This paper presents the design and implementation of an eight order efficient FIR filter for wireless communication system. In this work, factored canonical signed digit representation (FCSD) is used for representing the filter coefficients in order to reduce the design complexity, area and delay of the FIR filter. Complexity of the system has been reduced by replacing binary coefficients with FCSD representation. Further area and delay has been improved by replacing multiplication operation with add and shift method where carry save adder (CSA) is used for addition of two numbers and barrel shifter is used for shifting the data words. Representation of coefficient in the FCSD format along with fastest adder and shifter improves the performance of the system. FIR filter has been designed using an equiripple method in MATLAB and further synthesized on Spartan 3E XC3S500E target FPGA device. Simulation results show that optimized FCSD based FIR filter offers a less number of slices, look up tables (LUTs) and flip-flops as compared to CSD and conventional FCSD based FIR filter, in addition to enhanced performance.
El Proyecto Gutenberg fue creado en 1971 por Michael Hart con el objetivo de digitalizar y poner a disposición del público de forma gratuita obras de literatura que estuvieran libres de derechos de autor. Hart digitalizó la Declaración de Independencia de los Estados Unidos, convirtiéndola en el primer texto del proyecto. Aunque el Proyecto Gutenberg ha estado alojado en diferentes instituciones a lo largo de los años, siempre ha estado dirigido por su fundador Michael Hart. Actualmente es una organización sin fines de lucro constituida legalmente en
O documento lista vários conjuntos e peças de máquinas agrícolas, organizados em seções numeradas de 8.1 a 8.44, com códigos e descrições de cada item.
1) O documento apresenta uma lista de peças para semeadoras e plantadeiras da marca SMBSMBSMBSMBSMB Speed BoxSpeed BoxSpeed BoxSpeed BoxSpeed Box com os modelos 4000, 5000 e 6000.
2) As peças estão organizadas em seções como montante, suporte da roda completa, depósito de adubo, sistemas hidráulicos e elétricos.
3) São listados itens como chapas, parafusos, porcas, suportes, rolamentos, mangueiras e outros componentes mecânicos.
The document discusses the frame structure of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH). It explains that an SDH frame is transmitted every 125 microseconds and contains 9 rows and 270 columns of bytes for a total of 19,440 bits. This equates to a basic data rate of 155.52 megabits per second. The frame contains sections for regenerator and multiplexer section overhead as well as a payload area. Lower level signals can be mapped and multiplexed into the payload area through a process that includes mapping, aligning, pointer processing and multiplexing.
Massey ferguson mf 6713 r tractor (eco4 tier 2 3 ; br) parts catalogue manualfujsjefjkskfmsme
This document contains a table of contents and parts list for an MF 6713R tractor engine. The table of contents lists 19 sections that cover various engine and tractor systems. The parts lists include over 30 individual parts for assemblies like the cylinder block, crankshaft, camshaft, cylinder head, intake manifold, and turbocharger.
El Proyecto Gutenberg fue creado en 1971 por Michael Hart con el objetivo de digitalizar y poner a disposición del público de forma gratuita obras de literatura que estuvieran libres de derechos de autor. Hart digitalizó la Declaración de Independencia de los Estados Unidos, convirtiéndola en el primer texto del proyecto. Aunque el Proyecto Gutenberg ha estado alojado en diferentes instituciones a lo largo de los años, siempre ha estado dirigido por su fundador Michael Hart. Actualmente es una organización sin fines de lucro constituida legalmente en
O documento lista vários conjuntos e peças de máquinas agrícolas, organizados em seções numeradas de 8.1 a 8.44, com códigos e descrições de cada item.
1) O documento apresenta uma lista de peças para semeadoras e plantadeiras da marca SMBSMBSMBSMBSMB Speed BoxSpeed BoxSpeed BoxSpeed BoxSpeed Box com os modelos 4000, 5000 e 6000.
2) As peças estão organizadas em seções como montante, suporte da roda completa, depósito de adubo, sistemas hidráulicos e elétricos.
3) São listados itens como chapas, parafusos, porcas, suportes, rolamentos, mangueiras e outros componentes mecânicos.
The document discusses the frame structure of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH). It explains that an SDH frame is transmitted every 125 microseconds and contains 9 rows and 270 columns of bytes for a total of 19,440 bits. This equates to a basic data rate of 155.52 megabits per second. The frame contains sections for regenerator and multiplexer section overhead as well as a payload area. Lower level signals can be mapped and multiplexed into the payload area through a process that includes mapping, aligning, pointer processing and multiplexing.
Massey ferguson mf 6713 r tractor (eco4 tier 2 3 ; br) parts catalogue manualfujsjefjkskfmsme
This document contains a table of contents and parts list for an MF 6713R tractor engine. The table of contents lists 19 sections that cover various engine and tractor systems. The parts lists include over 30 individual parts for assemblies like the cylinder block, crankshaft, camshaft, cylinder head, intake manifold, and turbocharger.
A survey on various technologies available for Smart lab based on Internet of...IJSRD
This paper explores some approaches to harnessing the IoT in teaching field. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a fast emerging system of physical sensors and connected devices, enabling an advanced information gathering, interpretation and monitoring. Smart Lab is still in need of an efficient attendance system which takes attendance in real time. Various Research papers are summarized in this paper. This paper describes the concept of development of Smart Lab which takes attendance by using RFID technology. Then it improves the efficiency of attendance taking system by analyzing the reading range of RFID system. The Smart Lab concept also monitors and controls the temperature and humidity of the computer system.
Design of CMOS Inverter for Low Power and High Speed using Mentor GraphicsIJEEE
This document describes the design of a CMOS inverter for low power and high speed using Mentor Graphics. It summarizes the following:
1) An inverter was designed using a 25nm technology in Mentor Graphics. Simulations were performed to analyze power dissipation, delay, rise/fall times at different voltages and temperatures.
2) Power dissipation decreased and rise/fall times improved as the supply voltage was reduced from 3V to 1.1V. Delay remained similar across voltage levels.
3) The layout of the inverter was also designed using layout design rules and layout versus schematic checks in Mentor Graphics.
Maria Celeste Ambroggi, Annarita Atterrato ed Erica Arianna Scaglia hanno analizzato il posizionamento e la percezione di Prada cercando di capire come il brand possa aumentare la propria brand image.
High Fault Coverage For On Chip Network Using Priority Based Routing AlgorithmIJSRD
Network on chip is an interconnection between several processing elements and routers. There are several possibilities for the occurrence of faults within the network. These faults degrade the performance of the network. In order to increase the performance several fault tolerant methods has been used. They involve themselves in rerouting and hence take longer paths. To make the path shorter, the router architecture has to be modified. For this efficient routers are needed to take place communication between these devices. This project, proposes a priority based solution for a bufferless network-on-chip, including an on-line fault-diagnosis mechanism to detect both transient and permanent faults, a hybrid automatic repeat request and forward error correction link-level error control scheme to handle transient faults.
This document contains the resume of Ramya Purohit. She is seeking a career in the semiconductor field with a focus on ASIC design and verification. She has a Master's degree in Digital Electronics and Communications and over 2 years of experience as a design and verification trainee at Maven Silicon. Her skills include Verilog, SystemVerilog, UVM methodology, and EDA tools like Xilinx ISE and Questasim. She has worked on projects involving PCS design and verification using Verilog, SPI design verification using UVM, and router design and verification using Verilog and UVM.
Flexible dsp accelerator architecture exploiting carry save arithmeticNexgen Technology
The document proposes a novel flexible accelerator architecture comprising computational units (FCUs) that support the execution of various digital signal processing (DSP) operation templates. The FCUs perform computations using carry-save (CS) arithmetic, allowing intermediate results to be reused without conversion to binary. This enables more aggressive CS optimizations than previous approaches. The proposed architecture analyzes logic size, area, and power consumption using Xilinx 14.2. Each FCU can be configured to perform addition, subtraction, and multiplication operations in a pipelined fashion to fuse computations and improve performance.
Researchers like Landauer and Bennett have shown that every bit of information lost will generate kTlog2 joules of
energy, whereas the energy dissipation would not occur, if computation is carried out in a reversible way. k is
Boltzmann’s constant and T is absolute temperature at which computation is performed. Thus reversible circuits will be
the most important one of the solutions of heat dissipation in Future circuit design. Reversible computing is motivated
by the Von Neumann Landauer (VNL) principle, a theorem of modern physics telling us that ordinary irreversible logic
operation which destructively overwrite previous outputs)in cur a fundamental physics) that performance on most
applications within realistic power constraints might still continue increasing indefinitely. Reversible logic is also a
core part of the quantum circuit model
This document proposes a food calorie and nutrition measurement system that uses images taken by mobile device cameras to measure consumption and manage daily food intake. It analyzes food photos before and after eating using nutritional databases and image processing. The system aims to improve current manual calorie counting methods. It requires a PC with at least 2GB RAM and 100GB HDD along with MATLAB software and toolboxes to implement image and signal processing algorithms. The project will be developed over three reviews, first surveying existing methods, explaining the design, and enhancing the base paper. It will then implement 40% of the base paper in the second review and the remaining 60% with modifications in the third review.
A lot of people use Docker/rkt, but very often we do not have time to actually understand how they work. So today in half-hour I will show you in a nutshell how that works. My hope is that even after you know how to build a container engine, I can still convince you that the existing tools are worth spending $MM to create and use.
Live Container Migration: OpenStack Summit Barcelona 2016Phil Estes
A talk presented by Phil Estes & Shaun Murakami, IBM Cloud Open Technologies, at the Barcelona OpenStack Summit on October 25, 2016. This talk covers a new feature that will be available in the Docker 1.13 engine for using the CRIU project to checkpoint and restore container processes on Linux. Phil & Shaun present details of this new capability and then demonstrate a proof-of-concept "live migration" of containers across nova compute hosts.
Cardiac rehabilitation programs have evolved significantly over the past century from strict bed rest to structured exercise-based programs. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation is associated with lower risks of cardiovascular death and hospitalization. It can improve cardiac outcomes through mechanisms such as lipid and blood pressure lowering, smoking cessation, reduced inflammation, and improved ventricular function. While cardiac rehabilitation completion is associated with improved survival, utilization rates remain low at only 10-20% due to various barriers.
Molecular dynamics simulations of ferroelectrics with feram codeTakeshi Nishimatsu
This document discusses ferroelectric materials and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of their properties using an effective Hamiltonian approach. Key points include:
1) Feram is an MD simulation code that models perovskite ferroelectrics like BaTiO3 using a first-principles based effective Hamiltonian.
2) Simulations of bulk BaTiO3 and PbTiO3 reproduce their phase transitions and domain structures.
3) Simulations of thin-film capacitors show the effect of "dead layers" between ferroelectrics and electrodes on polarization.
4) Direct MD simulations of the electrocaloric effect in BaTiO3 predict a temperature change under applied and removed electric fields.
El documento describe un proyecto para desarrollar un Cuadro de Mando Integral (CMI) para una pequeña o mediana empresa (Pyme) a través de 5 fases: 1) presentación del proyecto, 2) planificación, 3) análisis de información y definición de la misión, visión y valores, 4) taller de planificación y mapa estratégico, y 5) desarrollo de iniciativas estratégicas, comunicación y despliegue. El lanzamiento correcto del proyecto es crucial para alinear las expectativas
This document discusses applications of nanotechnology including nanocells, carbon nanotubes, and molecular electronics. Nanocells are self-assembled networks of metallic particles that act as programmable switches. Carbon nanotubes are rolled sheets of carbon that can be semiconductors or metals and are strong candidates for nanowires. Potential applications highlighted include using carbon nanotubes for transistors, fuel cells, and simulation. Other applications discussed are nanobridge devices, nanoscale transistors, components for quantum computers, nanophotonic devices, and nanobiochips for drug discovery.
Design of Area Efficient Digital FIR Filter using MACIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of an area efficient digital FIR filter using a single MAC (multiply-accumulate) unit. It begins with an introduction to digital filters and FIR filters. It then discusses related work on optimizing FIR filter design through techniques like coefficient quantization and constant multiplication. The proposed methodology involves specifying the FIR filter, generating coefficients by rounding to integers, and designing the filter architecture using a single MAC unit, multiplexers, and other components. This approach aims to reduce area by avoiding two's complement circuits and using a single MAC unit instead of multiple parallel multipliers. The document concludes the proposed work provides a good direction for optimizing the area of digital filters.
1. The document presents a design for a modified Booth recoder using a fused add-multiply (FAM) operator to implement digital signal processing applications more efficiently.
2. It proposes a new recoding technique to decrease the critical path delay and reduce area and power consumption of the FAM unit compared to existing recoding schemes.
3. The technique is also applied to the implementation of finite impulse response (FIR) filters to further optimize hardware usage and achieve faithfully rounded outputs within tight area and power constraints for mobile applications.
Implementation of Low Complex Universal Filtered MulticarrierIJASRD Journal
In 5G technology for enhancing the high speed data process the Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC), Universal Filtered multicarrier (UFMC), and Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM) techniques are used in effective manner. The FIR filter plays an important role in 5G mobile communication technology. In this paper, the hardware complexity reduced by using the FIR filter. In previous technique, 73 multipliers are required to the filtering process. Here to reduce the number of multipliers by using the multiplexers. The 73 multipliers to be replaced with the 5 number of 16:1 multiplexers, 5 multipliers and 4 registers. The Multiple Constant Multiplication (MCM) scheme is also presented for the block implementation FIR filters. Reducing the memory usage for using the less number of multipliers. Use the less number multipliers the difficulties are to be reduced. The overall implementation has a result of 42% reduction in hardware complexity.
Area Efficient and high-speed fir filter implementation using divided LUT methodIJMER
Traditional method of implementing FIR filters costs considerable hardware resourses,
which goes against the decrease of circuit scale and the increase of system speed. A new design and
implementation of FIR filters using Distributed Arithmetic is provided in this paper to slove this
problem. Distributed Arithmetic structure is used to increase the resourse useage while pipeline
structure is also used to increase the system speed. In addition, the devided LUT method is also used to
decrease the required memory units. The simulation results indicate that FIR filters using Distributed
Arithmetic can work stable with high speed and can save almost 50 percent hardware resourses to
decrease the circuit scale, and can be applied to a variety of areas for its great flexibility and high
reliability
Design And Implementation of Combined Pipelining and Parallel Processing Arch...VLSICS Design
Along with the advancement in VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) technology, the implementation of Finite impulse response (FIR) filters and Infinite impulse response (IIR) filters with enhanced speed has become more demanding. This paper aims at designing and implementing a combined pipelining and parallel processing architecture for FIR and IIR filter using VHDL (Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Descriptive Language) to reduce the power consumption and delay of the filter. The proposed architecture is compared with the original FIR and IIR filter respectively in terms of speed, area, and power. Also, the proposed architecture is compared with existing architectures in terms of delay. The implementation is done by using VHDL codes. FIR and IIR filters structures are implemented at 1200 KHz clock frequency. Synthesis and simulation have been accomplished on Artix-7 series FPGA, target device (xc7a200tfbg676) (speed grade -1) using VIVADO 2016.3.
A survey on various technologies available for Smart lab based on Internet of...IJSRD
This paper explores some approaches to harnessing the IoT in teaching field. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a fast emerging system of physical sensors and connected devices, enabling an advanced information gathering, interpretation and monitoring. Smart Lab is still in need of an efficient attendance system which takes attendance in real time. Various Research papers are summarized in this paper. This paper describes the concept of development of Smart Lab which takes attendance by using RFID technology. Then it improves the efficiency of attendance taking system by analyzing the reading range of RFID system. The Smart Lab concept also monitors and controls the temperature and humidity of the computer system.
Design of CMOS Inverter for Low Power and High Speed using Mentor GraphicsIJEEE
This document describes the design of a CMOS inverter for low power and high speed using Mentor Graphics. It summarizes the following:
1) An inverter was designed using a 25nm technology in Mentor Graphics. Simulations were performed to analyze power dissipation, delay, rise/fall times at different voltages and temperatures.
2) Power dissipation decreased and rise/fall times improved as the supply voltage was reduced from 3V to 1.1V. Delay remained similar across voltage levels.
3) The layout of the inverter was also designed using layout design rules and layout versus schematic checks in Mentor Graphics.
Maria Celeste Ambroggi, Annarita Atterrato ed Erica Arianna Scaglia hanno analizzato il posizionamento e la percezione di Prada cercando di capire come il brand possa aumentare la propria brand image.
High Fault Coverage For On Chip Network Using Priority Based Routing AlgorithmIJSRD
Network on chip is an interconnection between several processing elements and routers. There are several possibilities for the occurrence of faults within the network. These faults degrade the performance of the network. In order to increase the performance several fault tolerant methods has been used. They involve themselves in rerouting and hence take longer paths. To make the path shorter, the router architecture has to be modified. For this efficient routers are needed to take place communication between these devices. This project, proposes a priority based solution for a bufferless network-on-chip, including an on-line fault-diagnosis mechanism to detect both transient and permanent faults, a hybrid automatic repeat request and forward error correction link-level error control scheme to handle transient faults.
This document contains the resume of Ramya Purohit. She is seeking a career in the semiconductor field with a focus on ASIC design and verification. She has a Master's degree in Digital Electronics and Communications and over 2 years of experience as a design and verification trainee at Maven Silicon. Her skills include Verilog, SystemVerilog, UVM methodology, and EDA tools like Xilinx ISE and Questasim. She has worked on projects involving PCS design and verification using Verilog, SPI design verification using UVM, and router design and verification using Verilog and UVM.
Flexible dsp accelerator architecture exploiting carry save arithmeticNexgen Technology
The document proposes a novel flexible accelerator architecture comprising computational units (FCUs) that support the execution of various digital signal processing (DSP) operation templates. The FCUs perform computations using carry-save (CS) arithmetic, allowing intermediate results to be reused without conversion to binary. This enables more aggressive CS optimizations than previous approaches. The proposed architecture analyzes logic size, area, and power consumption using Xilinx 14.2. Each FCU can be configured to perform addition, subtraction, and multiplication operations in a pipelined fashion to fuse computations and improve performance.
Researchers like Landauer and Bennett have shown that every bit of information lost will generate kTlog2 joules of
energy, whereas the energy dissipation would not occur, if computation is carried out in a reversible way. k is
Boltzmann’s constant and T is absolute temperature at which computation is performed. Thus reversible circuits will be
the most important one of the solutions of heat dissipation in Future circuit design. Reversible computing is motivated
by the Von Neumann Landauer (VNL) principle, a theorem of modern physics telling us that ordinary irreversible logic
operation which destructively overwrite previous outputs)in cur a fundamental physics) that performance on most
applications within realistic power constraints might still continue increasing indefinitely. Reversible logic is also a
core part of the quantum circuit model
This document proposes a food calorie and nutrition measurement system that uses images taken by mobile device cameras to measure consumption and manage daily food intake. It analyzes food photos before and after eating using nutritional databases and image processing. The system aims to improve current manual calorie counting methods. It requires a PC with at least 2GB RAM and 100GB HDD along with MATLAB software and toolboxes to implement image and signal processing algorithms. The project will be developed over three reviews, first surveying existing methods, explaining the design, and enhancing the base paper. It will then implement 40% of the base paper in the second review and the remaining 60% with modifications in the third review.
A lot of people use Docker/rkt, but very often we do not have time to actually understand how they work. So today in half-hour I will show you in a nutshell how that works. My hope is that even after you know how to build a container engine, I can still convince you that the existing tools are worth spending $MM to create and use.
Live Container Migration: OpenStack Summit Barcelona 2016Phil Estes
A talk presented by Phil Estes & Shaun Murakami, IBM Cloud Open Technologies, at the Barcelona OpenStack Summit on October 25, 2016. This talk covers a new feature that will be available in the Docker 1.13 engine for using the CRIU project to checkpoint and restore container processes on Linux. Phil & Shaun present details of this new capability and then demonstrate a proof-of-concept "live migration" of containers across nova compute hosts.
Cardiac rehabilitation programs have evolved significantly over the past century from strict bed rest to structured exercise-based programs. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation is associated with lower risks of cardiovascular death and hospitalization. It can improve cardiac outcomes through mechanisms such as lipid and blood pressure lowering, smoking cessation, reduced inflammation, and improved ventricular function. While cardiac rehabilitation completion is associated with improved survival, utilization rates remain low at only 10-20% due to various barriers.
Molecular dynamics simulations of ferroelectrics with feram codeTakeshi Nishimatsu
This document discusses ferroelectric materials and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of their properties using an effective Hamiltonian approach. Key points include:
1) Feram is an MD simulation code that models perovskite ferroelectrics like BaTiO3 using a first-principles based effective Hamiltonian.
2) Simulations of bulk BaTiO3 and PbTiO3 reproduce their phase transitions and domain structures.
3) Simulations of thin-film capacitors show the effect of "dead layers" between ferroelectrics and electrodes on polarization.
4) Direct MD simulations of the electrocaloric effect in BaTiO3 predict a temperature change under applied and removed electric fields.
El documento describe un proyecto para desarrollar un Cuadro de Mando Integral (CMI) para una pequeña o mediana empresa (Pyme) a través de 5 fases: 1) presentación del proyecto, 2) planificación, 3) análisis de información y definición de la misión, visión y valores, 4) taller de planificación y mapa estratégico, y 5) desarrollo de iniciativas estratégicas, comunicación y despliegue. El lanzamiento correcto del proyecto es crucial para alinear las expectativas
This document discusses applications of nanotechnology including nanocells, carbon nanotubes, and molecular electronics. Nanocells are self-assembled networks of metallic particles that act as programmable switches. Carbon nanotubes are rolled sheets of carbon that can be semiconductors or metals and are strong candidates for nanowires. Potential applications highlighted include using carbon nanotubes for transistors, fuel cells, and simulation. Other applications discussed are nanobridge devices, nanoscale transistors, components for quantum computers, nanophotonic devices, and nanobiochips for drug discovery.
Design of Area Efficient Digital FIR Filter using MACIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of an area efficient digital FIR filter using a single MAC (multiply-accumulate) unit. It begins with an introduction to digital filters and FIR filters. It then discusses related work on optimizing FIR filter design through techniques like coefficient quantization and constant multiplication. The proposed methodology involves specifying the FIR filter, generating coefficients by rounding to integers, and designing the filter architecture using a single MAC unit, multiplexers, and other components. This approach aims to reduce area by avoiding two's complement circuits and using a single MAC unit instead of multiple parallel multipliers. The document concludes the proposed work provides a good direction for optimizing the area of digital filters.
1. The document presents a design for a modified Booth recoder using a fused add-multiply (FAM) operator to implement digital signal processing applications more efficiently.
2. It proposes a new recoding technique to decrease the critical path delay and reduce area and power consumption of the FAM unit compared to existing recoding schemes.
3. The technique is also applied to the implementation of finite impulse response (FIR) filters to further optimize hardware usage and achieve faithfully rounded outputs within tight area and power constraints for mobile applications.
Implementation of Low Complex Universal Filtered MulticarrierIJASRD Journal
In 5G technology for enhancing the high speed data process the Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC), Universal Filtered multicarrier (UFMC), and Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM) techniques are used in effective manner. The FIR filter plays an important role in 5G mobile communication technology. In this paper, the hardware complexity reduced by using the FIR filter. In previous technique, 73 multipliers are required to the filtering process. Here to reduce the number of multipliers by using the multiplexers. The 73 multipliers to be replaced with the 5 number of 16:1 multiplexers, 5 multipliers and 4 registers. The Multiple Constant Multiplication (MCM) scheme is also presented for the block implementation FIR filters. Reducing the memory usage for using the less number of multipliers. Use the less number multipliers the difficulties are to be reduced. The overall implementation has a result of 42% reduction in hardware complexity.
Area Efficient and high-speed fir filter implementation using divided LUT methodIJMER
Traditional method of implementing FIR filters costs considerable hardware resourses,
which goes against the decrease of circuit scale and the increase of system speed. A new design and
implementation of FIR filters using Distributed Arithmetic is provided in this paper to slove this
problem. Distributed Arithmetic structure is used to increase the resourse useage while pipeline
structure is also used to increase the system speed. In addition, the devided LUT method is also used to
decrease the required memory units. The simulation results indicate that FIR filters using Distributed
Arithmetic can work stable with high speed and can save almost 50 percent hardware resourses to
decrease the circuit scale, and can be applied to a variety of areas for its great flexibility and high
reliability
Design And Implementation of Combined Pipelining and Parallel Processing Arch...VLSICS Design
Along with the advancement in VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) technology, the implementation of Finite impulse response (FIR) filters and Infinite impulse response (IIR) filters with enhanced speed has become more demanding. This paper aims at designing and implementing a combined pipelining and parallel processing architecture for FIR and IIR filter using VHDL (Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Descriptive Language) to reduce the power consumption and delay of the filter. The proposed architecture is compared with the original FIR and IIR filter respectively in terms of speed, area, and power. Also, the proposed architecture is compared with existing architectures in terms of delay. The implementation is done by using VHDL codes. FIR and IIR filters structures are implemented at 1200 KHz clock frequency. Synthesis and simulation have been accomplished on Artix-7 series FPGA, target device (xc7a200tfbg676) (speed grade -1) using VIVADO 2016.3.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF COMBINED PIPELINING AND PARALLEL PROCESSING ARCH...VLSICS Design
Along with the advancement in VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) technology, the implementation of
Finite impulse response (FIR) filters and Infinite impulse response (IIR) filters with enhanced speed has
become more demanding. This paper aims at designing and implementing a combined pipelining and
parallel processing architecture for FIR and IIR filter using VHDL (Very High Speed Integrated Circuit
Hardware Descriptive Language) to reduce the power consumption and delay of the filter. The proposed
architecture is compared with the original FIR and IIR filter respectively in terms of speed, area, and
power. Also, the proposed architecture is compared with existing architectures in terms of delay. The
implementation is done by using VHDL codes. FIR and IIR filters structures are implemented at 1200 KHz
clock frequency. Synthesis and simulation have been accomplished on Artix-7 series FPGA, target device
(xc7a200tfbg676) (speed grade -1) using VIVADO 2016.3.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF COMBINED PIPELINING AND PARALLEL PROCESSING ARCH...VLSICS Design
Along with the advancement in VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) technology, the implementation of Finite impulse response (FIR) filters and Infinite impulse response (IIR) filters with enhanced speed has become more demanding. This paper aims at designing and implementing a combined pipelining and parallel processing architecture for FIR and IIR filter using VHDL (Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Descriptive Language) to reduce the power consumption and delay of the filter. The proposed architecture is compared with the original FIR and IIR filter respectively in terms of speed, area, and power. Also, the proposed architecture is compared with existing architectures in terms of delay. The implementation is done by using VHDL codes. FIR and IIR filters structures are implemented at 1200 KHz clock frequency. Synthesis and simulation have been accomplished on Artix-7 series FPGA, target device (xc7a200tfbg676) (speed grade -1) using VIVADO 2016.3.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF COMBINED PIPELINING AND PARALLEL PROCESSING ARCH...VLSICS Design
Along with the advancement in VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) technology, the implementation of Finite impulse response (FIR) filters and Infinite impulse response (IIR) filters with enhanced speed has become more demanding. This paper aims at designing and implementing a combined pipelining and parallel processing architecture for FIR and IIR filter using VHDL (Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Descriptive Language) to reduce the power consumption and delay of the filter. The proposed architecture is compared with the original FIR and IIR filter respectively in terms of speed, area, and power. Also, the proposed architecture is compared with existing architectures in terms of delay. The implementation is done by using VHDL codes. FIR and IIR filters structures are implemented at 1200 KHz clock frequency. Synthesis and simulation have been accomplished on Artix-7 series FPGA, target device (xc7a200tfbg676) (speed grade -1) using VIVADO 2016.3.
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
Transpose Form Fir Filter Design for Fixed and Reconfigurable CoefficientsIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of transpose form finite impulse response (FIR) filters for both fixed and reconfigurable coefficients. Transpose form FIR filters naturally support the multiple constant multiplication technique, which can reduce computational delay. For fixed coefficients, a low-complexity design using multiple constant multiplication is implemented, reducing area and delay compared to direct form FIR filters. For reconfigurable coefficients, a multiplier-based design is used. Simulation results show the transpose form FIR filter achieves lower area and delay than the direct form structure.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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CANONIC SIGNED DIGIT BASED DESIGN OF MULTIPLIER-LESS FIR FILTER USING SELFORG...ijaia
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a design for multiplier-less finite impulse response (FIR) filters using the Self-organizing Random Immigrants Genetic Algorithm (SORIGA). FIR filter coefficients can be represented in binary or Canonic Signed Digit (CSD) number systems to reduce hardware costs by eliminating multipliers. The paper describes these number system representations and the SORIGA technique is used to optimize the coefficients to minimize hardware costs while maintaining filter performance. Simulation results are presented and hardware costs of the designed filter are analyzed and compared to other existing designs.
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a research paper on hardware efficient reconfigurable FIR filters. It discusses two new architectures proposed: the constant shifts method (CSM) and programmable shifts method (PSM). CSM partitions coefficients into fixed groups and stores them directly in a lookup table. PSM eliminates redundancy in coefficients using a binary common subexpression algorithm before storing in a coded format. Both methods use a shift-and-add unit and multiplexers to efficiently implement coefficient multiplication and allow reconfiguration for different standards. The architectures aim to integrate reconfigurability with low complexity for FIR filters used in wireless communications.
FOLDED ARCHITECTURE FOR NON CANONICAL LEAST MEAN SQUARE ADAPTIVE DIGITAL FILT...VLSICS Design
Power consumption reduction is transpiring drift in area of VLSI digital signal processing. This gives rise
to need of minimization of silicon area which is done by folding algorithm. As silicon area decreases power
consumption of a circuit decreases. Folding is an algorithm which reduces silicon chip area by combining
various arithmetic operations into one operation by time scheduling technique. It is applied on iterative
data flow graph with appropriate folding set. Least mean square algorithm alters coefficients of Adaptive
filter in order to achieve desired output. Proposed work is focused on design of efficient VLSI architecture
for LMS adaptive filter aims at reducing mainly area which results in power consumption reduction and
hardware complexity. LMS filter structure used here is called non-canonical as transpose FIR structure is
used. Results show that numbers of adders are reduced by 37.5 % and multipliers by 33.33% without
changing characteristics of filter.
Efficient Design of Higher Order Variable Digital Filter for Multi Modulated ...IJTET Journal
The electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis is commonly used technique in clinical examination proposes a method of designing reconfigurable warped digital filter with various low-pass, high-pass, band-pass and band-stop responses. The warped filter is obtain by replacing each element interruption of a digital filter with an all exceed filter. It is widely used for various video and audio processing applications. Warped filters require first-order all pass conversion to obtain low-pass and high-pass responses, and by using second-order all pass conversion to obtain variable band-pass and band-stop responses. To overcome this drawback, proposed method combines warped filters with the coefficient decimation technique. In VLSI circuits in order to reduce hardware cost Command Signals Decoder (CSD) based shift-and-add approach is used for multiplication. It offers extensive savings in opening count and power utilization more than other approaches.
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This paper elucidates the system construct of DA-FIR filter optimized for design of distributed arithmetic (DA) finite impulse response (FIR) filter and is based on architecture with tightly coupled co-processor based data processing units. With a series of look-up-table (LUT) accesses in order to emulate multiply and accumulate operations the constructed DA based FIR filter is implemented on FPGA. The very high speed integrated circuit hardware description language (VHDL) is used implement the proposed filter and the design is verified using simulation. This paper discusses two optimization algorithms and resulting optimizations are incorporated into LUT layer and architecture extractions. The proposed method offers an optimized design in the form of offers average miminimizations of the number of LUT, reduction in populated slices and gate minimization for DAfinite impulse response filter. This research paves a direction towards development of bio inspired computing architectures developed without logically intensive operations, obtaining the desired specifications with respect to performance, timing, and reliability.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
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Design of Optimized FIR Filter Using FCSD Representation
1. Neha Goel Ashutosh Nandi
Dept. of Electronics and Comm. Engg. National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, India
nehagoel0392@gmail.com, ashutosh.chl@gmail.com
Design of Optimized FIR Filter Using FCSD
Representation
Keywords— FIR Filter, CSA, Barrel shifter, FCSD.
Abstract—This paper presents the design and implementation
of an eight order efficient FIR filter for wireless communication
system. In this work, factored canonical signed digit
representation (FCSD) is used for representing the filter
coefficients in order to reduce the design complexity, area and
delay of the FIR filter. Complexity of the system has been
reduced by replacing binary coefficients with FCSD
representation. Further area and delay has been improved by
replacing multiplication operation with add and shift method
where carry save adder (CSA) is used for addition of two
numbers and barrel shifter is used for shifting the data words.
Representation of coefficient in the FCSD format along with
fastest adder and shifter improves the performance of the system.
FIR filter has been designed using an equiripple method in
MATLAB and further synthesized on Spartan 3E XC3S500E
target FPGA device. Simulation results show that optimized
FCSD based FIR filter offers a less number of slices, look up
tables (LUTs) and flip-flops as compared to CSD and
conventional FCSD based FIR filter, in addition to enhanced
performance.
I. INTRODUCTION
Digital FIR filter is one of the essential components in
Digital Signal Processing (DSP) and communication
system. With an explosive growth in mobile
computing and multimedia applications, demand for low
power and high speed DSP system has seen a tremendous
growth [1]. Digital filters are used to modify the attributes of
signal by removing noise from the original signal and
shape the spectral characteristics of the resulting signal
[2]. Digital filters are very superior in level of performance as
they are highly stable, accurate and versatile as compared
to analog filter [3]. Moreover, Portable applications
require digital filter which operates at high data rate and low
power consumption as high power consumption reduces
battery lifetime, affecting device reliability and increasing
cool cost [4]. Due to this reason, the requirement of a digital
filter with optimized area, power and
delay is a challenging task.
DSP applications require a large order FIR filter. However,
the complexity increases with increase in filter order because of
requirements of larger mathematical computations [5].
Therefore, real time implementation of this filter with
precise value is posing as a serious challenge. In order to
achieve efficient digital filter, order of FIR filter must be as
small as possible. This paper focuses mainly on the FIR filter due to
its absolute stability and linear phase response [6]. On the
basis of hardware implementation, digital filter can be
classified into two categories: multipliers based and
memory based [7].
The main components of digital filter consist of registers to
save the samples of signals, adders to carry out sum operations
and multiplier for multiplication of the filter coefficients with
signal samples [8]. Despite the fact that designing of digital
filter seems simple, but the design bottleneck is its multiplier
block for speed, area and power consumption [9]. Complexity
is mainly dominated by coefficient multiplication operation
[10,11]. In order to reduce complexity, the filter
coefficients are represented in FCSD representation which
requires the least number of adders [12]. The filter can
be further optimized by using CSA and a barrel shifter
to achieve the operation of multiplication [13].
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: an overview of
FIR filter is given in section II. Section III consists of modules
for FIR filter. Section IV describes the proposed work for
filter optimization. In section V, simulation results
are discussed. Finally, section VI concludes the paper
by summarizing the main contributes.
Multipliers based design includes multiple constant
multiplication (MCM) with add and shift
operations.MCM based FIR filter uses
transposed structure which increases the speed of the
system.The area can be further saved by optimizing
coefficient with quantization technique. Memory based
design are divided into two approaches: distributed
arithmetic (DA) and Look Up table (LUT) method. The
DA based approach computes the inner product by
accumulating bit level partial results in the FIR
filter. The LUT based approach stores odd multiple
of input signal in ROM to realize constant
multiplications in MCM [7].
II. FIR FILTER
FIR filter is also known as non-recursive digital filters as they
don’t have feedback [6]. Output of the FIR filter can
be described by the following difference equation
FIR filters are digital filter with finite impulse response
which involves convolution operation given by equation [2]:
Y[n] = X[n]*H [n] (1)
3 NITTTR, Chandigarh EDIT-2015
Int. Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engg. Vol. 2, Spl. Issue 1 (2015) e-ISSN: 1694-2310 | p-ISSN: 1694-2426
2. Fig.1. Transposed form of FIR filter
Digital filter can be designed by calculating the filter
coefficient on the basis of filter order, sampling frequency,
pass band and stop band frequencies etc.[5]. Generally, power
consumption and the amount of computation are directly
proportional to filter order. Filter coefficient can be found with
the MATLAB FDA tool. Further, the filter can be designed by
different method including window functions, frequency
sampling and equiripple method [9]. Table I lists the
parameters of the low pass FIR filter and the corresponding
magnitude response is shown in Fig. 2.
TABLE I. FIR Filter Design Parameter
Filter Parameter Value
Design method Equiripple
Order 8
Density factor 20
Sampling frequency FS = 48000 Hz
Passband frequency Fpass = 9600Hz
Stopband frequency Fstop = 12000Hz
Passband weight Wpass = 1
Stopband weight Wstop = 1
The calculated coefficients of the proposed FIR filter are [9,
16, 17, 32, 33, 32, 17, 16, 9]. Coefficients are symmetric in
nature which further reduces area and power consumption [5].
Order for FIR filter is N while the length of the filter is N+1
which is similar to the number of the filter coefficients [10].
As the filter order increases, complexity of the system
increases by consuming more amount of time for signal
processing.
Where N and Hk represents the length and coefficients of the
FIR filter respectively [10].Basically FIR filter consists of two
structures, i.e., direct form and transposed form. In direct
form, signal samples are multiplied by filter coefficients and
combined together in adder block [7]. A modification over
direct form is transposed structure as shown in fig 1. In
transposed form, the same input signal is multiplied by several
coefficients. In the present work, transposed form is used
which reduces area and delay as compared to direct form [6].
(2)
k
K knxHnY
N
)()(
0
1
Fig.2. Lowpass FIR filter magnitude response
Three modules are needed for implementation of optimized
FIR filter, i.e., delay, addition and multiplication. Barrel
shifter is used to provide shift operation and CSA is used to
carry out a sum operation. The modules used for
implementation are:
Barrel shifter is an integral component in several
computing devices which is mainly used for shifting and
rotating multiple bits in a single clock. It can be designed with
the help of combinational logic circuits such as logic gates,
multiplexers and decoders. However, the MUX based barrel
shifter provides less delay and power when compared to other
circuits [13]. Therefore, in the present work, BS is designed
using multiplexers architecture. Shifting a data word by a
specific amount of shift is performed in one clock cycle.
Sequences of multiplexers are used to implement the barrel
shifter and the output of one mux is connected to the input of
the next mux that depends on the shift distance [7]. The data
word can be shifted up to 8 bits either in left or right direction.
If the input pin is zero, then the observed output remains same,
i.e., without applying shifting operation. On the other hand,
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B. Barrel Shiifter
CSA is mainly used for fast arithmetic in a DSP system for
addition of three or more binary numbers. In CSA, there is no
propagation delay as compared to the ripple carry adder and
carry look ahead adder [4]. For sufficient large value of n, it
provides results very quickly and relatively occupies less area
in comparison to normal adders. CSA includes full adders but
the carry output is taken out from each bit to form second
result vector instead of passing it to the next most significant
bit [8]. It consists of three numbers (x, y, z) as the input which
is added together and provides sum (s) and carry (c) as an
output. Hence, this adder is called as 3:2 compressor, where
the operation is performed in one time unit duration. In carry
save operation, the carry is passed until last step whereas
ordinary addition is done in the last step only. When CSA is
implemented on FPGA, then two LUTs are required for
generation of carry and sum bit where as single LUT is
required for the carry propagation adder [11]. Fig.3 represents
CSA that consists of 17 half adders and 15 full adders.
A. Carry Save Adder
III. MODULES FOR FIR FILTER
3. Fig.3. Block diagram for 16-bit Carry Save Adder
C. Conventional FCSD
Factored Canonical Signed Digit representation is a slight
modification over CSD. It replaces multiplier operation with
add and shift operations on the basis of prime factors of the
coefficients [9]. A combination of effective factorization and
CSD representation of filter coefficient leads to a reduction in
the number of adders which further hardware cost. It provides
a relatively greater reduction in filter area, but at the cost of
decreased clock speed [9].Increase in delay is the major
drawback of this algorithm. The Factored CSD algorithm
provides a trade-off between calculated complexity and
convergence [12]. Following example compares CSD and
FCSD algorithm.
y = 217*x
= (11011001)*x % 217 in binary form
= (1001’001’1’1’) *x % 217 in signed digit
= (256- 32-4-2-1) * x
= (x << 8) –(x << 5) – (x << 2) – (x << 1) – x
Cost of CSD = 4 adders
y = 217*x
= (7*31)* x
= (x << 3– x) *(x << 5 – x)
Cost of FCSD = 2 adders
It is concluded that, the number of adders has been reduced by
using FCSD instead of CSD technique. Therefore, we have
used FCSD formulation for reducing filter complexity.
IV. PROPOSED WORK FOR OPTIMIZED FIR FILTER
FIR filter based on FCSD technique is proposed that use carry
save adder and barrel shifter for addition and shifting
operations. FCSD technique used for coefficient
V. SIMULATION RESULTS
This section presents the simulation results of the proposed
FIR filter. A Low pass FIR Filter is designed using equiripple
method in MATLAB FDA tool box for calculation of
coefficients. The filter can be designed in two structures, i.e.
direct form and transposed form. We have used transposed
form structure which reduces the implementation cost in terms
of area and delay. FIR filter architecture has been designed
and implemented on Xilinx Spartan3E XC3S500E using
VHDL. This results in realizing an FIR filter which can be
operated at maximum frequency of 238.322 MHz by
consuming 79 slices. The characteristics of proposed FPGA
based FIR filter are summarized in table II along with the
comparison of the proposed filter with CSD and FCSD
technique.
TABLE II: Performance Comparison between different approaches
Parameter CSD FCSD Proposed
work
No. of slices 808 789 79
No. of flip-flops 510 512 126
No. of 4 input
LUT’s
1349 1290 146
Frequency (MHz) 43.814 44.911 238.322
Min. Period (ns) 22.824 22.266 4.196
As shown in table II, Number of slices has been reduced
from 789 to 79 in FCSD technique by consuming 126
numbers of flipflops. Proposed FCSD based FIR filter
occupies 146 number of look up tables as compared to FCSD
technique. In comparison to FCSD, this result shows the
enhanced performance in terms of speed and area due to
efficient utilization of embedded multiplier and LUTs inside
the device. Fig. 4 compares the proposed FCSD technique
with CSD and FCSD method in the form of bar graph. The
proposed work offers very less number of slices, LUTs and
flipflops as compared to other two techniques generated by
MATLAB. Simulation results shows that proposed filter
consumes 89.98% less number of slices, 88.682% less number
of LUTs and 75.39 % less number of flipflops as compared to
FCSD technique to provide cost effective filter. Time delay of
if the input is non zero, then output is shifted in either
specified direction. After shifting operation, all the partial
products (PP) are added together to achieve multiplication
operation. Thus, Performance of FIR filter is improved by use
of barrel shifter in terms of area and delay [13].
representation reduces the area of the filter as compared to the
CSD technique, but with the disadvantage of increased delay.
This propagation delay can be improved by using CSA and a
barrel shifter. For multiplication of filter coefficients with the
input signal add and shift method is used. Therefore, the
multiplier consists of one adder unit (CSA) and one shifter
unit (barrel shifter). The filter is processed step by step in
which coefficients are first factored and subsequently
represented in CSD format. CSA is used, when the input
signal is multiplied with filter coefficients and added together
in the last step. Optimization of FIR Filter considering area
and delay constraints has been achieved using FCSD
representation, CSA and barrel shifter. These combinations of
FCSD technique with CSA and BS can target significant
reduction in circuit complexity, area and delay.
Int. Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engg. Vol. 2, Spl. Issue 1 (2015) e-ISSN: 1694-2310 | p-ISSN: 1694-2426
5 NITTTR, Chandigarh EDIT-2015
4. the proposed filter has been improved considerably which in
turn increases the operational speed of the system. This
reduction in design complexity, area and delay of proposed
FCSD based filter can be viewed as a possible alternative for
circuit designer.
Fig.4. Bar graph representing CSD, FCSD and proposed work comparison
VI. CONCLUSION
The proposed FIR filter has been designed for 8 tap using
FCSD representation of filter coefficients. An optimized FIR
filter has been designed using barrel shifter and CSA in
VHDL which is further simulated on Xilinx Spartan3E based
XC3S500E target FPGA device. The results show that
optimized FCSD based FIR filter can be operated at a
maximum frequency of 238.322 MHz by consuming 79 slices,
126 flip-flops and 146 LUTs. Simulation results shows that
optimized filter occupies 89.98% less number of slices,
88.682% less number of LUTs and 75.39 % less number of
flipflops as compared to FCSD technique. Delay of the
optimized FIR filter has been reduced by 18.071 ns. It is
concluded that, use of FCSD representation in FIR filters
along with fastest adder and shifter can target significant
reduction in design complexity, area and delay when
compared to other approaches.
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0
400
800
1200
slices flip-flops LUT’s Frequency
(MHz)
CSD FCSD Proposed work
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