The document discusses optical fibers, which transmit light through the principle of total internal reflection. It describes the core, cladding, buffer, and jacket layers of optical fibers and compares single mode, multimode step index, and multimode graded index fibers. Key advantages of optical fibers include potential low cost using sand-based glass, enormous bandwidth, and high signal security. Fiber specifications like attenuation, dispersion, bandwidth, and numerical aperture are also outlined.
Optical fiber communication Part 1 Optical Fiber FundamentalsMadhumita Tamhane
Optical fiber systems grew from combination of semiconductor technology, which provided necessary light sources and photodetectors and optical waveguide technology. It has significant inherent advantages over conventional copper systems- low transmission loss, wide BW, light weight and size, immunity to interferences, signal security to name a few. One principle characteristic of optical fiber is its attenuation as a function of wavelength. Hence it is operated in two major low attenuation wavelength windows 800-900nm and 1100-1600nm . Light travels inside optical fiber waveguide on principle of total internal reflection. Fiber is available as single mode and multiple mode, step index and graded index depending on applications and expenditures. Principle of fiber can be understood by ray theory or mode theory. ...
Optical Fiber Basic Concept Which May Help You To Understand More Easily. The Slide Is Specially For Engineering Background. Anyone can get easily understand by studying this material. Thank you.
Mechanical splicing techniques is optical fiber splicing techniques which are using adhesive epoxy resin.its a simple techniques for optical fiber connecting.
Lecture 2 Basic Concepts in Machine Learning for Language TechnologyMarina Santini
Definition of Machine Learning
Type of Machine Learning:
Classification
Regression
Supervised Learning
Unsupervised Learning
Reinforcement Learning
Supervised Learning:
Supervised Classification
Training set
Hypothesis class
Empirical error
Margin
Noise
Inductive bias
Generalization
Model assessment
Cross-Validation
Classification in NLP
Types of Classification
Optical fiber communication Part 1 Optical Fiber FundamentalsMadhumita Tamhane
Optical fiber systems grew from combination of semiconductor technology, which provided necessary light sources and photodetectors and optical waveguide technology. It has significant inherent advantages over conventional copper systems- low transmission loss, wide BW, light weight and size, immunity to interferences, signal security to name a few. One principle characteristic of optical fiber is its attenuation as a function of wavelength. Hence it is operated in two major low attenuation wavelength windows 800-900nm and 1100-1600nm . Light travels inside optical fiber waveguide on principle of total internal reflection. Fiber is available as single mode and multiple mode, step index and graded index depending on applications and expenditures. Principle of fiber can be understood by ray theory or mode theory. ...
Optical Fiber Basic Concept Which May Help You To Understand More Easily. The Slide Is Specially For Engineering Background. Anyone can get easily understand by studying this material. Thank you.
Mechanical splicing techniques is optical fiber splicing techniques which are using adhesive epoxy resin.its a simple techniques for optical fiber connecting.
Lecture 2 Basic Concepts in Machine Learning for Language TechnologyMarina Santini
Definition of Machine Learning
Type of Machine Learning:
Classification
Regression
Supervised Learning
Unsupervised Learning
Reinforcement Learning
Supervised Learning:
Supervised Classification
Training set
Hypothesis class
Empirical error
Margin
Noise
Inductive bias
Generalization
Model assessment
Cross-Validation
Classification in NLP
Types of Classification
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As an MYP interested school we are introducing MYP-style Technology classes. This video was produced to help "flip" our classroom. Students can view this (or the YouTube or Vimeo versions) elsewhere in order to spend more time in class actually creating, collaborating and working in an environment with other learners with access to a knowledgeable"expert".
We have made an experimental set-up to measure thermal conductivity of oil. Experimental setup is designed in such a way that the accuracy it obtain is kept at the same level, while the cost of the experimentation is reduced to 1/10th of other equivalent model available in market. Modifications done are in positioning of the thermocouple, mass flow rate of the water through the water jacket and its arrangement, the design and placement of heater, the positioning oil pocket for oil, use of less costly and widely available material, etc.
Fibre Optics, Structure, Total Internal Reflection, Critical angle of Propagation, Acceptance Angle, Fractional Refractive index change, Numerical Aperture, Modes of Propagation, V- Number, Classification of optical fibres based on Refractive index profile, modes and materials, Losses, Attenuation, Distortion, Intermodal and intramodal dispersion, Wave guide dispersion, Applications.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. Optical Fibre
Optical Fibre is an optical transmission device which
works on the principle of total internal reflection.
Principle of Optical Fibre
When a light signal is directed at one end of the fibre at
a suitable angle, it undergoes repeated total internal
reflection along the length of the fibre and finally
comes out at the other end.
3. Optical Fiber
• Core
– Glass or plastic with a higher index of
refraction than the cladding
– Carries the signal
• Cladding
– Glass or plastic with a lower index of
refraction than the core
• Buffer
– Protects the fiber from damage and
moisture
• Jacket
– Holds one or more fibers in a cable
4.
5.
6. Potential low cost: The glass which generally provides
the optical fiber transmission medium is made from
sand (SiO2).
Enormous band width: The optical carrier frequency in
the range 1013 to 1016 Hz.
In metallic cable systems band width is 500-700 MHz's.
The amount of data that can be transmitted in a fixed
amount of time.
Signal security: Optical fibers provides the high degree
of signal security.
Using an Optical fiber, 15000 independent speeches
can be sent where as using a pair of copper wires,
only 48 independent speeches can be sent
7. Types of Optical Fibre (Based on core size)
Single Mode Step Multimode Fibre
Index Fibre
Multimode Multimode
Step Index Fibres Graded Index Fibres
8. Single Mode Step Index Fiber
• Single mode step index fiber has a core diameter
of 8 to 9 microns, which only allows one light path
or mode
• Single mode fibres have a lower signal loss and
a higher information capacity or bandwidth than
a multimode fibre.
Index of
refraction
9. Multimode Step-Index Fiber
• Multimode fiber has a core diameter of 50 to 100
microns (sometimes even larger)
– Allows several light paths (~100) or modes
– This causes modal dispersion – some modes
take longer to pass through the fiber than others
because they travel a longer distance
Index of
refraction
10. Multimode Graded-Index Fiber
• The index of refraction gradually changes
across the core
– Modes that travel further also move faster
– This reduces modal dispersion so the bandwidth is
greatly increased
Index of
refraction
11. Step-index and Graded-index
• Step index multimode was developed first,
but rare today because it has a low
bandwidth (50 MHz-km)
• It has been replaced by graded-index
multimode with a bandwidth up to 2 GHz-
km
12. Fiber Optic Specifications
• Attenuation
– Loss of signal, measured in dB
• Dispersion
– Blurring of a signal, affects bandwidth
• Bandwidth
– The number of bits per second that can be
sent through a data link
• Numerical Aperture
– Measures the largest angle of light that can
be accepted into the core
13. Acceptance Angle
Optical fibre will only propagate light that enters the fibre within
a certain cone, known as acceptance cone of the fibre. The
half-angle of this cone is called the acceptance angle (θi)
Cladding ( µ 2 )
Air ( µo ) θ Core( µ1 )
φ
i Axis
From Snell’s law
µo sin i = µ1 sin φ
14. φ = 90 − θ
o
µo sin i = µ1 sin(90o − θ )
µo sin i = µ1 cos θ
µo sin i = µ1 1 − sin θ 2
If i increases, Φ increases and θ decreases.
There is a maximum value of i beyond which the light ray
entering the fibre will fall on the core-cladding interface at
an angle less than θc. Such a ray will be refracted into the
cladding and will not propagate. This maximum value of i,
say imax is called the acceptance angle of the fibre.
15. µo sin imax = µ1 1 − sin θ c
2
When θ = θ c then according to Snell’s law
µ1 sin 90o
=
µ 2 sin θ c
µ2
sin θ c =
µ1
µo sin imax = µ1 1 − ( µ 2 µ1 )
2
µo sin imax = µ12 − µ 2
2
16. Taking µ o =1 for air, we get
sin imax = µ − µ 2
1
2
2
This equation gives a relation between the acceptance
angle and the refractive indices of the core and the
cladding.
The cone associated with the angle imax is called the
acceptance cone.
17. Numerical Aperture
It is the measure of the light gathering capacity of the fibre
and is defined as the product of sine of the acceptance
angle and the refractive index of the medium to which the
end faces of the fibre are exposed.
NA = µo sin imax
Taking µ o =1 for air, we get
NA = sin imax = µ − µ 2
1
2
2
µ1 − µ 2
Relative index ∆µ =
µ1
20. ATTENUATION
Attenuation or transmission loss is the loss of optical power
as light travels down a fiber.
The decrease in signal strength along a fiber optic
waveguide caused by absorption and scattering is known as
attenuation.
Attenuation is usually expressed in dB/km
Since attenuation is the loss, therefore, it is always expressed as
Pin
αL = 10 log10
Pout
where α is the attenuation coefficient of the fiber
21. Dispersion
Dispersion, expressed in terms of the symbol ∆t, is
defined as pulse spreading in an optical fibre. As a pulse
of light propagates through a fibre, elements such as
numerical aperture, core diameter, refractive index
profile, wavelength, and laser line width cause the pulse
to broaden. This poses a limitation on the overall
bandwidth of the fibre.
22. V Number
The number of modes of multimode fiber cable depends on
the wavelength of light, core diameter and material
composition. This can be determined by the Normalized
frequency parameter (V).
πd πd
V= µ1 − µ 2 =
2 2
NA
λ λ
Where , d = fiber core diameter ; λ = wavelength of light
NA=numerical aperture
For a single mode fiber, V ≤ 2.4 and for multimode fiber, V ≥
2.4.
Mathematically, the number of modes for a fiber is given by:
For Step-index For Graded-index