Granulation process may be defined as a process wherein small particles adhere together by forming bonds between them , resulting in the formation of large aggregates called granules.
The most common method of drug delivery is oral dosage
form of which tablet and capsule are predominant.
Tablet is more accepted as compared to capsule due to
many reason such as cost, tamper resistance, ease of
handling, ease of identification and manufacturing efficiency.
Tablet compression process understanding is resulted in
development of formulation.
Recent advances in the design of tablet compression
equipment has conducted resulted in higher efficiency,
minimized tablet variation, greater flexibility.
A detailed study on tablets, its classification, excipients, tablet granulation, methods of granulation, compression machines, equipment tooling and the problems that occur during the tablet manufacturing process. This presentation is based on the PCI syllabus for bpharm students of fifth semester.
COATING PROCESS : PRINCIPLE : Tablet Coating is the process of a coating composition to a moving bed of tablets with the concurrent use of heated air to facilitate evaporation of solvent . The distribution of coating is accomplished by the movement of tablets either perpendicular or vertical to the application of the coating composition
Description of Construction, Working and Application of Pharmaceutical Machin...Makrani Shaharukh
Description of Construction, Working and Application of Pharmaceutical Machinery Such as Rotary Tablet Machine, Fluidized Bed Coater, Fluid Energy Mill and Humidifier.
Granulation process may be defined as a process wherein small particles adhere together by forming bonds between them , resulting in the formation of large aggregates called granules.
The most common method of drug delivery is oral dosage
form of which tablet and capsule are predominant.
Tablet is more accepted as compared to capsule due to
many reason such as cost, tamper resistance, ease of
handling, ease of identification and manufacturing efficiency.
Tablet compression process understanding is resulted in
development of formulation.
Recent advances in the design of tablet compression
equipment has conducted resulted in higher efficiency,
minimized tablet variation, greater flexibility.
A detailed study on tablets, its classification, excipients, tablet granulation, methods of granulation, compression machines, equipment tooling and the problems that occur during the tablet manufacturing process. This presentation is based on the PCI syllabus for bpharm students of fifth semester.
COATING PROCESS : PRINCIPLE : Tablet Coating is the process of a coating composition to a moving bed of tablets with the concurrent use of heated air to facilitate evaporation of solvent . The distribution of coating is accomplished by the movement of tablets either perpendicular or vertical to the application of the coating composition
Description of Construction, Working and Application of Pharmaceutical Machin...Makrani Shaharukh
Description of Construction, Working and Application of Pharmaceutical Machinery Such as Rotary Tablet Machine, Fluidized Bed Coater, Fluid Energy Mill and Humidifier.
Optimal Tablet Press Operation - Machine vs. GranulationTechceuticals LLC
Clearly defining the role of the operator is important in any endeavor, but it is especially critical in the successful manufacture of a good tablet. An experienced tablet press operator can take a marginal granulation and make it work successfully and can differentiate between a machine-related issue and a granulation-related issue. Many granulation problems can be solved on the press, but they can be created on the press as well. A successful run can be defined as an operation of the tablet press for a predetermined length of time without continued tablet problems such as picking, capping, weight variations, and hardness variation. In addition, the tablet press and tooling must complete the run without being damaged. A successful tablet press run can be defined as one that produces excellent tablets with minimum downtime and little to no wear to the mechanical components of the press and press tooling. Supervisors may wonder, Is this possible? Yes, it is very possible.
Tableting/Capsule Filling Mechanisms in Pharmaceutical IndustriesAseel Abuhamda
The pressing of granules to tablets is Tableting/Compression. This ppt simply describes tableting and capsule filling mechanisms in pharmaceutical industries.
Tegramin is a High Quality Specimen Preparation systemAimil Ltd
Tegramin powerful preparation system for materials that made as sturdy and durable design and so cover improved safety. It is three different disc sizes are Tegramin-30 (300 mm), tegramin-25 (250 mm) and tegramin-20 (200 mm).
The Powerful High Quality Specimen Preparation by Tegramin system for materials that made perfect preparation results.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
2. TABLET COMPRESSION MACHINE
The tablet press is a high-speed mechanical device.
It compresses the ingredients into the required tablet
shape with extreme precision.
It can make the tablet in many shapes, although they are
usually round or oval.
After the preparation of granules either by wet granulation,
dry granulation or direct compression they are
compressed to get final product.
The compression is done either by single punch machine
(stamping press) or by multi station machine (rotary
press).
2
4. Each tablet is made by pressing the granules inside a die,
made up of hardened steel.
The die is a disc shape with a hole cut through its centre.
The powder is compressed in the centre of the die by two
hardened steel punches that fit into the top and bottom of
the die.
The punches and dies are fixed to a turret that spins round.
As it spins, the punches are driven together by two fixed
cams an upper cam and lower cam.
The top of the upper punch (the punch head) sits on the
upper cam edge .
The bottom of the lower punch sits on the lower cam edge.
4
TABLET COMPRESSION MACHINE
5. STEPS IN TABLET COMPRESSION
Complete cycle of compression occurs in four stages:
Stage 1:
Top Punch is withdrawn from die by upper cam.
Lower punch is low in the die, so powder falls through the hole
in the die to fill it.
Stage 2:
Bottom punch moves up adjust the powder weight.
It raises & expels the excess powder.
Stage 3:
Top punch is driven in to die by upper cam& bottom punch is
lowered by lower cam.
Both punches heads passes between heavy rollers to
compress the powder.
5
6. Stage 4:
Top punch is withdrawn by upper cam.
Lower punch is pushed up with ejects the tablet out of the die
Stage 5: return to stage 1.
6
7. PARTS OF TABLET COMPRESSION MACHINE
1. Hopper
2. Feeder System
3. Punches
4. Die System
5. Turret
6. Cam Tracks
7. Filling Station & Weight Control
8. Compression Rollers
9. Ejection Cam
10. Take –off blade and Discharge Chute
7
8. 1. HOPPER
The tablet compression process
starts from here. It is at this point
from where powder flows in to die
through feed frame
Tablet press hoppers come in a
wide range of shapes and designs.
Which helps the material to flow
seamlessly into the tablet
compression chamber.
Depending on the design of a tablet
press machine, the powder can be
filled manually or using other
automated systems.
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9. 9
The design of the system should be such that it allows an
accurate and consistent amount of powder to flow to the
punch and die system.
Tablet press machine feeder system is made up two critical
components:
1. Feeder housing
Material from the hopper will enter the dye system through
the housing. The feeding process should be consistent and
accurate to produce high quality tablets.
The feeding housing is made of stainless steel 316L, since it
is in contact with the product.
Also, the product must not stick on the feeder housing as it
will cause inconsistencies during the feeding process.
2. Feeder System
10. 2. Feed peddles
Quite a number of high speed rotary tablet press machines
have a feed peddles.
The feed peddles ensures consistent and accurate material
feeding into the die systems.
Without a feed peddle, especially if the machine is operating
at a high speed, there could be chances of some dies being
filled half way.
This may result in tablets with varying thickness or the
degree of compaction.
10
11. 3. PUNCHES
To produce the desired tablets, punches move within the die,
thereby compressing powder into the desired tablets.
In any tablet press machine there is
Upper punch system
The tablet press upper punches are on the upper section of the
rotary system. They move vertically, in and out of the die bore.
Lower punch system
The lower punches are on the lower section of the rotary
system of the tablet press machine. During the tablet
compression process, the lower punches remain within the die
bore throughout the entire cycle.
11
13. 4. DIE SYSTEM
In the die cavity the powder is compressed into desired
tablets of definite thickness and size.
It is the die cavity that determines both the thickness and
size of a tablet.
Like the punches, a die system should have the following
key features:
1. Clean impression on every punch
2. Prevent chipping or damaging of tablets
3. Feature anti-corrosion protection
4. Have non-stick treatment
13
14. Tapering angle is the a critical aspect of die cavity since
it allows excess air to escape, while minimizing the
tablet ejection force and frictional heat.
Other technical specifications include die height,
chamfer, die bore and die diameter.
14
15. 5. TURRET
The rotating turrets have holes that host the die system of a
tablet making machine.
Every bore on its surface ensures the die and punch are fully
aligned for optimal tablet making process.
Turret in tablet press determines the number of stations which
helps to determine the production capacity of the machine for
every complete rotation of the turret.
with a properly designed tablet tooling system, you can easily
incorporate the multi-tip punches which is common in the high
capacity tablet press machines.
15
17. 6. CAM TRACKS
17
The main work of the cam tracks is to guide the upper and
lower punches in different stages in the tablet compression
process.
As the turret rotates, it is the cam trucks that move the
punches in an up and down motion which helps to control
filling, compression and ejection of already processed tablets.
As the upper cam withdraws top punches from the die, powder
flows in filling the cavity.
On the other hand, the lower cam track pushes the bottom
punches upwards within the die cavity.
This makes the die to be overfilled by material, allowing for
accurate adjustment of the die content.
18. To achieve a maximum compression force, the upper cam track
drives the top punch and the lower cam adjusts the bottom
punch.
With the tablet compressed to the desired specifications, the
upper cam withdraws top punches.
On the other hand, the lower punches move upwards to expel
the compressed tablets with the help of lower cam.
18
19. 7. FILLING STATION & WEIGHT CONTROL
19
With the help of different movements of the cam systems,
material will flow into the die cavity depending on the position of
the punches.
A critical procedure in this section of tablet compression process
in the:
Weight control
By controlling the depth fill, tableting machine can easily
regulate the content within its die cavity. Normally, with the help
of lower cam track, the bottom punch moves upwards to a
predetermined height.
This ensures the die cavity is filled to a required depth before
any compression process begins.
20. 20
• At times, as the bottom punch moves up, the excess powder
may overflow. Therefore, to avoid wastages, the excess
powder automatically moves to the next die cavity, which is
just about to be filled.
21. 8. COMPRESSION ROLLERS
Air may get entrapped with in the particle during
compression of powder to desired shape and size..
To prevent this, tablet compression machines feature a
series of rollers that exert a sufficient amount of force to
compress the powder. That is, they expel air first before
the compression process begins.
Most machines have two sets of rollers:
1. Pre-compression rollers
2. Main compression rollers
21
22. Pre-compression rollers
These are the very first rollers in rotary tablet press.
Basically, these rollers apply a small amount of force on the
upper and lower punches.
This gives the initial compression force.
The aim of this process is to remove air that could be in the
die or powder particles.
Any air within the die cavity or powder particles will
obviously result in low quality tables.
This process is necessary for the reason that, any powder in
the machine’s hopper may have air between its particles.
22
23. Main compression rollers
Main compression rollers exert a predetermined amount of force
(final compression force) for the formation of tablets.
The compression force at this stage is higher than the pre-
compression force.
It is important that the rollers remain stable with no vibration
during the entire process to ensure consistency of the tablets’
thickness and size.
23
24. 24
Ejection cam is located just after the main compression rollers.
The ejection cams steadily and slowly push the bottom punch
upwards. At the same time, the top cams move up and so are the top
punches.
As a result, the fully compressed tablets leave the die cavity, i.e. the
compressed tablet remains just at the top of the die.
9. Ejection Cam
25. 10. TAKE –OFF BLADE AND DISCHARGE CHUTE
25
The take –off blades are fitted just above the feeder housing.
Their main role is to deflect the fully compressed tablets into the
discharge chute.
The discharge chute, then directs the tablets to a collection bin.