistor values between 100 W and 100 kW.
1. Voltage and Current Dividers
One of the most commonly used circuits is a voltage divider
like the one shown in Figure 1.a. For example, if a signal is
too large to be input to a voltmeter or oscilloscope it can be
attenuated (reduced in size) using voltage division. The DC
voltage that an AC signal like a sine wave varies around can
also be reduced using this circuit.
For example, if all of the resistors in this circuit are the same
value, and the VS input source provides a DC voltage of 4V,
then the voltages in this circuit will be VA = 4V, VB = 3V,
VC = 2V, and VD = 1V. That is, voltage division will cause the voltage at node B to be
¾ of VS , the voltage at node C to be ½ of VS , and the voltage at node D to be ¼ of VS.
If a sine wave with an amplitude of 1V is then added so that VS = 4 + sin(wt) Volts, then
voltage division will cause the new values of VA , VB , VC and VD to be :
VA = 1.00*VS = 1.00*(4 + sin(wt)) = 4 + 1.00*sin(wt) Volts
VB = 0.75*VS = 0.75*(4 + sin(wt)) = 3 + 0.75*sin(wt) Volts
VC = 0.50*VS = 0.50*(4 + sin(wt)) = 2 + 0.50*sin(wt) Volts
VD = 0.25*VS = 0.25*(4 + sin(wt)) = 1 + 0.25*sin(wt) Volts
In this example both the amplitude of the ...
A single phase Z source inverter is developed for better voltage boosting and inversion ability suited for photovoltaic power generation systems. The operation of the Z source inverter is described with relevant equations. Simple boost scheme is used for switching actions of the inverter. The performance of the inverter used for photovoltaic applications can be checked with simulation and experimental results, which prove that it has single-stage buck and boost capability and improved reliability.
Novel technique in charactarizing a pv module using pulse width modulatoreSAT Journals
Abstract The fabrication and characterization of PV modules are always done under standard test conditions (STC). However, The condition of operation are often far from thisstandard conditions. As a result, developing a characterization circuit is considered as a point of interest for researchers.This paper presents a new methodology in characterizing a PV module using an electronic load circuit. The circuit is implemented using a power MOSFET driven by a pulse width modulator (PWM) developed by LABVIEW. The system is tested and its results are validated by comparing it with simulation results performed by Comsol Multiphysics and Matlab. The system shows high accuracy with respect to the previous published work with lower cost and higher simplicity. Keywords: Photovoltaic, Characterization, Electronic load, and Pulse width modulation (PWM)…
Similar to Frequency dependency analysis for differential capacitive sensor (20)
Square transposition: an approach to the transposition process in block cipherjournalBEEI
The transposition process is needed in cryptography to create a diffusion effect on data encryption standard (DES) and advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithms as standard information security algorithms by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The problem with DES and AES algorithms is that their transposition index values form patterns and do not form random values. This condition will certainly make it easier for a cryptanalyst to look for a relationship between ciphertexts because some processes are predictable. This research designs a transposition algorithm called square transposition. Each process uses square 8 × 8 as a place to insert and retrieve 64-bits. The determination of the pairing of the input scheme and the retrieval scheme that have unequal flow is an important factor in producing a good transposition. The square transposition can generate random and non-pattern indices so that transposition can be done better than DES and AES.
Hyper-parameter optimization of convolutional neural network based on particl...journalBEEI
Deep neural networks have accomplished enormous progress in tackling many problems. More specifically, convolutional neural network (CNN) is a category of deep networks that have been a dominant technique in computer vision tasks. Despite that these deep neural networks are highly effective; the ideal structure is still an issue that needs a lot of investigation. Deep Convolutional Neural Network model is usually designed manually by trials and repeated tests which enormously constrain its application. Many hyper-parameters of the CNN can affect the model performance. These parameters are depth of the network, numbers of convolutional layers, and numbers of kernels with their sizes. Therefore, it may be a huge challenge to design an appropriate CNN model that uses optimized hyper-parameters and reduces the reliance on manual involvement and domain expertise. In this paper, a design architecture method for CNNs is proposed by utilization of particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to learn the optimal CNN hyper-parameters values. In the experiment, we used Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) database of handwritten digit recognition. The experiments showed that our proposed approach can find an architecture that is competitive to the state-of-the-art models with a testing error of 0.87%.
Supervised machine learning based liver disease prediction approach with LASS...journalBEEI
In this contemporary era, the uses of machine learning techniques are increasing rapidly in the field of medical science for detecting various diseases such as liver disease (LD). Around the globe, a large number of people die because of this deadly disease. By diagnosing the disease in a primary stage, early treatment can be helpful to cure the patient. In this research paper, a method is proposed to diagnose the LD using supervised machine learning classification algorithms, namely logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, AdaBoost, KNN, linear discriminant analysis, gradient boosting and support vector machine (SVM). We also deployed a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) feature selection technique on our taken dataset to suggest the most highly correlated attributes of LD. The predictions with 10 fold cross-validation (CV) made by the algorithms are tested in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, precision and f1-score values to forecast the disease. It is observed that the decision tree algorithm has the best performance score where accuracy, precision, sensitivity and f1-score values are 94.295%, 92%, 99% and 96% respectively with the inclusion of LASSO. Furthermore, a comparison with recent studies is shown to prove the significance of the proposed system.
A secure and energy saving protocol for wireless sensor networksjournalBEEI
The research domain for wireless sensor networks (WSN) has been extensively conducted due to innovative technologies and research directions that have come up addressing the usability of WSN under various schemes. This domain permits dependable tracking of a diversity of environments for both military and civil applications. The key management mechanism is a primary protocol for keeping the privacy and confidentiality of the data transmitted among different sensor nodes in WSNs. Since node's size is small; they are intrinsically limited by inadequate resources such as battery life-time and memory capacity. The proposed secure and energy saving protocol (SESP) for wireless sensor networks) has a significant impact on the overall network life-time and energy dissipation. To encrypt sent messsages, the SESP uses the public-key cryptography’s concept. It depends on sensor nodes' identities (IDs) to prevent the messages repeated; making security goals- authentication, confidentiality, integrity, availability, and freshness to be achieved. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed approach produced better energy consumption and network life-time compared to LEACH protocol; sensors are dead after 900 rounds in the proposed SESP protocol. While, in the low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) scheme, the sensors are dead after 750 rounds.
Plant leaf identification system using convolutional neural networkjournalBEEI
This paper proposes a leaf identification system using convolutional neural network (CNN). This proposed system can identify five types of local Malaysia leaf which were acacia, papaya, cherry, mango and rambutan. By using CNN from deep learning, the network is trained from the database that acquired from leaf images captured by mobile phone for image classification. ResNet-50 was the architecture has been used for neural networks image classification and training the network for leaf identification. The recognition of photographs leaves requested several numbers of steps, starting with image pre-processing, feature extraction, plant identification, matching and testing, and finally extracting the results achieved in MATLAB. Testing sets of the system consists of 3 types of images which were white background, and noise added and random background images. Finally, interfaces for the leaf identification system have developed as the end software product using MATLAB app designer. As a result, the accuracy achieved for each training sets on five leaf classes are recorded above 98%, thus recognition process was successfully implemented.
Customized moodle-based learning management system for socially disadvantaged...journalBEEI
This study aims to develop Moodle-based LMS with customized learning content and modified user interface to facilitate pedagogical processes during covid-19 pandemic and investigate how teachers of socially disadvantaged schools perceived usability and technology acceptance. Co-design process was conducted with two activities: 1) need assessment phase using an online survey and interview session with the teachers and 2) the development phase of the LMS. The system was evaluated by 30 teachers from socially disadvantaged schools for relevance to their distance learning activities. We employed computer software usability questionnaire (CSUQ) to measure perceived usability and the technology acceptance model (TAM) with insertion of 3 original variables (i.e., perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and intention to use) and 5 external variables (i.e., attitude toward the system, perceived interaction, self-efficacy, user interface design, and course design). The average CSUQ rating exceeded 5.0 of 7 point-scale, indicated that teachers agreed that the information quality, interaction quality, and user interface quality were clear and easy to understand. TAM results concluded that the LMS design was judged to be usable, interactive, and well-developed. Teachers reported an effective user interface that allows effective teaching operations and lead to the system adoption in immediate time.
Understanding the role of individual learner in adaptive and personalized e-l...journalBEEI
Dynamic learning environment has emerged as a powerful platform in a modern e-learning system. The learning situation that constantly changing has forced the learning platform to adapt and personalize its learning resources for students. Evidence suggested that adaptation and personalization of e-learning systems (APLS) can be achieved by utilizing learner modeling, domain modeling, and instructional modeling. In the literature of APLS, questions have been raised about the role of individual characteristics that are relevant for adaptation. With several options, a new problem has been raised where the attributes of students in APLS often overlap and are not related between studies. Therefore, this study proposed a list of learner model attributes in dynamic learning to support adaptation and personalization. The study was conducted by exploring concepts from the literature selected based on the best criteria. Then, we described the results of important concepts in student modeling and provided definitions and examples of data values that researchers have used. Besides, we also discussed the implementation of the selected learner model in providing adaptation in dynamic learning.
Prototype mobile contactless transaction system in traditional markets to sup...journalBEEI
One way to prevent and reduce the spread of the covid-19 pandemic is through physical distancing program. This research aims to develop a prototype contactless transaction system using digital payment mechanisms and QR code technology that will be applied in traditional markets. The method used in the development of electronic market systems is a prototype approach. The application of QR code and digital payments are used as a solution to minimize money exchange contacts that are common in traditional markets. The results showed that the system built was able to accelerate and facilitate the buying and selling transaction process in traditional market environment. Alpha testing shows that all functional systems are running well. Meanwhile, beta testing shows that the user can very well accept the system that was built. The results of the study also show acceptance of the usefulness of the system being built, as well as the optimism of its users to be able to take advantage of this system both technologically and functionally, so its can be a part of the digital transformation of the traditional market to the electronic market and has become one of the solutions in reducing the spread of the current covid-19 pandemic.
Wireless HART stack using multiprocessor technique with laxity algorithmjournalBEEI
The use of a real-time operating system is required for the demarcation of industrial wireless sensor network (IWSN) stacks (RTOS). In the industrial world, a vast number of sensors are utilised to gather various types of data. The data gathered by the sensors cannot be prioritised ahead of time. Because all of the information is equally essential. As a result, a protocol stack is employed to guarantee that data is acquired and processed fairly. In IWSN, the protocol stack is implemented using RTOS. The data collected from IWSN sensor nodes is processed using non-preemptive scheduling and the protocol stack, and then sent in parallel to the IWSN's central controller. The real-time operating system (RTOS) is a process that occurs between hardware and software. Packets must be sent at a certain time. It's possible that some packets may collide during transmission. We're going to undertake this project to get around this collision. As a prototype, this project is divided into two parts. The first uses RTOS and the LPC2148 as a master node, while the second serves as a standard data collection node to which sensors are attached. Any controller may be used in the second part, depending on the situation. Wireless HART allows two nodes to communicate with each other.
Implementation of double-layer loaded on octagon microstrip yagi antennajournalBEEI
A double-layer loaded on the octagon microstrip yagi antenna (OMYA) at 5.8 GHz industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) Band is investigated in this paper. The double-layer consist of two double positive (DPS) substrates. The OMYA is overlaid with a double-layer configuration were simulated, fabricated and measured. A good agreement was observed between the computed and measured results of the gain for this antenna. According to comparison results, it shows that 2.5 dB improvement of the OMYA gain can be obtained by applying the double-layer on the top of the OMYA. Meanwhile, the bandwidth of the measured OMYA with the double-layer is 14.6%. It indicates that the double-layer can be used to increase the OMYA performance in term of gain and bandwidth.
The calculation of the field of an antenna located near the human headjournalBEEI
In this work, a numerical calculation was carried out in one of the universal programs for automatic electro-dynamic design. The calculation is aimed at obtaining numerical values for specific absorbed power (SAR). It is the SAR value that can be used to determine the effect of the antenna of a wireless device on biological objects; the dipole parameters will be selected for GSM1800. Investigation of the influence of distance to a cell phone on radiation shows that absorbed in the head of a person the effect of electromagnetic radiation on the brain decreases by three times this is a very important result the SAR value has decreased by almost three times it is acceptable results.
Exact secure outage probability performance of uplinkdownlink multiple access...journalBEEI
In this paper, we study uplink-downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems by considering the secure performance at the physical layer. In the considered system model, the base station acts a relay to allow two users at the left side communicate with two users at the right side. By considering imperfect channel state information (CSI), the secure performance need be studied since an eavesdropper wants to overhear signals processed at the downlink. To provide secure performance metric, we derive exact expressions of secrecy outage probability (SOP) and and evaluating the impacts of main parameters on SOP metric. The important finding is that we can achieve the higher secrecy performance at high signal to noise ratio (SNR). Moreover, the numerical results demonstrate that the SOP tends to a constant at high SNR. Finally, our results show that the power allocation factors, target rates are main factors affecting to the secrecy performance of considered uplink-downlink NOMA systems.
Design of a dual-band antenna for energy harvesting applicationjournalBEEI
This report presents an investigation on how to improve the current dual-band antenna to enhance the better result of the antenna parameters for energy harvesting application. Besides that, to develop a new design and validate the antenna frequencies that will operate at 2.4 GHz and 5.4 GHz. At 5.4 GHz, more data can be transmitted compare to 2.4 GHz. However, 2.4 GHz has long distance of radiation, so it can be used when far away from the antenna module compare to 5 GHz that has short distance in radiation. The development of this project includes the scope of designing and testing of antenna using computer simulation technology (CST) 2018 software and vector network analyzer (VNA) equipment. In the process of designing, fundamental parameters of antenna are being measured and validated, in purpose to identify the better antenna performance.
Transforming data-centric eXtensible markup language into relational database...journalBEEI
eXtensible markup language (XML) appeared internationally as the format for data representation over the web. Yet, most organizations are still utilising relational databases as their database solutions. As such, it is crucial to provide seamless integration via effective transformation between these database infrastructures. In this paper, we propose XML-REG to bridge these two technologies based on node-based and path-based approaches. The node-based approach is good to annotate each positional node uniquely, while the path-based approach provides summarised path information to join the nodes. On top of that, a new range labelling is also proposed to annotate nodes uniquely by ensuring the structural relationships are maintained between nodes. If a new node is to be added to the document, re-labelling is not required as the new label will be assigned to the node via the new proposed labelling scheme. Experimental evaluations indicated that the performance of XML-REG exceeded XMap, XRecursive, XAncestor and Mini-XML concerning storing time, query retrieval time and scalability. This research produces a core framework for XML to relational databases (RDB) mapping, which could be adopted in various industries.
Key performance requirement of future next wireless networks (6G)journalBEEI
Given the massive potentials of 5G communication networks and their foreseeable evolution, what should there be in 6G that is not in 5G or its long-term evolution? 6G communication networks are estimated to integrate the terrestrial, aerial, and maritime communications into a forceful network which would be faster, more reliable, and can support a massive number of devices with ultra-low latency requirements. This article presents a complete overview of potential 6G communication networks. The major contribution of this study is to present a broad overview of key performance indicators (KPIs) of 6G networks that cover the latest manufacturing progress in the environment of the principal areas of research application, and challenges.
Noise resistance territorial intensity-based optical flow using inverse confi...journalBEEI
This paper presents the use of the inverse confidential technique on bilateral function with the territorial intensity-based optical flow to prove the effectiveness in noise resistance environment. In general, the image’s motion vector is coded by the technique called optical flow where the sequences of the image are used to determine the motion vector. But, the accuracy rate of the motion vector is reduced when the source of image sequences is interfered by noises. This work proved that the inverse confidential technique on bilateral function can increase the percentage of accuracy in the motion vector determination by the territorial intensity-based optical flow under the noisy environment. We performed the testing with several kinds of non-Gaussian noises at several patterns of standard image sequences by analyzing the result of the motion vector in a form of the error vector magnitude (EVM) and compared it with several noise resistance techniques in territorial intensity-based optical flow method.
Modeling climate phenomenon with software grids analysis and display system i...journalBEEI
This study aims to model climate change based on rainfall, air temperature, pressure, humidity and wind with grADS software and create a global warming module. This research uses 3D model, define, design, and develop. The results of the modeling of the five climate elements consist of the annual average temperature in Indonesia in 2009-2015 which is between 29oC to 30.1oC, the horizontal distribution of the annual average pressure in Indonesia in 2009-2018 is between 800 mBar to 1000 mBar, the horizontal distribution the average annual humidity in Indonesia in 2009 and 2011 ranged between 27-57, in 2012-2015, 2017 and 2018 it ranged between 30-60, during the East Monsoon, the wind circulation moved from northern Indonesia to the southern region Indonesia. During the west monsoon, the wind circulation moves from the southern part of Indonesia to the northern part of Indonesia. The global warming module for SMA/MA produced is feasible to use, this is in accordance with the value given by the validate of 69 which is in the appropriate category and the response of teachers and students through a 91% questionnaire.
An approach of re-organizing input dataset to enhance the quality of emotion ...journalBEEI
The purpose of this paper is to propose an approach of re-organizing input data to recognize emotion based on short signal segments and increase the quality of emotional recognition using physiological signals. MIT's long physiological signal set was divided into two new datasets, with shorter and overlapped segments. Three different classification methods (support vector machine, random forest, and multilayer perceptron) were implemented to identify eight emotional states based on statistical features of each segment in these two datasets. By re-organizing the input dataset, the quality of recognition results was enhanced. The random forest shows the best classification result among three implemented classification methods, with an accuracy of 97.72% for eight emotional states, on the overlapped dataset. This approach shows that, by re-organizing the input dataset, the high accuracy of recognition results can be achieved without the use of EEG and ECG signals.
Parking detection system using background subtraction and HSV color segmentationjournalBEEI
Manual system vehicle parking makes finding vacant parking lots difficult, so it has to check directly to the vacant space. If many people do parking, then the time needed for it is very much or requires many people to handle it. This research develops a real-time parking system to detect parking. The system is designed using the HSV color segmentation method in determining the background image. In addition, the detection process uses the background subtraction method. Applying these two methods requires image preprocessing using several methods such as grayscaling, blurring (low-pass filter). In addition, it is followed by a thresholding and filtering process to get the best image in the detection process. In the process, there is a determination of the ROI to determine the focus area of the object identified as empty parking. The parking detection process produces the best average accuracy of 95.76%. The minimum threshold value of 255 pixels is 0.4. This value is the best value from 33 test data in several criteria, such as the time of capture, composition and color of the vehicle, the shape of the shadow of the object’s environment, and the intensity of light. This parking detection system can be implemented in real-time to determine the position of an empty place.
Quality of service performances of video and voice transmission in universal ...journalBEEI
The universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) has distinct benefits in that it supports a wide range of quality of service (QoS) criteria that users require in order to fulfill their requirements. The transmission of video and audio in real-time applications places a high demand on the cellular network, therefore QoS is a major problem in these applications. The ability to provide QoS in the UMTS backbone network necessitates an active QoS mechanism in order to maintain the necessary level of convenience on UMTS networks. For UMTS networks, investigation models for end-to-end QoS, total transmitted and received data, packet loss, and throughput providing techniques are run and assessed and the simulation results are examined. According to the results, appropriate QoS adaption allows for specific voice and video transmission. Finally, by analyzing existing QoS parameters, the QoS performance of 4G/UMTS networks may be improved.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
2. ISSN: 2302-9285
Bulletin of Electr Eng and Inf, Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2019 : 789 – 797
790
differential capacitive circuit. It is the addition study on work done in [9]. The frequency under test is at 200
kHz. Based on the study, the proposed circuit can also work under frequency from 40 kHz up to 400 kHz.
2. FREQUENCY DEPENDENCY TRANSFER FUNCTION
In a very low differential capacitance sensing circuit where the output voltage of the amplifier is
almost at 0 V voltage level, a proper output voltage could not be obtained when ΔCx is less than the nominal
Cx0. This is because it has exceeded the negative side. There is a need to set some reference level higher than
0 V voltage level at positive side, so that both positive and negative output voltage amplitude of Vout’ could be
observed only at positive side. This can be done by giving an input DC voltage, i.e. the reference voltage, Vref
to the non-inverting input of the Opamp that acts as a voltage level shifter is shown in Figure 1. This Figure 1
is an extracted version of Figure 2 in [9, 10]. At one side of the differential capacitive sensing, the output
voltage of the operational amplifier is:
(1)
where the s is corresponding to ϳω
Several conditions may exist when the reference voltage, Vref, is supplied to the non-inverting input
of the amplifier. Based on (1), the output voltage is divided into several conditions as the following:
Case I: Vref=0
(2)
Case II: Vref=Vext
(3)
Case III: Vref < Vext when Vref=(1-m)Vext where (0 < m < 1)
(4)
Case IV: Vref > Vext when Vref=nVext where (n > 1)
(5)
where m and n are the excitation input voltage, Vext multiplier numbers which is equal to nVext. or
(1-m)Vext
ext
f
f
f
x
ref
f
f
f
x
out V
C
sR
R
sC
V
C
sR
R
sC
V
1
1
1
'
f
f
f
x
ext
out
C
sR
R
sC
V
V
1
'
1
'
ext
out
V
V
m
C
sR
R
sC
V
V
f
f
f
x
ext
out
1
1
1
'
f
f
f
x
f
f
f
x
ext
out
C
sR
R
sC
C
sR
R
sC
n
V
V
1
1
1
'
3. Bulletin of Electr Eng and Inf ISSN: 2302-9285
Frequency dependency analysis for differential capacitive sensor (Nurul Arfah Che Mustapha)
791
Figure 1. Vref at non-inverting differential amplifier input as level shifter
Figure 2. Estimated bode plot for transfer function at opamp a output
Referring to the Figure 2 of [9, 10], the design begins by deriving the transfer function opamp A
output to the input, Vext., by setting the range of frequency to pass the signal. A continuous supply of 3.3 V is
provided to the circuit and voltage divider is used to level the output voltage to half of supply voltage, which
in this case is 1.65 V. The reason is to set the signal in positive range. An excitation supply voltage in terms
of sinusoidal waveform, is used. The test starts with analysis without parasitic
impedance to the differential Capacitance-to-Voltage Converter (CVC) circuit. Without the parasitic
impedance, the transfer function derivation of the cutoff frequency amplifiers output, Vout_A’ (refer to Figure 2
of [9, 10]) at opamp A output is:
(6)
Note that the apostrophe (’) sign is a punctuation mark to signal the condition without parasitic
capacitance and resistance present in the circuit whereas Figure 2 of [9, 10] does not showing this sign.
Estimated bode plot theory of opamp A output is sketched as in Figure 2. The straight line is pictured as in
t
f
V ext
ext 2
cos
f
f
f
x
f
f
f
f
x
f
f
f
x
f
ext
A
out
C
R
f
f
C
C
K
where
s
f
s
f
K
C
R
s
s
C
R
C
R
C
R
s
C
R
s
V
V
1
1
1
1
1
'
2
1
2
1
1
_
4. ISSN: 2302-9285
Bulletin of Electr Eng and Inf, Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2019 : 789 – 797
792
Figure 1 if only if the corner frequency f2 is small and near to frequency f1, else the magnitude is at positive
side and the 20 dB/dec line will crosses 0 dB. The extended derivation of [11] for both amplifiers output
transfer function is as in the following:
(7)
(8)
Accordingly, the transfer function taken at VfilterA’ and VfilterB’ [9, 10] using the first case (Case I:
Vref=0) of (2). Cr is a reference capacitor with value equal to nominal value Cx0
(9)
When VS=3.3 V and Vext=400 mV, Vref will be half of VS, and it is calculated that the n to be equal to
4.125. For (Case IV: Vref > Vext) when Vref=4.125Vext from (5) it is derived that the output is as in (10)-(11).
(10)
And
(11)
is the excitation amplitude voltage after demodulation (i.e. =400 mV). Since the same
Schottky diode is used for the circuit, the different between both diode voltage is only slightly different
caused by changes in Cx (i.e: the difference is ±0.1 pF), for simplification both as VdiodeA’=VdiodeB’ is set equal.
The final output voltage is:
(12)
The relevance of this equation is, when there is no capacitance change in ΔCx, there is no movement
at the sensor so, fsensor=0 and when both Cr and Cx at nominal capacitance value Cx0=5 pF, the resulted output
voltage Vout=0. The gain G need to be within the limit and not exceeding the +VDD for the relevance output
value as in [12, 13].
t
f
V
t
f
C
C
C
V ext
ext
sensor
f
x
A
out
2
cos
2
cos
'
_
t
f
V
C
C
V ext
ext
f
r
B
out
2
cos
'
_
'
'
2
cos
' _
_ B
diode
A
diode
ext
sensor
f
x
f
r
out V
V
V
t
f
C
C
C
C
C
G
V
f
f
f
x
f
f
f
x
ext
out
C
sR
R
sC
C
sR
R
sC
V
V
1
1
1
125
.
4
'
f
f
f
x
f
f
f
f
x
f
ext
Vext
Vref
A
out
C
R
f
f
C
C
K
where
C
R
s
s
C
R
C
R
V
V
1
1
1
125
.
3
125
.
4
'
2
1
1
)
(
_
ext
V
ext
V
f
r
sensor
f
x
ext
Vext
Vref
out
C
C
t
f
C
C
C
V
G
V
2
cos
125
.
3
'
)
(
5. Bulletin of Electr Eng and Inf ISSN: 2302-9285
Frequency dependency analysis for differential capacitive sensor (Nurul Arfah Che Mustapha)
793
3. OPAMP TRANSFER FUNCTION DEPENDENCY TO THE EXCITATION FREQUENCY
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
In this test, the frequency dependency is investigated by varying the frequency from 1 kHz to 10
GHz, with voltage amplitude of 400 mV is kept constant. The resulted bode plot is verified by checking the
dependency of excitation frequency to the derived transfer function. For (2) of Case I: Vref=0, using
Cf=Cx=Cr=Cx0=5 pF and Rf=10 MΩ. Simulation result of Figure 3 has shown almost to the estimated
theoretical value (6) and expected corner frequency B, is 3.183 kHz.
Figure 4(a) shows the effect of changing in reference capacitance, Cf to the magnitude of operation
across frequencies at the final output. The feedback resistor, Rf, at this point is set to 10 MΩ. Changing of Cf
value has caused magnitude shift to the passband frequencies. While changing the value of Rf has affected to
magnitude shifting in the final output of the whole circuit as shown in Figure 4(b). Effect of changing in
reference resistance, Rf at the feedback loop to the frequencies of operation when Cf is set to 5 pF.
Figure 3. Simulated magnitude result at opamp a output
(a)
(b)
Figure 4. Effect of changing, (a) reference capacitance, Cf (b) reference resistance,
Rf to the magnitude across frequencies
6. ISSN: 2302-9285
Bulletin of Electr Eng and Inf, Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2019 : 789 – 797
794
3.1. Before improvement of capacitance detection change, ΔCx
The overall output voltage linearity graph is plotted in Figure 5 when frequency is at 200 kHz and
simulation is using Rf=10 MΩ, Rd=100 kΩ and Cd=0.1 µF. The 200 kHz frequency was chosen to test the
possibilities and condition of the differential amplifier when running at frequency higher than 100 kHz. When
frequency goes higher than 100 kHz, which is shown in Figure 5, less points of detection were observed and
the sensitivity is low. By rules, the f-3dB should be low than the cutoff frequency (fc=3.18 kHz, refer to the
bode plot of Figure 2). In this case has satisfied the condition when using Rd=100 kΩ and Cd=0.1 µF, the f-
3dB=15.9 Hz.
Figure 5. Effect of output voltage with Cx variation for Rd=100 kΩ and Cd=0.1 µF using Vs=3.3 V at 200 kHz
Improvement on the number of detection points across certain capacitance range is increased by
increasing the bandwidth of the low pass filter. This is by decreasing the Rd value and Cd value of the
components. Figure 6 shows the simulation results using low Rd and Cd values of 10 kΩ and 0.01 µF
respectively, with Rf=10 MΩ. In this case, the cutoff frequency, f-3dB=1.59 kHz, which satisfy the condition
less than cutoff frequency fc=3.183 kHz.
Figure 6. Effect of output voltage with Cx variation for Rd=10 kΩ and Cd=0.01 µF using Vs=3.3 V at 200 kHz
3.2. After improvement of capacitance detection change, ΔCx
Improvement is made to the capacitance change, ΔCx so that wider capacitance range is been
detected with low detection change at high frequency. This is done by using the Rf selection method.
This method is considered relevant due to diode current value at higher frequency (i.e: 200 kHz) is becoming
stable regardless of the change of the Rf value (refer to diode current of Figure 4. 10 for Rd=10 kΩ and
Cd=0.01 µF). Same principle applied to any components value at higher frequency, such as when Rd=10 kΩ
and Cd=0.1 µF of Figure 2 of [14].
7. Bulletin of Electr Eng and Inf ISSN: 2302-9285
Frequency dependency analysis for differential capacitive sensor (Nurul Arfah Che Mustapha)
795
Figure 7 shows the linearity result using ΔCx=0.1 pF change with Rd=10 kΩ and Cd=0.1 µF.
Different Rf has been selected to overcome the sensitivity problems where Figure 7 is at Rf=10 MΩ at
fext=200 kHz. These values must satisfy the condition > f-3dB range. In this case the frequencies are 3.183 kHz,
159 kHz and 106 kHz respectively, when f-3dB=159.13 Hz. At high frequency, high sensitivity of capacitive
change of detection is achieved by reducing the value of the feedback resistor Rf and other results of different
analysis can also be found in [15].
Figure 7. Corrected capacitance change, ΔCx=0.1 pF with Rf=10 MΩ at fext=200 kHz
4. CONCLUSION
In summary, this paper presented a differential capacitive sensing with output voltage of
Vout=0.07927 Cx+1.25205 with R-squared value of 0.99957 at frequency 200 kHz. Using nominal capacitance
of 5 pF and Rf=10 MΩ, simulation result has shown almost to the estimated theoretical value and expected
corner frequency of 3.183 kHz. The change of Cf value has caused magnitude shift to the passband
frequencies. While changing the value of Rf has affected to magnitude shifting in the final output of the
whole circuit. In future, a proposed solution can be done to improve points of detection of output voltage
capacitance sensing across frequencies, by properly setting the values of component involved such as the
resistance and capacitance of the differential capacitive sensing.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work is funded by the Research Initiative Grant Scheme (RIGS)-2018 (Ref:
IIUM/504/G/14/3/1/1/RIGS17-023-0598) by the Research Management Centre, International Islamic
University Malaysia
REFERENCES
[1] E. Ghafar-zadeh and M. Sawan, “CMOS Capacitive Sensors for Lab-on-Chip Applications,” Springer, 2010.
doi:10.1007/978-90-481-3727-5
[2] S. A. Mohammed, H. Dogan & M. T. Ozgun, “An 85%-efficiency reconfigurable multiphase switched capacitor
DC-DC converter utilizing frequency, switch size, and interleaving scaling techniques,” Microelectronics Journal,
vol. 67, 2017, pp. 155–161. doi:10.1016/j.mejo.2017.08.004
[3] Á. Pintér and I. Dénes, “Interface circuit for measuring small capacitance changes in sensor networks,” IET
Science, Measurement & Technology, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 570–578, 2015. doi:10.1049/iet-smt.2014.0221
[4] M. R. Haider, M. R. Mahfouz, S. K. Islam, S. A. Eliza, W. Qu & E. Pritchard, “A low-power capacitance
measurement circuit with high resolution and high degree of linearity,” 2008 51st Midwest Symposium on Circuits
and Systems, 2008, pp. 261–264. doi:10.1109/MWSCAS.2008.4616786
[5] V. Matko and M. Milanović, “Temperature-compensated capacitance-frequency converter with high resolution,”
Sensors and Actuators, A: Physical, vol. 220, pp. 262–269, 2014. doi:10.1016/j.sna.2014.09.022
[6] D. Y. Shin, H. Lee & S. Kim, “Improving the accuracy of capacitance-to-frequency converter by accumulating
residual charges,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 60, no. 12, pp. 3950–3955, 2011.
doi:10.1109/TIM.2011.2147650
8. ISSN: 2302-9285
Bulletin of Electr Eng and Inf, Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2019 : 789 – 797
796
[7] D. M. G. Preethichandra & K. Shida, “A simple interface circuit to measure very small capacitance changes in
capacitive sensors,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 1583–1586, 2001.
doi:10.1109/19.982949
[8] G. Sarkar, A. Rakshit, A. Chatterjee & K. Bhattacharya, “Low value capacitance measurement system with
adjustable lead capacitance compensation, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 63–70, 2013.
[9] N. A. C. Mustapha, A. H. M. Z. Alam, S. Khan and A. W. Azman, "Single supply differential capacitive sensor
with energy harvester compatibility," in 2016 IEEE Industrial Electronics and Applications Conference (IEACon),
Kota Kinabalu, 2016, pp. 323-329. doi: 10.1109/IEACON.2016.8067399
[10] N. A. C. Mustapha, A. H. M. Z. Alam, S. Khan and A. W. Azman, “Efficient capacitance sensing for wireless
health monitoring systems,” IIUM Engineering Journal, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 21-29, 2016.
[11] N. A. C. Mustapha, A. H. M. Z. Alam, S. Khan and A. W. Azman, “Analysis of the Frequency Dependency to the
Single Supply Differential Capacitive Sensor,” in the 7th International Conference on Computer and
Communication Engineering (ICCCE), 2018, pp. 441-444, 2018.
[12] A. H. M. Z. Alam, N. A. C. Mustapha, N. S. A. A. Hassan, M. R. Islam, S. Khan, A. W. Azman and M. A. Eusuf,
“Wireless Structural Health Monitoring System by Capacitor Sensing Technique,” IAENG Transactions on
Engineering Sciences. pp. 168–178, 2017.
[13] A. H. M. Z. Alam, N. S. A. A. Hassan, N. A. C. Mustapha, M. R. Islam, S. Khan and M. A. Eusuf, “Wireless
Capacitor Sensing for Structural Health Monitor,” Lecture notes in Engineering and Computer Sciences world
Congress on Engineering, pp. 319-321, 2016.
[14] N. A. Che Mustapha, A. H. M. Z. Alam, S. Khan and A. W. Azman, "Current behavior analysis of the single supply
differential capacitive sensing," 2016 IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD), Kuala
Lumpur, 2016, pp. 1-6.
[15] N. A. C. Mustapha, A. H. M. Z. Alam, S. Khan and A. W. Azman, "Single Supply Differential Capacitive Sensor
with Parasitic Capacitance and Resistance Consideration," 2018 7th International Conference on Computer and
Communication Engineering (ICCCE), Kuala Lumpur, 2018, pp. 445-448.
BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Nurul Arfah Che Mustapha received the B. Eng. Electronics-Computer and Information
Engineering and M. Sc. (Electronics Engineering) from the International Islamic University
Malaysia (IIUM), Malaysia in 2008 and 2011, respectively. She obtained her Ph.D. degree in
Electronics Engineering from IIUM in 2017. She was a graduate research assistant from 2009-
2016 and received IIUM Fellowship from 2011-2015 for her Ph.D degree. Currently, Nurul Arfah
works as a Asst. Prof. at the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Kulliyyah of
Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). Her research interest is in CMOS,
VLSI circuit design, Energy Harvesting and Wireless Sensor Networks, and signal processing of
capacitive sensor. Nurul Arfah is also a graduate member of the Instituition of Engineers Malaysia
since March 2018 and Member of Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), M’18,
since early 2018.
AHM Zahirul Alam works as a Professor at Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
International Islamic University Malaysia. Prof. AHM Zahirul Alam received his Doctorate of
Eng. at Kanazawa University, Japan in March 1996. He did his M.Sc. Engg. in Electrical and
Electronic Engineering and B.Sc. Engg. Electrical and Electronic Engineering, in Bangladesh
University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) in Bangladesh, both on July 1987 and August
1984, respectively. His research interest is in Solid state devices modeling and characterizations,
Microelectronic circuit design, VLSI circuit design, RF CMOS and RF MEMS, Antenna design,
Energy Harvesting and Wireless Sensor Networks, Fabrication processes and material
characterizations by XRD, FTIR, Raman Spectroscopy, AFM, TEM/SEM. AHM Zahirul Alam
also a Chartered Engineer member of Engineering Council, UK on Nov 2016. Other professional
background includes: Life Fellow of Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh (IEB, Bangladesh), since
2006, Life Fellow, Bangladesh Computer Society, since 2005, Senior Member of Institute of
Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), M’90, SM’06 (Sept 23, 2006), Member of Institution
of Engineering and Technology, IET since December 2015, Member of Institute of Electronics,
Information and Communication Engineers, IEICE, Japan, since 2007, Member of International
Association of Engineers, IAENG since 2016, Member of IEEE Electronic Devices Society,
Member of IEEE Instrument and Measurement Society and Founder Member of Bangladesh
Electronics Society since 1999.
9. Bulletin of Electr Eng and Inf ISSN: 2302-9285
Frequency dependency analysis for differential capacitive sensor (Nurul Arfah Che Mustapha)
797
Sheroz Khan received the B.Sc. degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from the N-W.F.P
University of Engineering and Technology (NWFP UET), Peshawar, Pakistan. He obtained MSc
degree in Microelectronic & Computer Engineering in 1990 from the University of Surrey, UK.
He obtained PhD in Electrical Engineering in 1994 from University of Strathclyde, UK. He
remained a faculty member within the department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at the
NWFP UET Peshawar until December 1999 until he joined UNITEN as a Principal Lecture in
January 2000. He is senior member of the IEEE and ahs his research interests in power electronics,
instrumentation and measurement, smart interfaces and biomedical electronics engineering. He has
authored two books and over 100 articles in journals and in the IEEE Proceedings. Dr. Sheroz
Khan also a Chartered Engineer member of Engineering Council, UK.
Amelia Wong Azman (M’06) received the B. Eng. Electronics from the University of
Southampton, United Kingdom in 2004 and a Ph.D. degree in 2011 from the University of
Queensland, Australia. She was a graduate research assistant for the National ICT Australia
(NICTA) from 2006-2010 working with a team on smart surveillance project. Currently she is a
lecturer in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering,
International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). Her research works are mostly in the area of
VLSI design, signal processing and rehabilitation engineering.