Multisim design and simulation of 2.2 g hz lna for wireless communicationVLSICS Design
This paper presents the work done on the design and simulation of a high frequency low noise amplifier for
wireless communication. The purpose of the amplifier is to amplify the received RF path of a wireless
network. With high gain, high sensitivity and low noise using Bipolar Junction transistor (BJT). The design
methodology requires analysis of the transistor for stability, proper matching, network selection and
fabrication. The BJT transistor was chosen for the design of the LNA due to its low noise and good gain at
high frequency. These properties were confirmed using some measurement techniques including Network
Analyzer, frequency analyzer Probe and Oscilloscope for the simulation and practical testing of the
amplifier to verify the performance of the designed High frequency Low noise amplifier. The design goals
of noise figure of 0.52dB-0.7dB and bias conditions are Vcc = 3.5 V and Icc= 55 mA to produce 16.8 dB
gain across the 0.4–2.2GHz band.
Noise Analysis on Indoor Power Line Communication Channelijsrd.com
The power line communication technology is now considered as a good alternative for the implementing communication network. Digital networks can be established using the same set of wires that is use to distribute the power signal through the power-line channel(PLC) because power line networks are excellent infrastructure for broadband data transmission however various noise exist due to stochastic change in the network load impedance. This paper is an attempt to identify different type of noise in PLC channel and investigate the performance of indoor channel of PLC system. The noise seen in the power-line channel varies with frequency, time and from line to line .in this paper we classify different type of noises its characteristics and the process to remove it from power line channel.
Area Efficient Reconfigurable Fast Filter Bank for Multi-Standard Wireless R...inventy
Research Inventy provides an outlet for research findings and reviews in areas of Engineering, Computer Science found to be relevant for national and international development, Research Inventy is an open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide research and applications related to Engineering. In its publications, to stimulate new research ideas and foster practical application from the research findings. The journal publishes original research of such high quality as to attract contributions from the relevant local and international communities.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Multisim design and simulation of 2.2 g hz lna for wireless communicationVLSICS Design
This paper presents the work done on the design and simulation of a high frequency low noise amplifier for
wireless communication. The purpose of the amplifier is to amplify the received RF path of a wireless
network. With high gain, high sensitivity and low noise using Bipolar Junction transistor (BJT). The design
methodology requires analysis of the transistor for stability, proper matching, network selection and
fabrication. The BJT transistor was chosen for the design of the LNA due to its low noise and good gain at
high frequency. These properties were confirmed using some measurement techniques including Network
Analyzer, frequency analyzer Probe and Oscilloscope for the simulation and practical testing of the
amplifier to verify the performance of the designed High frequency Low noise amplifier. The design goals
of noise figure of 0.52dB-0.7dB and bias conditions are Vcc = 3.5 V and Icc= 55 mA to produce 16.8 dB
gain across the 0.4–2.2GHz band.
Noise Analysis on Indoor Power Line Communication Channelijsrd.com
The power line communication technology is now considered as a good alternative for the implementing communication network. Digital networks can be established using the same set of wires that is use to distribute the power signal through the power-line channel(PLC) because power line networks are excellent infrastructure for broadband data transmission however various noise exist due to stochastic change in the network load impedance. This paper is an attempt to identify different type of noise in PLC channel and investigate the performance of indoor channel of PLC system. The noise seen in the power-line channel varies with frequency, time and from line to line .in this paper we classify different type of noises its characteristics and the process to remove it from power line channel.
Area Efficient Reconfigurable Fast Filter Bank for Multi-Standard Wireless R...inventy
Research Inventy provides an outlet for research findings and reviews in areas of Engineering, Computer Science found to be relevant for national and international development, Research Inventy is an open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide research and applications related to Engineering. In its publications, to stimulate new research ideas and foster practical application from the research findings. The journal publishes original research of such high quality as to attract contributions from the relevant local and international communities.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A New Compact and Wide-band Band-stop Filter Using Rectangular SRRTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper proposes a novel compact band-stop filter based on Rectangular SRR unit cell. The
BSF structure consists of modified microstrip line connected to 50 Ω feed line on both sides and
Rectangular-SRR which has been added and located in the center of the proposed design. The R-SRR
dimensions are chosen and optimized in order to achieve a resonant frequency in the undesired band.
This filter is designed, simulated and optimized using two electromagnetic solvers. The circuit
performances have been investigated and found to have an excellent BSF characterized by high power
rejection level in the stop-band, low insertion loss in the both pass-bands and compact size. The
experimental results illustrate that the proposed BSF achieves a wide fractional bandwidth of 72 % at
2.2GHz.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Modified DCT-based Audio Watermarking Optimization using Genetics AlgorithmTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Ease process digital data information exchange impact on the increase in cases of copyright
infringement. Audio watermarking is one solution in providing protection for the owner of the work. This
research aims to optimize the insertion parameters on Modified Discrete Cosine Transform (M-DCT) based
audio watermarking using a genetic algorithm, to produce better audio resistance. MDCT is applied after
reading host audio, then embedding in MDCT domain is applied by Quantization Index Modulation (QIM)
technique. Insertion within the MDCT domain is capable of generating a high imperceptible watermarked
audio due to its overlapping frame system. The system is optimized using genetic algorithms to improve
the value of imperceptibility and robustness in audio watermarking. In this research, the average SNR
reaches 20 dB, and ODG reaches -0.062. The subjective quality testing on the system obtains an average
MOS of 4.22 out of five songs tested. In addition, the system is able to withstand several attacks. The use
of M-DCT in audio watermaking is capable of producing excellent imperceptibility and better watermark
robustness.
Integrated DWDM and MIMO-OFDM System for 4G High Capacity Mobile Communicatio...CSCJournals
Dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) technique is a very promising data transmission technology for utilizing the capacity of the fiber. By DWDM, multiple signals (video, audio, data etc) staggered in wavelength domain can be multiplexed and transmitted down the same fiber. The Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless technology in combination with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) is an attractive air-interface solution for next-generation wireless local area networks (WLANs) and fourth-generation mobile cellular wireless systems. This article provides an overview of the integrated DWDM MIMO-OFDM technology and focuses on DWDM transmitter design with adequate dispersion compensation for high data rate of 10Gbps ,MIMO-OFDM system design, space-time coded signaling, receiver design and performance analysis in terms of bit error rate for Integrated system. The simulation is carried out using powerful software tools Optisystem and MATLAB . In this paper a 64 channel DWDM system is simulated for transmission of baseband NRZ signal over fiber. Each of the transmission is at bit rate of 10 Gbps leading to high data rate transmission of 640 Gbps.The resultant Bit Error Rate(BER) is in the range 10-12 for DWDM system which is given as input to MIMO-OFDM system..This system performance is analyzed in terms of BER with SNR for Rayleigh, and AWGN channels and BER of 10-4 is achieved at SNR of 10dbs
SIMULATIVE INVESTIGATION OF SINGLE-TONE ROF SYSTEM USING VARIOUS DUOBINARY MO...optljjournal
In this paper, the performance of single-tone Radio over Fiber (RoF) system has been analyzed by employing different duobinary modulation formats. This single-tone RoF system has been modeled and analyzed using OptiSystem (14.0) software. To evaluate the transmission performance of RoF system, various performance metrics such as Q-factor, BER, and Eye Height are considered. Simulation results indicate that duobinary Hyperbolic-Secant pulse generator format with Single Drive Mach-Zehnder modulator provides better Q-factor and minimum BER as compared to existing modulation format in RoF system.
Performance of the IEEE 802.15.4a UWB System using Two Pulse Shaping Techniqu...ijwmn
In Cognitive radio (CR) applications Ultra-wideband (UWB) impulse radio (IR) signals can be designed
such as they can co-exist with licensed primary users. The pulse shape should be adjusted such that the
power spectral characteristics not only meet the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) constrains,
but also mitigate multiple narrow-band interference at the locations of existing primary users. In this
paper, the Parks-McClellan (PM) Algorithm and the Eigen Value Decomposition (EVD) approach for
UWB impulse radio waveform shaping are considered. The power spectral density (PSD) and the bit-errorrate
(BER) performance of the two methods are compared in the presence of single and double narrowband
interference (NBI). The interference rejection capabilities of the two methods are evaluated and
compared for different interference and additive noise levels. In particular, the simulations consider the
coexistence of practical IEEE 802.15.4a UWB systems with both IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN systems
operating at 5.2 GHz and radio location services operating at 8.5 GHz.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Optimum FIR Filtersfor Digital Pulse Compression of Biphase Barker Codes with...IJERA Editor
In Wireless signals and Radar signals where power, real estate, speed and low cost are tight constraints and
Doppler tolerance is not a major concern biphase codes are popular and FIR filter is used for digital pulse
compression (DPC) implementation to achieve required range resolution. Disadvantage of low peak to sidelobe
ratio (PSR) of biphase codes can be overcome by linear programming for either single stage mismatched filter
or two stage approach i.e. matched filter followed by sidelobe suppression filter (SSF) filter. Linear
programming (LP) calls for longer filter lengths to obtain desirable PSR. Longer the filter length greater will be
the number of multipliers, hence more will be the requirement of logic resources used in the FPGAs and many
time becomes design challenge for system on chip (SoC) requirement.
This requirement of multipliers can be brought down by clustering the tap weights of the filter by kmeans
clustering algorithm at the cost of few dB deterioration in PSR. The cluster centroid as tap weight reduces logic
used in FPGA for FIR filters to a great extent by reducing number of weight multipliers. Since kmeans
clustering is an iterativealgorithm, centroid for weights cluster is different in different iterations and causes
different clusters. This causes difference in clustering of weights and sometimes even it may happen that lesser
number of multiplier and lesser length of filter provide better PSR.
In this paper few sample optimum biphase codes have been provided in tabular form with their optimum
sidelobe supression filter (SSF) with optimum lengths and minimum multipliers to achieve low sidelobe level of
-35 dBto -40 dB and have been compared against PSR achieved without clustering.Clustering is used in FIR
filter for pulse compression and its effect is seen on peak to sidelobe ratio. This is being a genericmethod for
FIR filters to reduce number of multipliers can be extended to other similar applications.
Double feedback technique for reduction of Noise LNA with gain enhancementijceronline
In this paper we present a balun low noise amplifier (LNA) in which the gain is boosted by using a double feedback structure. The circuit is based on a conventional balun LNA with noise and distortion cancelation. The LNA is based on the combination of a common-gate (CG) stage and common-source (CS) stage. We propose to replace the load resistors by active loads, which can be used to implement local feedback loops (in the CG and CS stages). This will boost the gain and reduce the noise figure (NF). Simulation results, with a 130nm CMOS technology, show that the gain is 24dB and the NF is less than 2.7dB. The total power dissipation is only 5.4mW (since no extra blocks are required), leading to a figure-of-merit (FOM) of 3.8mW-1 using a nominal 1.2V supply. Measurement results are presented for the proposed DFBLNA included in a receiver frontend for biomedical applications (ISM and WMTS).
A mitigation of channel crosstalk effect in dispersion shifted fiber based on...IJECEIAES
In fiber optics the Four Wave Mixing (FWM) has the harmful effect of an optical transmission system that can severely limit Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) and reduce the transmission aptness. This work preset the durability of the different modulation format was tested to FWM by using Dispersion Shifted Fiber (DSF). Moreover, the performance of the proposed system is surveyed by changing the fiber length and applying an information rate of 200 Gb/s. The experimental results show that the FWM capacity has decreased significantly by more than 14 dB when applying Return to Zero (RZ) modulation form. In addition, in terms of the propsed system performance in the first channel and with 700 km distance, it was observed that the lower Bit Error Rate (BER) in the normal RZ modulation is equal to 1.3×10 -13 . As well as it is noticeable when applied the Non Return to Zero (NRZ), the Modified Duobinary Return to Zero (MDRZ) and Gaussian modulation, the system performance will be quickly changed and getting worse, where the BERs increased to 1.3×10 consecutively at same channel and for the same parameters. -4 , 1.3×10 -6 and 1.3×10 -2
INVESTIGATION OF FWM EFFECT ON BER IN WDM OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM WITH B...ijdpsjournal
This paper simulates two channel WDM optical communication system to investigate the effect of FWM on Bit Error Rate for Duo-binary & binary modulation like NRZ Rectangular at different dispersion value ,core effective area of fiber & channel spacing for 100km long optical communication system. BER
got improved with duobinary modulation format & by increasing core effective area which will offer a significant performance benefit in digital systems.
Design and Implementation of a Low Noise Amplifier for Ultra Wideband Applica...IOSRJVSP
This paper represents the design and implementation of Low Noise Amplifier for Ultra wideband application using 0.18μm CMOS Technology. The proposed two stage LNA is for a 3-5 GHz. At supply voltage of 1.8V, for the exceed limit of 50μm of width of each transistor, the power consumption is 7.22mW. Noise figure is 4.33dB, Maximum power gain i.e. S21 is 20.4dB, S12 < -20dB, S11 < -8dB, S22 < -10dB. For the required bandwidth range, LNA is unconditionally stable and have good linearity
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A New Compact and Wide-band Band-stop Filter Using Rectangular SRRTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper proposes a novel compact band-stop filter based on Rectangular SRR unit cell. The
BSF structure consists of modified microstrip line connected to 50 Ω feed line on both sides and
Rectangular-SRR which has been added and located in the center of the proposed design. The R-SRR
dimensions are chosen and optimized in order to achieve a resonant frequency in the undesired band.
This filter is designed, simulated and optimized using two electromagnetic solvers. The circuit
performances have been investigated and found to have an excellent BSF characterized by high power
rejection level in the stop-band, low insertion loss in the both pass-bands and compact size. The
experimental results illustrate that the proposed BSF achieves a wide fractional bandwidth of 72 % at
2.2GHz.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Modified DCT-based Audio Watermarking Optimization using Genetics AlgorithmTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Ease process digital data information exchange impact on the increase in cases of copyright
infringement. Audio watermarking is one solution in providing protection for the owner of the work. This
research aims to optimize the insertion parameters on Modified Discrete Cosine Transform (M-DCT) based
audio watermarking using a genetic algorithm, to produce better audio resistance. MDCT is applied after
reading host audio, then embedding in MDCT domain is applied by Quantization Index Modulation (QIM)
technique. Insertion within the MDCT domain is capable of generating a high imperceptible watermarked
audio due to its overlapping frame system. The system is optimized using genetic algorithms to improve
the value of imperceptibility and robustness in audio watermarking. In this research, the average SNR
reaches 20 dB, and ODG reaches -0.062. The subjective quality testing on the system obtains an average
MOS of 4.22 out of five songs tested. In addition, the system is able to withstand several attacks. The use
of M-DCT in audio watermaking is capable of producing excellent imperceptibility and better watermark
robustness.
Integrated DWDM and MIMO-OFDM System for 4G High Capacity Mobile Communicatio...CSCJournals
Dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) technique is a very promising data transmission technology for utilizing the capacity of the fiber. By DWDM, multiple signals (video, audio, data etc) staggered in wavelength domain can be multiplexed and transmitted down the same fiber. The Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless technology in combination with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) is an attractive air-interface solution for next-generation wireless local area networks (WLANs) and fourth-generation mobile cellular wireless systems. This article provides an overview of the integrated DWDM MIMO-OFDM technology and focuses on DWDM transmitter design with adequate dispersion compensation for high data rate of 10Gbps ,MIMO-OFDM system design, space-time coded signaling, receiver design and performance analysis in terms of bit error rate for Integrated system. The simulation is carried out using powerful software tools Optisystem and MATLAB . In this paper a 64 channel DWDM system is simulated for transmission of baseband NRZ signal over fiber. Each of the transmission is at bit rate of 10 Gbps leading to high data rate transmission of 640 Gbps.The resultant Bit Error Rate(BER) is in the range 10-12 for DWDM system which is given as input to MIMO-OFDM system..This system performance is analyzed in terms of BER with SNR for Rayleigh, and AWGN channels and BER of 10-4 is achieved at SNR of 10dbs
SIMULATIVE INVESTIGATION OF SINGLE-TONE ROF SYSTEM USING VARIOUS DUOBINARY MO...optljjournal
In this paper, the performance of single-tone Radio over Fiber (RoF) system has been analyzed by employing different duobinary modulation formats. This single-tone RoF system has been modeled and analyzed using OptiSystem (14.0) software. To evaluate the transmission performance of RoF system, various performance metrics such as Q-factor, BER, and Eye Height are considered. Simulation results indicate that duobinary Hyperbolic-Secant pulse generator format with Single Drive Mach-Zehnder modulator provides better Q-factor and minimum BER as compared to existing modulation format in RoF system.
Performance of the IEEE 802.15.4a UWB System using Two Pulse Shaping Techniqu...ijwmn
In Cognitive radio (CR) applications Ultra-wideband (UWB) impulse radio (IR) signals can be designed
such as they can co-exist with licensed primary users. The pulse shape should be adjusted such that the
power spectral characteristics not only meet the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) constrains,
but also mitigate multiple narrow-band interference at the locations of existing primary users. In this
paper, the Parks-McClellan (PM) Algorithm and the Eigen Value Decomposition (EVD) approach for
UWB impulse radio waveform shaping are considered. The power spectral density (PSD) and the bit-errorrate
(BER) performance of the two methods are compared in the presence of single and double narrowband
interference (NBI). The interference rejection capabilities of the two methods are evaluated and
compared for different interference and additive noise levels. In particular, the simulations consider the
coexistence of practical IEEE 802.15.4a UWB systems with both IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN systems
operating at 5.2 GHz and radio location services operating at 8.5 GHz.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Optimum FIR Filtersfor Digital Pulse Compression of Biphase Barker Codes with...IJERA Editor
In Wireless signals and Radar signals where power, real estate, speed and low cost are tight constraints and
Doppler tolerance is not a major concern biphase codes are popular and FIR filter is used for digital pulse
compression (DPC) implementation to achieve required range resolution. Disadvantage of low peak to sidelobe
ratio (PSR) of biphase codes can be overcome by linear programming for either single stage mismatched filter
or two stage approach i.e. matched filter followed by sidelobe suppression filter (SSF) filter. Linear
programming (LP) calls for longer filter lengths to obtain desirable PSR. Longer the filter length greater will be
the number of multipliers, hence more will be the requirement of logic resources used in the FPGAs and many
time becomes design challenge for system on chip (SoC) requirement.
This requirement of multipliers can be brought down by clustering the tap weights of the filter by kmeans
clustering algorithm at the cost of few dB deterioration in PSR. The cluster centroid as tap weight reduces logic
used in FPGA for FIR filters to a great extent by reducing number of weight multipliers. Since kmeans
clustering is an iterativealgorithm, centroid for weights cluster is different in different iterations and causes
different clusters. This causes difference in clustering of weights and sometimes even it may happen that lesser
number of multiplier and lesser length of filter provide better PSR.
In this paper few sample optimum biphase codes have been provided in tabular form with their optimum
sidelobe supression filter (SSF) with optimum lengths and minimum multipliers to achieve low sidelobe level of
-35 dBto -40 dB and have been compared against PSR achieved without clustering.Clustering is used in FIR
filter for pulse compression and its effect is seen on peak to sidelobe ratio. This is being a genericmethod for
FIR filters to reduce number of multipliers can be extended to other similar applications.
Double feedback technique for reduction of Noise LNA with gain enhancementijceronline
In this paper we present a balun low noise amplifier (LNA) in which the gain is boosted by using a double feedback structure. The circuit is based on a conventional balun LNA with noise and distortion cancelation. The LNA is based on the combination of a common-gate (CG) stage and common-source (CS) stage. We propose to replace the load resistors by active loads, which can be used to implement local feedback loops (in the CG and CS stages). This will boost the gain and reduce the noise figure (NF). Simulation results, with a 130nm CMOS technology, show that the gain is 24dB and the NF is less than 2.7dB. The total power dissipation is only 5.4mW (since no extra blocks are required), leading to a figure-of-merit (FOM) of 3.8mW-1 using a nominal 1.2V supply. Measurement results are presented for the proposed DFBLNA included in a receiver frontend for biomedical applications (ISM and WMTS).
A mitigation of channel crosstalk effect in dispersion shifted fiber based on...IJECEIAES
In fiber optics the Four Wave Mixing (FWM) has the harmful effect of an optical transmission system that can severely limit Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) and reduce the transmission aptness. This work preset the durability of the different modulation format was tested to FWM by using Dispersion Shifted Fiber (DSF). Moreover, the performance of the proposed system is surveyed by changing the fiber length and applying an information rate of 200 Gb/s. The experimental results show that the FWM capacity has decreased significantly by more than 14 dB when applying Return to Zero (RZ) modulation form. In addition, in terms of the propsed system performance in the first channel and with 700 km distance, it was observed that the lower Bit Error Rate (BER) in the normal RZ modulation is equal to 1.3×10 -13 . As well as it is noticeable when applied the Non Return to Zero (NRZ), the Modified Duobinary Return to Zero (MDRZ) and Gaussian modulation, the system performance will be quickly changed and getting worse, where the BERs increased to 1.3×10 consecutively at same channel and for the same parameters. -4 , 1.3×10 -6 and 1.3×10 -2
INVESTIGATION OF FWM EFFECT ON BER IN WDM OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM WITH B...ijdpsjournal
This paper simulates two channel WDM optical communication system to investigate the effect of FWM on Bit Error Rate for Duo-binary & binary modulation like NRZ Rectangular at different dispersion value ,core effective area of fiber & channel spacing for 100km long optical communication system. BER
got improved with duobinary modulation format & by increasing core effective area which will offer a significant performance benefit in digital systems.
Design and Implementation of a Low Noise Amplifier for Ultra Wideband Applica...IOSRJVSP
This paper represents the design and implementation of Low Noise Amplifier for Ultra wideband application using 0.18μm CMOS Technology. The proposed two stage LNA is for a 3-5 GHz. At supply voltage of 1.8V, for the exceed limit of 50μm of width of each transistor, the power consumption is 7.22mW. Noise figure is 4.33dB, Maximum power gain i.e. S21 is 20.4dB, S12 < -20dB, S11 < -8dB, S22 < -10dB. For the required bandwidth range, LNA is unconditionally stable and have good linearity
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Unified PID Control Methodology to Meet Plant ObjectivesJim Cahill
Presented at the AIChE 2013 Spring Meeting and 9th Global Congress on Process Safety meeting by Greg McMillan, CDI Process & Industrial and Hector Torres, Eastman Chemical
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
In this work, a highly linear Cascode CMOS LNA is presented. Linearity issues in RF receiver frontend are discussed, followed by an analysis of the specifications and requirements of a LNA through consideration of multi-standard LNA. Device non-linear characteristics cause linearity problems in the RF front-end system. To solve this problem, Post linearization technique for inductively degenerated L-deg common source Cascode Low Noise Amplifier is presented, which improves linearity performance with small gain loss and current consumption as consequence.The LNA presented has 1.0GHz - 3.2GHz frequency range designed using TSMC 0.18µm CMOS process. The linearized LNA achieves an IIP3 of 5.0 dBm, with P-1dB of -14 dBm, 13.8 dB gain max , NF 2.03dB and power utilization of 19.4 mWat 1.8 volt power supply Gaurav R. Agrawal | Leena A. Yelmule "Linear CMOS LNA" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19087.pdf
Optimization of Cmos 0.18 µM Low Noise Amplifier Using Nsga-Ii for UWB Applic...VLSICS Design
A design and optimization of 3-5 GHz single ended Radio Frequency (RF) Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) for
ultra-wide-band (UWB) applications using standard UMC 0.18 μm CMOS technology is reported.
Designing of RF circuit components is a challenging job, since even after performing lengthy calculations
and finding parameter values it is less guarantee that the design performs as expected. In view of this the
optimization tool; Elitist Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II); has been employed to get
the optimized starting values of components in the proposed LNA design. The obtained NSGA-II
parameters were simulated using Cadence Spectre- RF simulator. The designed Low Noise Amplifier
achieves a power gain of 22 dB and a minimum Noise Figure of 3 dB is achieved. It dissipates 12.5 mW of
power out of 1.8 V supply.
Compressive spectrum sensing using two-stage scheme for cognitive radio netwo...IJECEIAES
The modern applications of communications that use wideband signals suffer the lacking since the resources of this kind of signals are limited especially for fifth generation (5G). The compressive spectrum sensing (COMPSS) techniques address such issues to reuse the detected signals in the networks and applications of 5G. However, the raw techniques of COMPSS have low compression ratio and high computational complexity rather than high level of noise variance. In this paper, a hybrid COMPSS scheme has been developed for both non-cooperative and cooperative cognitive radio networks. The proposed scheme compiles on discrete wavelet transform single resolution (DWT-SR) cascaded with discrete cosine transform (DCT). The first is constructed according to the pyramid algorithm to achieve 50% while the second performed 30% compression ratios. The simulation and analytic results reveal the significant detection performance of the proposed technique is better than that of the raw COMPSS techniques.
For effective implementation of Software Defined
Radio (SDR) in any RF application, a proper choice of data
converter is an essential requirement. This paper describes the
requirement of data converters in SDR, their key specificati
ons that impact the SDR performance and a comparison of
various data converters from leading vendors, which are
suitable in an SDR application.
Pulse shaping methods for inter carrier interference reduction in OFDM systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The weakness of the orthogonal freuency division multiplexing (OFDM) system is susceptible to the existence of carrier frequency offset (CFO) which causes the emergence of inter carrier interference (ICI) which causes a degradation of performance OFDM systems. This study aims to apply the suggested rectangular (REC) pulse and improved sinc-power (ISP) pulse shaping methods on OFDM system and determines ICI reduction with the effects of CFO over flat fading Rayleigh channels. The performance of each pulse shaping method is evaluated and compared based on parameter ICI power vs. normalized frequency offset, signal to interference ratio (SIR) vs. normalized frequency offset and bit error rate (BER) vs. energy bit per noise (Eb/No). The simulation result in terms of BER vs. Eb/No indicated that REC and ISP pulse shaping has better performance dealing with ICI reduction compared to OFDM system no applied pulse shaping. In addition, the ISP is able to mitigate ICI better than REC.
OPTIMIZATION OF CMOS 0.18 M LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER USING NSGA-II FOR UWBVLSICS Design
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Designing and Performance Evaluation of 64 QAM OFDM SystemIOSR Journals
Abstract (11Bold) : — In this report, the performance analysis of 64 QAM-OFDM wireless communication
systems affected by AWGN in terms of Symbol Error Rate and Throughput is addressed. 64 QAM (64 ary
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) is the one of the effective digital modulation technique as it is more power
efficient for larger values of M(64). The MATLAB script based model of the 64 QAM-OFDM system with
normal AWGN channel and Rayleigh fading channel has been made for study error performance and
throughput under different channel conditions. This simulated model maximizes the system throughput in the
presence of narrowband interference, while guaranteeing a SER below a predefined threshold. The SER
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quadratic form D in complex Gaussian random variables. Lastly comparative study of SER performance of 64
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performance of the system is given in terms of throughput (received bits/ofm symbol) is given in a plot for
different SNR. Keywords (11Bold) –64 QAM, BPSK, OFDM, PDF, SNR.
Designing and Performance Evaluation of 64 QAM OFDM SystemIOSR Journals
In this report, the performance analysis of 64 QAM-OFDM wireless communication
systems affected by AWGN in terms of Symbol Error Rate and Throughput is addressed. 64 QAM (64 ary
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) is the one of the effective digital modulation technique as it is more power
efficient for larger values of M(64). The MATLAB script based model of the 64 QAM-OFDM system with
normal AWGN channel and Rayleigh fading channel has been made for study error performance and
throughput under different channel conditions. This simulated model maximizes the system throughput in the
presence of narrowband interference, while guaranteeing a SER below a predefined threshold. The SER
calculation is accomplished by means of modelling the decision variable at the receiver as a particular case of
quadratic form D in complex Gaussian random variables. Lastly comparative study of SER performance of 64
QAM-OFDM simulated & 64 QAM-OFDM theoretical under AWGN channel has been given. Also
performance of the system is given in terms of throughput (received bits/ofm symbol) is given in a plot for
different SNR
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Ijarcet vol-2-issue-4-1389-1392
1. ISSN: 2278 – 1323
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET)
Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2013
1389
www.ijarcet.org
Abstract— GMSK is most prominent standards around the
world. Global System for Mobile communication (GSM),
Digital European Cordless Telephone (DECT), Cellular Digital
Packet Data (CDPD), Digital communications system in the
1800 MHz band (DCS1800 in Europe), Personal
communications services in the 1900 MHz band (PCS1900) in
U.S., all use GMSK as their modulation format. The reason
GMSK is used for GSM is its High spectral efficiency, MSK
uses phase variation for modulation so better immune to noise.
Non linear amplifiers are used to give better response and
consumes less power so low battery usage which is an
important parameter in cellular technologies. Gaussian
Minimum Shift keying modulation scheme is a derivative of
MSK. In GMSK, the side lobe levels of the spectrum
introduced in MSK are further reduced by passing the
modulating NRZ data waveform through a pre modulation
Gaussian pulse-shaping filter. ISI degrade the performance of
GMSK. In this paper we suggested the methods for reduction
in the ISI. GMSK performance is improved by using optimum
filters, Viterbi-adaptive equalization and soft decision Viterbi
decoding.
Index Terms— Bit Error Rate (BER), Gaussian filter,
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK), Inter Symbol
Interference (ISI), Minimum Shift Keying (MSK), Signal to
Noise Ratio (SNR).
I. INTRODUCTION
The increasing demand in the amounts of data to be
transferred through the wireless media arise the need for
different modulation methods. In telecommunication
systems the information is transmitted by means of some
kind of modulation of high frequency electromagnetic
waves. If the data to be transmitted is digital, digital
modulation schemes are used [2].They present different
tradeoffs between cost and tolerance to noise and other
disturbances, spectral efficiency etc. One of the most widely used
digital modulation technique is Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
(GMSK). GMSK is a member of the minimum shift keying
(MSK) modulation family. In the GMSK the phase of the
carrier signal is continuously varied by the antipodal signal,
which has been shaped by the Gaussian filter. Since it is
type of MSK, it has a modulation index of 0.5. Gaussian
filter concentrates the energy, allowing for the lower out of
Dharma Devi, Department of ECE, ACET Eternal University BARU
SAHIB, Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh, India, 08627866549.
Mrs. Abhilasha Sharma, Astt. Prof.Department of ECE, ACET Eternal
University BARU SAHIB, Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh, India,
09805441178.
band power [16]. The constant envelope allows GMSK to be
less susceptible to a fading environment.
II. RELATED WORK
Lee, Chung, and Kim [11] analyze coherent demodulation
of a GMSK signal, using a MSK-type receiver. Use of a
simple MSK-type receiver to detect GMSK results in a
degradation of about 0.3 dB at BER =10−5
when compared
to MSK (that is, filters matched to MSK result in negligible
degradation when used with GMSK).
Turkmani and Carter [12] study the impact of co-channel
interference (CCI) on GMSK (BT = 0.3) in a Rayleigh
fading environment using an MSK-type receiver. They
found that the irreducible error rate decreases with the
fading rate values as would be encountered in GSM.
Smith and Wittke [13] investigate the symbol error
probability of GMSK using differential demodulation in a
Rician fast fading environment. With the effect of the 22
infinite sequence of ISI considered, the conditional and
average probability of error is formulated and compared for
filter bandwidth and average SNR, with and without fading.
It is shown that, for BT = 0.6, GMSK has an equivalent
error performance comparable to MSK.
For low signals probability of error of MSK is better than
GMSK. For higher signals probability of error of GMSK is
better as compared to probability of error of MSK [17].
III. GAUSSIAN FILTER
A filter with Gaussian impulse response can be used as
pre-filtering of the symbols prior to the continuous phase
modulation. Its purpose is to control the modulated signal
bandwidth. The Gaussian filter is characterized by its BT
product (B-is the -3dB bandwidth, T is the symbol
period=1/f symbol rate). The lower the BT product, the narrower
the modulation bandwidth and the higher the inter symbol
interference. The width of the Gaussian filter is determined
by the bandwidth-time product BT. For GSM the
bandwidth-time product (BT) is 0.3 and for CDPD the
bandwidth-time product (BT) is 0.5. The impulse responses
of Gaussian filter for GSM and CDPD is shown in figure 1
and 2 respectively.
BER PERFORMANCE OF GMSK USING
MATLAB
Dharma Devi, Mrs. Abhilasha Sharma
2. ISSN: 2278 – 1323
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET)
Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2013
1390
www.ijarcet.org
Fig.1 Impulse response of Gaussian filter for GSM
BT = 0.28 can be adopted as the digital modulation for
conventional UHF (300-1000 MHz, IEEE designation)
mobile radio communications without carrier frequency drift
where the out-of-band radiation power in the adjacent
channel to the total power in the desired channel must be
lower than -60 dB.
Fig.2 Impulse response of Gaussian filter for CDPD
IV. MINIMUM SHIFT KEYING
Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) is a continuous phase (CP)
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) binary modulation format.
FSK is the digital equivalent of analog frequency
modulation (FM). MSK is a form of FSK, with modulation
index h = 0.5 yielding the minimum frequency separation
for orthogonal signaling over a signaling interval of length T
[8]. MSK is popular in wireless communications because of
its desirable characteristics. Desirable characteristics for
digital modulation for land mobile radio are compact output
power spectrum, applicability of class-C nonlinear power
amplifiers, high immunity to noise and interference, and
ease of implementation [14]. Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)
modulation satisfies the above requirements for non-
coherent MSK demodulation:
𝑃𝑒 =
1
2
exp −
1
2
𝐸 𝑏
𝑁0
(1)
Where 𝑃𝑒 is the probability of bit error.
V. GAUSSIAN MINIMUM SHIFT KEYING
To make the MSK output power spectrum more compact,
the pre modulation LPF should meet the following
conditions narrow bandwidth and sharp cut off to suppress
high frequency components, small overshoot impulse
response to prevent excess deviation of the instantaneous
frequency, and preservation of an integrated filter output
pulse capable of accommodating a 90 degree phase shift to
ensure coherent demodulation [5]. A pre modulation
Gaussian LPF satisfying the above requirements is adopted
for Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) modulation,
where the data sequence (i.e., an information pulse train) is
passed through a Gaussian LPF filter, and the output of the
filter is MSK modulated [10]. The width of the Gaussian
filter is determined by the bandwidth-time product BT (e.g.,
BT = 0.3 for GSM and BT = 0.5 for CDPD). The trade-off
of having a more compact spectrum is that a pre modulation
filter spreads the signal pulse and, thus, introduces inter-
symbol interference (ISI) in the transmitted signal. The
Gaussian pre modulation filtering spreads the pulse over an
interval greater than T (the bit duration, equivalent to the
inverse of the bit rate R), making GMSK a partial response
signal (in a full response signal, the pulse is confined to the
interval T). Differentially encoded rectangular data stream is
filtered using a Gaussian low pass filter of 3-dB band width
[7]. The impulse response of the Gaussian filter is given by
𝑡 =
1
2𝜋𝜎𝑇
𝑒𝑥𝑝
−𝑡2
2𝜎2 𝑇2 (2)
Where
𝜎 =
ln 2
2𝜋𝐵𝑇
, (3)
With BT=0.3 for GSM.
B is the 3dB bandwidth of the filter. The square pulse
response g(t) of the Gaussian low pass filter is:
𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑡 ∗ 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑡
𝑇
(4)
Where the rectangular function rect(x) is defined by:
𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑡
𝑇
=
1
𝑇
, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 <
𝑇
2
0, 𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
(5)
.
VI. GMSK BIT ERROR RATE
The bit error rate for GMSK was first found in for
AWGN channels, and was shown to offer performance
within 1 dB of optimum MSK when BT=0.3.The bit error
probability is a function of BT, since the pulse shaping
impacts ISI [15]. The bit error probability for GMSK is
given by,
𝑃𝑒 = 𝑄
2𝛼 𝐸 𝑏
𝑁0
(6)
Where 𝛼 is a constant related to BT by 𝛼=0.68 for GMSK
with BT=0.3. Where Q(t) is the Q-function
𝑄 𝑡 =
1
2𝜋
𝑒𝑥𝑝
−𝛼2
2
𝑑𝛼
∞
𝑡
(7)
For GMSK, the BERs of coherent and non coherent
demodulation will be degraded from these optimum values
because of the ISI introduced by the pre modulation
Gaussian filtering [1]. The GMSK modulation is a certain
kind of binary digital modulation, its BER performance
bound in the high SNR condition. Schemes that rely on
3. ISSN: 2278 – 1323
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET)
Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2013
1391
www.ijarcet.org
more than two levels (e.g. QAM, QPSK) require better
signal to noise ratios (SNR) than two-level schemes for
similar BER performance. The performance of a GMSK
modem is generally quantified by measurement of the
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) versus BER.
VII. OPTIMUM IF PRE DETECTION FILTER
At the receiver, an IF band pass filter (i.e., a pre detection
filter) is used to pass the signal, but to band-limit the noise
entering the receiver (and filter out adjacent channel
interference) [4]. The optimum IF filter bandwidth-time
constant, BT, maximizes the signal power relative to the
noise power.
VIII. INTERSYMBOL INTERFERENCE (ISI)
Inter symbol interference (ISI) is a situation in which the
energy from one symbol slot is spread out over neighboring
symbol slots. ISI introduced either by the channel, when the
RMS delay spread becomes an appreciable fraction of the
bit period, or by the filtering of the data pulses, in order to
reduce the out of band power, before the modulation process
[6]. ISI significantly degrade the ability of the receiver to
differentiate a current symbol from the diffused energy of
the adjacent channels therefore decreases the bit error rate
(BER) performance.
IX. TECHNIQUES USED
The quadrature channels of the modulator and demodulator
must be time synchronized, amplitude balanced, and in
phase quadrature to minimize overall system degradation.
Implementations making use of in-phase and quadrature
channel mixers to realize the conversion and matched filters
as low-pass equivalents are particularly advantageous
because of their compatibility with microwave integrated-
circuit fabrication techniques [9]. At the receiver, an IF band
pass filter (i.e., a pre detection filter) is used to pass the
signal, but to band-limit the noise entering the receiver (and
filter out adjacent channel interference). The optimum IF
filter bandwidth-time constant maximizes the signal power
relative to the noise power. Viterbi-adaptive equalization
and soft decision Viterbi decoding is used to cope with the
severe time and frequency-selective distortions caused by
propagation phenomena. A soft-decision Viterbi algorithm
allows the performance of some GSM traffic and control
channels to be considerably improved with respect to hard
decisions. Improvement can be achieved with a not too
heavy increase of hardware complexity. Linear equalization
is required in GSM to mitigate the ISI introduced by the pre
modulation filtering, multipath, and pre detection band pass
filtering [3]. GSM specifications require that equalizers
should be able to compensate for delay spreads up to 16µs.
Adaptive linear equalization facilitates the mitigation of ISI
introduced by the channel (e.g., by dynamic multipath), as
well as ISI due to filtering.
X. SIMULATION RESULTS
Bit error rate (BER) performance of MSK and GMSK is
tested for different values of SNR using MAT LAB. Table 1
shows the BER performance of MSK and GMSK.
Table 1. BER performance of MSK and GMSK
SNR BER(MSK) BER(GMSK)
0 0.5 0.3032
1 0.4506 0.2664
2 0.3549 0.2263
3 0.2664 0.1843
4 0.1894 0.1424
5 0.1267 0.1028
6 0.0792 0.0683
7 0.0459 0.0407
8 0.0242 0.0213
9 0.0114 0.0094
Fig. 3 BER performance of MSK
Fig. 4 BER performance of GMSK
Figure 3 and 4 shows BER Vs SNR graph for MSK and
GMSK. For higher values of SNR GMSK is better as
compared to MSK.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SNR
BER(MSK)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SNR
BER(GMSK)
4. ISSN: 2278 – 1323
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET)
Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2013
1392
www.ijarcet.org
Fig. 5 Eye diagram of GMSK with ISI
ISI significantly degrade the ability of the receiver to
differentiate the original signal from the noise, therefore
decreases the bit error rate performance. Figure 5 shows the
eye diagram of GMSK with inter symbol interference.
Fig. 6 Eye diagram of GMSK without ISI
Inter symbol interference is reduced by applying different
techniques discussed in this paper. Figure 6 shows eye
diagram of GMSK without inter symbol interference (ISI).
XI. CONCLUSION
The goal of this research is to make a significant
contribution to the field of communications by finding better
ways to modulate and demodulate GMSK in the mobile
radio environment. GMSK is a result of the attempts to
improve the MSK power spectrum. GMSK is a more
compact spectrum, with the application of the low pass
filter, helping to reduce its spectral side lobes. In this paper
we described the BER performance of GMSK with non
coherent detector in AWGN environment. It is observed that
GMSK is slightly superior to MSK when the interference
signal is strong. This observation confirms that GMSK
possesses attractive power spectrum properties for a digital
communication. Further we can obtain optimum result by
using co-relaters or matched filters as receivers. The
probability of error of GMSK can be reduced by increasing
number of transmitted symbols.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Dharma Devi author wishes to express her sincere
gratitude to Mrs. Abhilasha Sharma Astt. Prof. ACET
Eternal University BARU SAHIB for guiding her
throughout the current research work.
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