This document discusses a study on metabolic syndrome among young adults in Mumbai, India. The study aims to identify risk factors for metabolic syndrome such as family history, lifestyle habits, nutrition status and dietary patterns. Anthropometric measurements were taken for 200 participants aged 18-24 years old from various areas in Mumbai. Questionnaires assessed physical activity, lifestyle and dietary intake. Results found higher prevalence of obesity in participants with a family history of diseases. Obese participants consumed more non-vegetarian diets and were less physically active. Significant factors for metabolic syndrome risk among young adults in Mumbai were identified.

1. By- JULIET D’SOUZA
M.sc. CND-PART II
Guide:
MRS. ANURADHA
SHEKAR

2.  Metabolic syndrome is highly age dependent.
 Young adults are at increased risk of developing it due :
• family history
• irregular eating habits
• childhood obesity
• lifestyle habits like excessive smoking, drinking, sedentary lifestyle
• less of physical activity.
 Young adults are building block of the country’s economy as well as health.
 As the present generation is showing signs of developing metabolic syndrome it
would be interesting to find out the factors leading to it.

3.  To identify the risk factors in developing metabolic syndrome.
 To determine the prevalence of obesity and overweight in developing metabolic
syndrome among the young adults in Mumbai city.
 To assess the nutritional status using anthropometric measurements.
 To establish the neck circumference measurements as markers of obesity.
 To evaluate the eating habits as a major factor for developing metabolic
syndrome using a food frequency questionnaire.
 To evaluate the nutritional status and eating patterns of youths of Mumbai city
using a 3 day dietary recall.
 To evaluate physical activity level and lifestyle pattern and medical history in
developing metabolic syndrome.
 To correlate the eating habits of youth’s to their parents eating habits

4. Sample size: 200
Samples taken from different areas of MUMBAI CITY
(Byculla, Dadar, Andheri, Vasai ,Thane, Dombivli and Ulhasnagar)
AGE, HEIGHT, WEIGHT, BMI, IBW, WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE, NECK
CIRCUMFERENCE and BLOOD PRESSURE
(Will be measured of all the participants)
QUESTIONNAIRE
(Questions regarding the physical activity and lifestyle pattern as well as dietary
practices)
A 1 DAY DIETARY RECALL AND FOOD FREQUENCY table
(To know the food patterns and choices of food eaten)
RESULTS WERE TALLYED USING STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE

5.  BACKGROUND INFORMATION
 AGE-:18-24years both boys and girls.
 RELIGION: major samples belong to catholic community followed by
Maharashtrians, Muslims, Guajarati's, South Indians and Jains.
 AREAS OF SAMPLING: major samples were from Thane followed by
Andheri, Ulhasnagar, Dadar, Dombivli, byculla etc.
 TYPE OF FAMILY: most of the participants belonged to nuclear families as
compared to joint families.
 OCCUPATIONAL STATUS: major samples in the study were students
followed by employed. Very few samples were unemployed and students +
employed.
 MONTHLY INCOME: majority of the samples belonged to middle class
group of the society.
 FAMILY HISTORY: obesity is related to family history at P=0.00, followed
by diabetes and hypertension.
 FOOD CHOICES: most of the obese samples were found to eating non-
vegetarian food as compared to vegetarian .

6.  ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS.
 OVERALL ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS: the mean age of
boys and girls was 21years.
 the mean weight for boys was found to be 75kg and for girls 63kg.
 The mean height for boys was found to be 171cm and for girls 159cm.
 The mean ideal body weight for boys was found to be 71kg and for girls 54 kg.
 The mean waist circumference for boys and girls was found to be 87cm.
 The mean neck circumference for boys was found to be 37cm and girls 33.8cm
 The difference in the anthropometric measurements between boys and girls was
found to be significant at P=<0.05
 The overall neck circumference to predict obesity was found to be 34.5cm at
0.900sensitivity and 0.167specificity.

7.  Yang l. in his study to correlate the neck circumference with visceral
adiposity and insulin resistance . Value of 37cm and more strongly
correlate to them.
 Yang GR et al in their study found out neck circumference value:
>35cm for boys and 33cm for girls.
Yang l. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010; 73:197–200.
Yang GR et al. Diabetes Care. 2010 Nov;33(11):2465-
7.doi:10.2337/dc100798. Epub 2010 Aug 19.

8.  BODY MAS INDEX
BMI in kg/m2 Classification
<16 Severely underweight
16-16.9 Moderately underweight
17-18.4 Underweight
18-22.9 Normal/ healthy
23-24.9 Overweight
25-30 Obese
30-34.9 Obese grade I
40> Obese grade II
normal
overweight
obese
obese grade I
obese grade II
underweight

9.  The guidelines were released jointly by the Health Ministry, the Diabetes
Foundation of India, the All-India Institute of Medical Science (Aiims), Indian
Council of Medical Research, the National Institute of Nutrition and 20 other
health organizations.
A person with a body mass index of 23 kg/m2 will now be considered overweight
and below that as one with normal BMI—unlike the cut-off limit of 25 kg/m2
earlier.
 Those with BMI of 25 kg/m2 will be clinically termed obese (as opposed to 30
kg/m2 at the international level) and those with BMI of 32.5 kg/m2 will require
bariatric surgery to eliminate excess flab. According to guidelines, cut-offs for
waist circumstances will now be 90 cm for Indian men (as opposed to 102 cm
globally) and 80 cm for Indian women (as opposed to 88 cm at the international
level).
India reworks obesity guidelines, BMI lowered: The Health Ministry has reduced the
diagnostic cut-offs for body mass index (BMI) to 23 kg/m2 and the standard waist
circumference to deal obesity. Submitted on Wed, 11/26/2008 - 18:10.

10.  DIETARY HABBITS
1. DAIRY PRODUCTS: CHEESE, PANEER AND CURD.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
not obese
obese
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
not obese
obese
not obese
0
20
40
60
80
not obese
obese

11. 2. VEGETABLES AND FRUITS
not obese0
20
40
60
80
100
not obese
obese
not obese
obese0
20
40
60
80
100
not obese
obese

12. 3. FAST FOODS: SAMOSA, VADA, WAFERS, POPCORN, PIZZA
not obese
obese
0
10
20
30
40
50
not obese
obese
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
obese
not obese
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
obese
not obese

13. 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
daily 1/week 1/15days 1/month rarely never
obese
not obese
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
daily 1/week 1/15days 1/month rarely never
obese
not obese

14. 4. COFFEE AND MEAT AND MEAT PRODUCTS
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
daily 1/week 1/15days 1/month rarely never
obese
not obese
not obese
obese
0
10
20
30
40
daily 1/week 1/15days 1/month never
not obese
obese

15.  PHYSICALACTIVITY
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
none walking sit ups crunches
females
males
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
males
females

16.  LIFESTYLE HABBITS: SMOKING AND DRINKING
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
female male
yes
no
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
yes no
males
females

17.  AGE OF ATTAING PUBERTY AND SYMPTOMS EXPERIENCED BY
GIRLS
0
10
20
30
40
50
age
10
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
menstrual symptoms
none
pain
abdominal bloating
cramps
whole body pain
headache

18.  CORRELATIONS OF BMI AMD MENSES
 FACIAL HAIR, ACNE AND WHITE DISCHARGE FOR PCOD IN
GIRLS
0
10
20
30
40
50
irregular
regular
yes
no
0
20
40
60
80
100
facial hair
acne
yes
no
0
20
40
60
80
100
normal excess less

19.  A significant difference was found in the anthropometric measurements of
boys and girls. boys had higher values as compared to girls. The difference
was significant at P=0.05.
 Obesity was found to be more prevalent in medical history followed by
diabetes and hypertension at P=0.00.
 More non-vegetarians were found to be obese as compared to vegetarians at
P=0.046.
 Dietary patterns were also related to increase the risk of obesity.
 More of obese boys and girls were found to more involved in playing game
as compared to non-obese boys and girls at P=0.05.
 More of boys were seen to be involved in lifestyle patterns like smoking and
drinking alcohol as compared to girls.
 Significant factors were found which may lead to development of metabolic
syndrome among boys and girls aged 18-24years in Mumbai city.

20.  The study can be done in different cities to find out the at risk groups.
 A wider range of age groups can be selected.
 The study can be done varied populations like adolescents, old age, specific sex
and specific religion and region.
 Various dietary tool like food dairy, 3 day dietary recall, weighment method and
be used to calculate the dietary intake more specifically.
 Detailed anthropometric assessment including body composition can be done.
 Nutrition education program can be conducted to educate samples on them on
effect of nutrition and pre and post data can be collected.
 Sessions can be conducted on physical activity and various beneficial exercises
can be demonstrated that can be done for better and healthy lifestyle.