Abstract: Replacement of concrete buildings, bridges, roadways and other structures is becoming more and more expensive as costs of materials and labor continue their upward spiral. Polymermodified or polymer cement mortar (PCM) and concrete (PCC) are a category of concrete-polymer composites which are made from cement mortar or concrete with polymers, The main application of
polymer cements is in concrete repair. In this research two sets of mixtures were prepared that consist of mortar and polymer to fabricate the polymer-cement composite. The first set include mortar with ratio (1:1) (cement-sand) without water, while the other set include mortar with ratio (1:2) (cementsand) without water. The polymer was Quickmast105 epoxy which is added to the mortar after mixing the resin with the hardener in proportion of (1:3). Each set was consist of different percentage of
polymer (50:50, 40:60 and 30:70). Tests were conducted, including compression, flexural and bonding strength, were several results obtained including, the highest compressive strength was about 102.889MPa and the highest value of flexural strength was about 57.648MPa for (1:1), the polymermortar with 40:60 ratio showed a higher bonding compressive strength. Proportionality between the
cement and sand and also between the polymer and mortar plays a major role in adhesion and strength are considered key factors in the bonding and portability to repairs.
The Research on Process and Application of Self-Compacting ConcreteIJERA Editor
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is one kind of concrete with high workability and durability. First of all, this paper introduces the definition and history of Self-compacting concrete (SCC). Secondly, it introduces the raw material selection, equipped technology and the mix proportion design method of Self-compacting concrete. Finally, it analyzes the problems and countermeasures of self-compacting concrete and look ahead the application prospect of it.
IRJET- Durable Concrete by Packing Density Method with Dolomite Powder as Par...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study that produced durable concrete using a packing density mix design method with dolomite powder as a partial replacement for cement. Dolomite powder was added at replacement levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% by weight of cement. Specimens were tested to determine compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength. The results showed that replacing cement with dolomite powder increased the strengths of the concrete. Using dolomite powder as a partial replacement for cement can reduce the cost of concrete while improving its mechanical properties.
Performance of Concrete Containing Zeolite as a Supplementary Cementitious Ma...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of a study on the performance of concrete containing zeolite as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM). Seventeen concrete mixtures were prepared with 0-40% replacement of Portland cement with untreated and calcined zeolite. The fresh and hardened concrete properties were tested. The main findings were that zeolite reduced workability but a water reducer was able to maintain workability. Untreated zeolite concrete had higher density while calcined zeolite concrete was lighter. Compressive strength improved at 10% replacement but declined at 25-40% replacement compared to the control concrete. Thus, zeolite can be used as a SCM to improve strength and enable production of lighter weight concrete.
Experimental Investigation on Replacement of Cement in Concrete Partially by ...ijtsrd
Concrete is the most extremely used construction material within the world, which always uses natural resources like lime, aggregates and water. The production of cement in world has increased greatly, due to this cement production emission of CO2 gas has been increased tremendously, ultimately environmental pollution increased to very large extent. This affect to environment has been reduced by cement has been replaced by some supplementary materials like Dolamite Powder or Fly ash or GGBS and so on. Dolamite. Powder was conducted detailed study and lots of research work has been made on other waste materials and it is found there is a great future scope for research on Dolamite Powder as a replacement to cement, sand or both. Now in our case, cement has been replaced partially with in varying proportions likewise from 0 to 20 and its effect has been analysed on the standard consistency, soundness, setting times of cement and compressive strength of cement mortar mixes. The cubes and cylinders of concrete were casted for variable content of dolomite powder. Pramod Dhamne | Dr. P. B. Nagarnaik ""Experimental Investigation on Replacement of Cement in Concrete Partially by using Dolamite Powder"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23035.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/23035/experimental-investigation-on-replacement-of-cement-in-concrete-partially-by-using-dolamite-powder/pramod-dhamne
Study on Properties of Fresh and Hardened Self Compacting Concrete with Varie...IOSRJMCE
The objective of this paper is to study the properties of fresh and hardened self compacting concrete with varied percentages of metakaolin as mineral admixture (M40 grade). In this study cement is replaced by metakoalin with varied percentages, 20%, 22%, 24%, 26%, 28%, 30%, 32%, 34%, 36% & 38% with a constant packing factor of 1.14. In the present study, B233 GLENIUM super plasticizer is used. As per the European guidelines for Self-compacting concrete, the workability tests such as slump flow test, V-funnel test and L- box, U-box test were carried out in laboratory. The concrete specimens were cured in the tank for 7 and 28 days and tested for determining the compressive strength and split tensile strength and flexural strength respectively. From the study it is observed that workability and mechanical properties such as Compressive strength, Split tensile strength and Flexural strength test increased with increase in metakoalin up to 30% and decreased from 32% to 38%. Non Destructive Test is also performed to assess the quality of concrete in the hardened state.
A presentation on nano modified bitumenShaik Farheen
This document presents a study on experimental tests conducted on bituminous mixes modified with nanoclay. The study had two phases: the first analyzed the rheological properties of modified binders compared to standard binders through tests like penetration, softening point, and dynamic shear rheometer. The second phase compared performance of modified and standard mixes through indirect tensile strength, resilient modulus, dynamic creep, and fatigue resistance tests. The results showed nanoclay modification improved rutting resistance but standard mixes performed better in fatigue resistance, especially at low temperatures.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Concrete is a composite material used on the grounds that all considerate designing structures are developed with
concrete. This report accentuation that by utilizing locally accessible materials like jaggery, may enhance the properties of
concrete. The experiment has been completed for assessing the quality properties of concrete utilizing Jaggery as admixtures
into the concrete creation. Normally these sorts of admixtures utilized as a part of the extraordinary cases like huge wharfs
and long heaps. Four unique rates of admixtures (Jaggery) are picked in the experimentation as, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%and 0.4%
by weight of cement with M20 and M25 grade, mix design of concrete. At last, it was presumed that workability and
compressive strength of concrete upgraded when admixtures Jaggery included into the concrete synthesis.
The Research on Process and Application of Self-Compacting ConcreteIJERA Editor
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is one kind of concrete with high workability and durability. First of all, this paper introduces the definition and history of Self-compacting concrete (SCC). Secondly, it introduces the raw material selection, equipped technology and the mix proportion design method of Self-compacting concrete. Finally, it analyzes the problems and countermeasures of self-compacting concrete and look ahead the application prospect of it.
IRJET- Durable Concrete by Packing Density Method with Dolomite Powder as Par...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study that produced durable concrete using a packing density mix design method with dolomite powder as a partial replacement for cement. Dolomite powder was added at replacement levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% by weight of cement. Specimens were tested to determine compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength. The results showed that replacing cement with dolomite powder increased the strengths of the concrete. Using dolomite powder as a partial replacement for cement can reduce the cost of concrete while improving its mechanical properties.
Performance of Concrete Containing Zeolite as a Supplementary Cementitious Ma...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of a study on the performance of concrete containing zeolite as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM). Seventeen concrete mixtures were prepared with 0-40% replacement of Portland cement with untreated and calcined zeolite. The fresh and hardened concrete properties were tested. The main findings were that zeolite reduced workability but a water reducer was able to maintain workability. Untreated zeolite concrete had higher density while calcined zeolite concrete was lighter. Compressive strength improved at 10% replacement but declined at 25-40% replacement compared to the control concrete. Thus, zeolite can be used as a SCM to improve strength and enable production of lighter weight concrete.
Experimental Investigation on Replacement of Cement in Concrete Partially by ...ijtsrd
Concrete is the most extremely used construction material within the world, which always uses natural resources like lime, aggregates and water. The production of cement in world has increased greatly, due to this cement production emission of CO2 gas has been increased tremendously, ultimately environmental pollution increased to very large extent. This affect to environment has been reduced by cement has been replaced by some supplementary materials like Dolamite Powder or Fly ash or GGBS and so on. Dolamite. Powder was conducted detailed study and lots of research work has been made on other waste materials and it is found there is a great future scope for research on Dolamite Powder as a replacement to cement, sand or both. Now in our case, cement has been replaced partially with in varying proportions likewise from 0 to 20 and its effect has been analysed on the standard consistency, soundness, setting times of cement and compressive strength of cement mortar mixes. The cubes and cylinders of concrete were casted for variable content of dolomite powder. Pramod Dhamne | Dr. P. B. Nagarnaik ""Experimental Investigation on Replacement of Cement in Concrete Partially by using Dolamite Powder"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23035.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/23035/experimental-investigation-on-replacement-of-cement-in-concrete-partially-by-using-dolamite-powder/pramod-dhamne
Study on Properties of Fresh and Hardened Self Compacting Concrete with Varie...IOSRJMCE
The objective of this paper is to study the properties of fresh and hardened self compacting concrete with varied percentages of metakaolin as mineral admixture (M40 grade). In this study cement is replaced by metakoalin with varied percentages, 20%, 22%, 24%, 26%, 28%, 30%, 32%, 34%, 36% & 38% with a constant packing factor of 1.14. In the present study, B233 GLENIUM super plasticizer is used. As per the European guidelines for Self-compacting concrete, the workability tests such as slump flow test, V-funnel test and L- box, U-box test were carried out in laboratory. The concrete specimens were cured in the tank for 7 and 28 days and tested for determining the compressive strength and split tensile strength and flexural strength respectively. From the study it is observed that workability and mechanical properties such as Compressive strength, Split tensile strength and Flexural strength test increased with increase in metakoalin up to 30% and decreased from 32% to 38%. Non Destructive Test is also performed to assess the quality of concrete in the hardened state.
A presentation on nano modified bitumenShaik Farheen
This document presents a study on experimental tests conducted on bituminous mixes modified with nanoclay. The study had two phases: the first analyzed the rheological properties of modified binders compared to standard binders through tests like penetration, softening point, and dynamic shear rheometer. The second phase compared performance of modified and standard mixes through indirect tensile strength, resilient modulus, dynamic creep, and fatigue resistance tests. The results showed nanoclay modification improved rutting resistance but standard mixes performed better in fatigue resistance, especially at low temperatures.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Concrete is a composite material used on the grounds that all considerate designing structures are developed with
concrete. This report accentuation that by utilizing locally accessible materials like jaggery, may enhance the properties of
concrete. The experiment has been completed for assessing the quality properties of concrete utilizing Jaggery as admixtures
into the concrete creation. Normally these sorts of admixtures utilized as a part of the extraordinary cases like huge wharfs
and long heaps. Four unique rates of admixtures (Jaggery) are picked in the experimentation as, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%and 0.4%
by weight of cement with M20 and M25 grade, mix design of concrete. At last, it was presumed that workability and
compressive strength of concrete upgraded when admixtures Jaggery included into the concrete synthesis.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Effect of Different Types of Coarse Aggregates on Physical Properties of Most...IOSRJMCE
Aggregates are inert granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone that, along with water and binder (cement/blended cement), are an essential ingredient in concrete. For a good concrete mix, aggregates need to be clean, hard, strong particles free of absorbed chemicals or coatings of clay and other fine materials that could cause the deterioration of concrete with required shape and sizeAggregates, which account for 60 to 75 percent of the total volume of concrete, are divided into two distinct categories--fine and coarse. The most important property of concrete is its compressive strength. For the purpose of comparison of such compressive strength, three types of coarse aggregates, quartzite, granite, and river gravel, were used. The fine aggregate is normal sand obtained from a borrow pit. This experimental investigation describes the influence of aggregate type and size on the density, compressive, split tensile strength of concrete. To investigate the effect of type and size of aggregate on the compressive strength, density, split tensile strength of concrete an experimental program shall be carried out in GRIET Laboratory. Three different types with three different sizes of course aggregates shall used for developing mix design. The sizes of coarse aggregate shall be 40mm, 20mm, and 12 mm. Ordinary Portland cement is intended to be used as binding material. Different samples shall be tested for compressive strength, split tensile strength and density of concrete. Cylinders of size 150mmx150mm shall be cast in laboratory and tested in testing machines. For each type of coarse aggregate cubes of 150x150mm size to be cast to allow the compressive strength 7 and 28 days. Based on test results, conclusion shall follow
Effect of Nanoclay on the Structure and Properties of High Density Polyethyle...iosrjce
In this study we prepared high density polyethylene (HDPE)/ clay nanocomposites by melt
compounding in a twin screw extruder with rotational speed of 50rpm and the temperatures of the zones are set
to 180-210°C.Different screw configuration have been used to study the effect of screw elements on the
properties of nanocomposites. screw configuration changed from dispersive to distributive type. Cloisite 15A
was used as the filler and weight percent of clay was fixed to 3wt%. Maleated polyethylene grafted polyolefins
supplied from Reliance ltd. A new combination of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene prepared in our lab
through grafting also taken as compatibilizer.the samples were then characterized by XRD,FTIR and DSC. The
results showed that PE/clay nanocomposites provide better exfoliation with high dispersive screw
configuration. The addition of clay also increased the dispersion and crystallinity of the composite. The clay
particles helped the nanocomposites to develop toruos path that prevent the leakage of gas through it.
Rheological results indicated an increase in the viscosity with the addition of nano clay to PE. wide angle x-ray
diffraction shows the better exfoliation of nano particle clays in the polymer matrix. The mechanical, thermal
and rheological characteristics were measured by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray
diffraction (XRD). XRD indicates that Compatibilizer –nanoclay ratio plays an important role in the exfoliation
of clay in the polyethylene.
To mitigate emission of carbon dioxide and other green gases, it is necessary to develop alternative ways by which sustainable development can be improved. This paper discusses various combination of cement with hypo sludge and different size of aggregates. Hypo sludge has a very good content of Cao and thus it works as a partial replacement material in construction process. This study examines 5%, 10%, and 15% replacement of hypo sludge in place of cement in concrete for M20 and then tested for its compressive strength. The result shows that the strength of the concrete increases by adding hypo sludge up to 10%. However, further increase in hypo sludge decreases the compressive strength. Also, rate analysis has been done which concludes that the rate of the concrete decreases on replacing the cement with hypo sludge. The aim of this study is to make eco-friendly building material and to see how the concrete behaves on replacing the cement with the hypo sludge in various proportions. This study also examines the possibility of utilization of hypo sludge as a partial replacement material and it can be further used as cementitious material. It also helps with the disposal and pollution problems associated with paper industry waste
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This study investigated the strength properties of geopolymer concrete with the addition of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as a replacement for fly ash. Five mixes were prepared with different percentages of fly ash replaced by GGBS ranging from 0% to 28.57%. The concrete was prepared using sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide as alkali activators. Compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength were tested at curing periods of 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. The mix with the maximum GGBS replacement of 28.57% achieved the highest compressive strength of 57MPa at 28 days. This mix also achieved a compressive strength of 43.
An Experimental Investigation on Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Partial...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on steel fiber reinforced concrete with partial replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand. Cubes, cylinders, prisms, and L-shaped specimens of M30 grade concrete with 50% replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand and 1% steel fibers were cast and tested at 7, 14, and 28 days to evaluate mechanical properties. The tests included compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, shear strength, and the effect of high temperatures. The study aims to compare the mechanical performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete with manufactured sand to normal concrete.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of Granite Powder and Polypropylene Fiber on Compressive, Split Tensil...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of adding granite powder and polypropylene fibers on the compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths of concrete. Granite powder was used to replace river sand in proportions of 10%, 20%, and 30%. Polypropylene fibers made up 0.25% of the cement weight. Specimens were tested for strengths at 7, 28, and 56 days and after exposure to 300°C. Results showed that concrete with 20% granite powder replacement had improved compressive strength compared to normal concrete. The study aimed to develop more durable and heat-resistant concrete using industrial waste materials.
1) The document presents a study on the mix design parameters of high strength concrete using iso-strength lines.
2) Sixteen concrete mixes were designed with water-binder ratios ranging from 0.30 to 0.42 and silica fume replacements ranging from 0 to 15%.
3) Regression analysis was used to develop relationships between slump, water content, and compressive strength at various ages for the different mixes. Iso-strength lines were plotted to predict strength based on water-binder ratio and silica fume content.
DURABILITY STUDIES OF GGBS AND METAKAOLIN BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE Ijciet 08...IAEME Publication
The objective of this research work was to produce a carbon dioxide emission free cementious
material. The geopolymer concrete is such a vital and promising one. In this study, geopolymer is
prepared from ‘Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag’ (GGBS) a powder from grinding the byproduct
of slag waste from blast furnace of steel plants and metakaolin from industry. The Alkaline
liquids used in this study for the polymerization process are the solutions of sodium hydroxide
(NaoH) and sodium silicate (Na2Sio3).A 8 Molarity and 10 Molarity solutions was taken to prepare
the mix. The cube compressive strength was calculated for different mixes. The cube specimens are
taken of size 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm. Ambient curing of concrete at room temperature was
adopted. In total 180 cubes were casted for their compressive strength at age of 28 days
respectively. The test data indicate that on exposure to 5% Sodium Sulphate, Sulphuric Acid and
Sodium Chloride, the losses in weight, and strength of geopolymer concrete (GPC) are
significantly much less than those for cement concrete. Thus the geopolymer concrete is considered
to be an environmentally pollution free construction material.
IRJET- A Review on Behaviour of ECO Green Concrete in Construction IndustryIRJET Journal
This document reviews the behavior of eco-friendly or "green" concrete in the construction industry. It discusses how green concrete uses industrial and construction waste materials like fly ash and demolished concrete rubble as partial replacements for natural aggregates and cement. Using these recycled materials reduces environmental impacts by lowering CO2 emissions in cement production and diverting waste from landfills. The document outlines the materials used in green concrete, its environmental benefits like increased longevity and reduced energy usage compared to traditional concrete. It also discusses production methods and properties of green concrete, concluding it can reduce the construction industry's CO2 emissions while benefiting from cost savings compared to conventional concrete.
An Experimental Investigation on Strengths Characteristics of Concrete with t...IJERA Editor
This document presents an experimental investigation on the strengths characteristics of concrete with partial replacements of cement by marble powder dust and sand by stone dust. Marble powder is used to replace cement by 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight, and stone dust is used to replace sand by 10%, 20%, and 30% along with 0%, 10%, and 20% cement replacement by marble powder. Compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths are tested at 7 and 28 days of curing. The results indicate that marble powder replacement up to 10% improves compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths. Stone dust and marble powder replacements up to 20% and 10% respectively also improve compressive
RESIDUAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF TERNARY BLENDED CONCRETE AT ELEVATED TEMPERA...Ijripublishers Ijri
The extensive use of concrete as a structural material for the high rise buildings, storage tanks, nuclear reactors and
pressure vessels increase the risk of concrete being exposed to high temperatures. This has led to a demand to improve
the understanding of the effect of temperature on concrete. The behavior of concrete exposed to high temperature is a
result of many factors including the exposed environment and constituent materials.
Concrete structures are exposed to fire when a fire accident occurs. Damage in concrete structures due to fire depends
to a great extent on the intensity and duration of fire. The distress in the concrete manifests in the form of cracking and
spalling of the concrete surface.
A Study on Properties of Foamed Concrete with Natural and Synthetic Foaming A...IRJET Journal
This study investigated the properties of foamed concrete made with natural and synthetic foaming agents. Foamed concrete is a lightweight material made of cement, water, fine aggregate, and air voids. Two foaming agents were used: soap nut (natural) and a synthetic agent. Silica fume was also added as a partial replacement for cement to increase strength. Results showed that concrete with the natural foaming agent had higher density and lower strength and elastic modulus than with the synthetic agent. However, natural agents are less expensive. In general, compressive strength was highest with silica fume addition. The study concluded that both natural and synthetic foaming agents can produce foamed concrete, but the natural material produces lower strength concrete
Use of Saw Dust Ash as Partial Replacement for Cement In Concreteinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses research into using metakaolin as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Metakaolin is a pozzolanic material that can improve the strength and durability of concrete. The research involved casting concrete cubes and cylinders with metakaolin replacing cement at levels of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by weight. Testing found that compressive, tensile and flexural strengths all increased with metakaolin content up to 15%, with the 15% replacement providing the highest strengths. Higher levels of 20% metakaolin resulted in lower strengths. Therefore, the research concluded that 15% metakaolin replacement of cement is optimal for improving the properties of concrete.
Cement is the main construction material for making concrete. It provides good bonding between aggregates and also provides strength. But at the time of manufacturing, cement releases high amount of CO2. In order to reduce the environmental impact and to improve the property of concrete, Palm ash concrete are used. Palm ash concrete containing palm ash as partial substitute for cement. The replacement percentages are 10%, 20%, 30%. In these investigations, compressive strength and durability of palm ash concrete and normal concrete were found out. Results are tabulated and discussed. The properties of palm ash concrete are also compared with the conventional concrete. The palm ash concrete is very economical and also ecofriendly concrete
Study of Boundary Value Analysis in Structural Engineering and Fluid Mechanic...ijtsrd
This paper presents a focused study on properties of porous concrete to widen its application to structural engineering. Mechanical properties like compressive strength, indirect tensile strength, flexural strength and physical properties like density, permeability and porosity are studied. To determine those parameters, twenty seven cubes, cylinders and prisms were tested. Also, three polymer impregnated porous concrete slabs were tested under pure bending moment to study the efficiency of selected resin to integrate particle of concrete to achieve a new generation in using porous concrete in structural engineering. Three different cement content specimens of porous concrete were considered, studied cement contents are 200 kg m3, 300 kg m3 and 400 kg m3. The results show that, increasing the cement content can increase the compressive strength, indirect tensile strength and flexural strength. Density of porous concrete is less than conventional concrete by 21 but permeability factor recorded higher value compared to conventional concrete by sixteen times. Increasing the cement content has no significant effect on either ultimate load or maximum deflection of polymer impregnated porous concrete slabs but the results recorded an achievement to use this concrete in structural engineering applications and give an easy way to cast special concrete like polymer concrete without special tools. Rambha Kumari "Study of Boundary Value Analysis in Structural Engineering and Fluid Mechanics using Homotopy Perturbation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30516.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/30516/study-of-boundary-value-analysis-in-structural-engineering-and-fluid-mechanics-using-homotopy-perturbation/rambha-kumari
Investigation on fine aggregate by broken tiles in concreteIJARIIT
This examination manages the effect on the concrete by the partial replacement of fine aggregate by ceramic
aggregate. Studies were done on a concrete, with various replacement. The impacts of various replacements 0, 10, 20, 30&40
percent of the waste ceramic tile by weight of concrete with M-30 review. At last, it was reasoned that all the strength qualities
(compressive strength, flexural strength & split tensile strength) of concrete increases with the various replacements.
Polymer concrete uses polymers instead of or along with water and cement as binders. It has higher strength, durability, chemical resistance, and cures more quickly than traditional concrete. Geopolymer concrete uses industrial byproducts like fly ash activated by an alkaline solution as binders. It has lower environmental impact than traditional concrete and gains strength rapidly. Both polymer and geopolymer concretes have advantages over traditional concrete such as higher strength, faster curing, and better durability, but also have disadvantages including brittleness and higher cost. Fiber reinforcement can increase the tensile strength of polymer concretes.
This document discusses polymers used for concrete repair. It describes two main types of polymers: those used to modify cementitious systems and thermosetting resin systems like epoxy, polyester, and acrylic. Polymer latexes are used as admixtures in cementitious systems where they improve properties like strength, permeability, and bonding. Resin repair mortars are used for smaller repairs under 12mm and rely on impermeability for steel protection. Epoxy, polyester, and acrylic resins are discussed in more detail regarding their chemical curing processes and appropriate uses in concrete repair.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Effect of Different Types of Coarse Aggregates on Physical Properties of Most...IOSRJMCE
Aggregates are inert granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone that, along with water and binder (cement/blended cement), are an essential ingredient in concrete. For a good concrete mix, aggregates need to be clean, hard, strong particles free of absorbed chemicals or coatings of clay and other fine materials that could cause the deterioration of concrete with required shape and sizeAggregates, which account for 60 to 75 percent of the total volume of concrete, are divided into two distinct categories--fine and coarse. The most important property of concrete is its compressive strength. For the purpose of comparison of such compressive strength, three types of coarse aggregates, quartzite, granite, and river gravel, were used. The fine aggregate is normal sand obtained from a borrow pit. This experimental investigation describes the influence of aggregate type and size on the density, compressive, split tensile strength of concrete. To investigate the effect of type and size of aggregate on the compressive strength, density, split tensile strength of concrete an experimental program shall be carried out in GRIET Laboratory. Three different types with three different sizes of course aggregates shall used for developing mix design. The sizes of coarse aggregate shall be 40mm, 20mm, and 12 mm. Ordinary Portland cement is intended to be used as binding material. Different samples shall be tested for compressive strength, split tensile strength and density of concrete. Cylinders of size 150mmx150mm shall be cast in laboratory and tested in testing machines. For each type of coarse aggregate cubes of 150x150mm size to be cast to allow the compressive strength 7 and 28 days. Based on test results, conclusion shall follow
Effect of Nanoclay on the Structure and Properties of High Density Polyethyle...iosrjce
In this study we prepared high density polyethylene (HDPE)/ clay nanocomposites by melt
compounding in a twin screw extruder with rotational speed of 50rpm and the temperatures of the zones are set
to 180-210°C.Different screw configuration have been used to study the effect of screw elements on the
properties of nanocomposites. screw configuration changed from dispersive to distributive type. Cloisite 15A
was used as the filler and weight percent of clay was fixed to 3wt%. Maleated polyethylene grafted polyolefins
supplied from Reliance ltd. A new combination of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene prepared in our lab
through grafting also taken as compatibilizer.the samples were then characterized by XRD,FTIR and DSC. The
results showed that PE/clay nanocomposites provide better exfoliation with high dispersive screw
configuration. The addition of clay also increased the dispersion and crystallinity of the composite. The clay
particles helped the nanocomposites to develop toruos path that prevent the leakage of gas through it.
Rheological results indicated an increase in the viscosity with the addition of nano clay to PE. wide angle x-ray
diffraction shows the better exfoliation of nano particle clays in the polymer matrix. The mechanical, thermal
and rheological characteristics were measured by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray
diffraction (XRD). XRD indicates that Compatibilizer –nanoclay ratio plays an important role in the exfoliation
of clay in the polyethylene.
To mitigate emission of carbon dioxide and other green gases, it is necessary to develop alternative ways by which sustainable development can be improved. This paper discusses various combination of cement with hypo sludge and different size of aggregates. Hypo sludge has a very good content of Cao and thus it works as a partial replacement material in construction process. This study examines 5%, 10%, and 15% replacement of hypo sludge in place of cement in concrete for M20 and then tested for its compressive strength. The result shows that the strength of the concrete increases by adding hypo sludge up to 10%. However, further increase in hypo sludge decreases the compressive strength. Also, rate analysis has been done which concludes that the rate of the concrete decreases on replacing the cement with hypo sludge. The aim of this study is to make eco-friendly building material and to see how the concrete behaves on replacing the cement with the hypo sludge in various proportions. This study also examines the possibility of utilization of hypo sludge as a partial replacement material and it can be further used as cementitious material. It also helps with the disposal and pollution problems associated with paper industry waste
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This study investigated the strength properties of geopolymer concrete with the addition of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as a replacement for fly ash. Five mixes were prepared with different percentages of fly ash replaced by GGBS ranging from 0% to 28.57%. The concrete was prepared using sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide as alkali activators. Compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength were tested at curing periods of 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. The mix with the maximum GGBS replacement of 28.57% achieved the highest compressive strength of 57MPa at 28 days. This mix also achieved a compressive strength of 43.
An Experimental Investigation on Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Partial...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on steel fiber reinforced concrete with partial replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand. Cubes, cylinders, prisms, and L-shaped specimens of M30 grade concrete with 50% replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand and 1% steel fibers were cast and tested at 7, 14, and 28 days to evaluate mechanical properties. The tests included compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, shear strength, and the effect of high temperatures. The study aims to compare the mechanical performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete with manufactured sand to normal concrete.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of Granite Powder and Polypropylene Fiber on Compressive, Split Tensil...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of adding granite powder and polypropylene fibers on the compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths of concrete. Granite powder was used to replace river sand in proportions of 10%, 20%, and 30%. Polypropylene fibers made up 0.25% of the cement weight. Specimens were tested for strengths at 7, 28, and 56 days and after exposure to 300°C. Results showed that concrete with 20% granite powder replacement had improved compressive strength compared to normal concrete. The study aimed to develop more durable and heat-resistant concrete using industrial waste materials.
1) The document presents a study on the mix design parameters of high strength concrete using iso-strength lines.
2) Sixteen concrete mixes were designed with water-binder ratios ranging from 0.30 to 0.42 and silica fume replacements ranging from 0 to 15%.
3) Regression analysis was used to develop relationships between slump, water content, and compressive strength at various ages for the different mixes. Iso-strength lines were plotted to predict strength based on water-binder ratio and silica fume content.
DURABILITY STUDIES OF GGBS AND METAKAOLIN BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE Ijciet 08...IAEME Publication
The objective of this research work was to produce a carbon dioxide emission free cementious
material. The geopolymer concrete is such a vital and promising one. In this study, geopolymer is
prepared from ‘Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag’ (GGBS) a powder from grinding the byproduct
of slag waste from blast furnace of steel plants and metakaolin from industry. The Alkaline
liquids used in this study for the polymerization process are the solutions of sodium hydroxide
(NaoH) and sodium silicate (Na2Sio3).A 8 Molarity and 10 Molarity solutions was taken to prepare
the mix. The cube compressive strength was calculated for different mixes. The cube specimens are
taken of size 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm. Ambient curing of concrete at room temperature was
adopted. In total 180 cubes were casted for their compressive strength at age of 28 days
respectively. The test data indicate that on exposure to 5% Sodium Sulphate, Sulphuric Acid and
Sodium Chloride, the losses in weight, and strength of geopolymer concrete (GPC) are
significantly much less than those for cement concrete. Thus the geopolymer concrete is considered
to be an environmentally pollution free construction material.
IRJET- A Review on Behaviour of ECO Green Concrete in Construction IndustryIRJET Journal
This document reviews the behavior of eco-friendly or "green" concrete in the construction industry. It discusses how green concrete uses industrial and construction waste materials like fly ash and demolished concrete rubble as partial replacements for natural aggregates and cement. Using these recycled materials reduces environmental impacts by lowering CO2 emissions in cement production and diverting waste from landfills. The document outlines the materials used in green concrete, its environmental benefits like increased longevity and reduced energy usage compared to traditional concrete. It also discusses production methods and properties of green concrete, concluding it can reduce the construction industry's CO2 emissions while benefiting from cost savings compared to conventional concrete.
An Experimental Investigation on Strengths Characteristics of Concrete with t...IJERA Editor
This document presents an experimental investigation on the strengths characteristics of concrete with partial replacements of cement by marble powder dust and sand by stone dust. Marble powder is used to replace cement by 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight, and stone dust is used to replace sand by 10%, 20%, and 30% along with 0%, 10%, and 20% cement replacement by marble powder. Compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths are tested at 7 and 28 days of curing. The results indicate that marble powder replacement up to 10% improves compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths. Stone dust and marble powder replacements up to 20% and 10% respectively also improve compressive
RESIDUAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF TERNARY BLENDED CONCRETE AT ELEVATED TEMPERA...Ijripublishers Ijri
The extensive use of concrete as a structural material for the high rise buildings, storage tanks, nuclear reactors and
pressure vessels increase the risk of concrete being exposed to high temperatures. This has led to a demand to improve
the understanding of the effect of temperature on concrete. The behavior of concrete exposed to high temperature is a
result of many factors including the exposed environment and constituent materials.
Concrete structures are exposed to fire when a fire accident occurs. Damage in concrete structures due to fire depends
to a great extent on the intensity and duration of fire. The distress in the concrete manifests in the form of cracking and
spalling of the concrete surface.
A Study on Properties of Foamed Concrete with Natural and Synthetic Foaming A...IRJET Journal
This study investigated the properties of foamed concrete made with natural and synthetic foaming agents. Foamed concrete is a lightweight material made of cement, water, fine aggregate, and air voids. Two foaming agents were used: soap nut (natural) and a synthetic agent. Silica fume was also added as a partial replacement for cement to increase strength. Results showed that concrete with the natural foaming agent had higher density and lower strength and elastic modulus than with the synthetic agent. However, natural agents are less expensive. In general, compressive strength was highest with silica fume addition. The study concluded that both natural and synthetic foaming agents can produce foamed concrete, but the natural material produces lower strength concrete
Use of Saw Dust Ash as Partial Replacement for Cement In Concreteinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses research into using metakaolin as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Metakaolin is a pozzolanic material that can improve the strength and durability of concrete. The research involved casting concrete cubes and cylinders with metakaolin replacing cement at levels of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by weight. Testing found that compressive, tensile and flexural strengths all increased with metakaolin content up to 15%, with the 15% replacement providing the highest strengths. Higher levels of 20% metakaolin resulted in lower strengths. Therefore, the research concluded that 15% metakaolin replacement of cement is optimal for improving the properties of concrete.
Cement is the main construction material for making concrete. It provides good bonding between aggregates and also provides strength. But at the time of manufacturing, cement releases high amount of CO2. In order to reduce the environmental impact and to improve the property of concrete, Palm ash concrete are used. Palm ash concrete containing palm ash as partial substitute for cement. The replacement percentages are 10%, 20%, 30%. In these investigations, compressive strength and durability of palm ash concrete and normal concrete were found out. Results are tabulated and discussed. The properties of palm ash concrete are also compared with the conventional concrete. The palm ash concrete is very economical and also ecofriendly concrete
Study of Boundary Value Analysis in Structural Engineering and Fluid Mechanic...ijtsrd
This paper presents a focused study on properties of porous concrete to widen its application to structural engineering. Mechanical properties like compressive strength, indirect tensile strength, flexural strength and physical properties like density, permeability and porosity are studied. To determine those parameters, twenty seven cubes, cylinders and prisms were tested. Also, three polymer impregnated porous concrete slabs were tested under pure bending moment to study the efficiency of selected resin to integrate particle of concrete to achieve a new generation in using porous concrete in structural engineering. Three different cement content specimens of porous concrete were considered, studied cement contents are 200 kg m3, 300 kg m3 and 400 kg m3. The results show that, increasing the cement content can increase the compressive strength, indirect tensile strength and flexural strength. Density of porous concrete is less than conventional concrete by 21 but permeability factor recorded higher value compared to conventional concrete by sixteen times. Increasing the cement content has no significant effect on either ultimate load or maximum deflection of polymer impregnated porous concrete slabs but the results recorded an achievement to use this concrete in structural engineering applications and give an easy way to cast special concrete like polymer concrete without special tools. Rambha Kumari "Study of Boundary Value Analysis in Structural Engineering and Fluid Mechanics using Homotopy Perturbation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30516.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/30516/study-of-boundary-value-analysis-in-structural-engineering-and-fluid-mechanics-using-homotopy-perturbation/rambha-kumari
Investigation on fine aggregate by broken tiles in concreteIJARIIT
This examination manages the effect on the concrete by the partial replacement of fine aggregate by ceramic
aggregate. Studies were done on a concrete, with various replacement. The impacts of various replacements 0, 10, 20, 30&40
percent of the waste ceramic tile by weight of concrete with M-30 review. At last, it was reasoned that all the strength qualities
(compressive strength, flexural strength & split tensile strength) of concrete increases with the various replacements.
Polymer concrete uses polymers instead of or along with water and cement as binders. It has higher strength, durability, chemical resistance, and cures more quickly than traditional concrete. Geopolymer concrete uses industrial byproducts like fly ash activated by an alkaline solution as binders. It has lower environmental impact than traditional concrete and gains strength rapidly. Both polymer and geopolymer concretes have advantages over traditional concrete such as higher strength, faster curing, and better durability, but also have disadvantages including brittleness and higher cost. Fiber reinforcement can increase the tensile strength of polymer concretes.
This document discusses polymers used for concrete repair. It describes two main types of polymers: those used to modify cementitious systems and thermosetting resin systems like epoxy, polyester, and acrylic. Polymer latexes are used as admixtures in cementitious systems where they improve properties like strength, permeability, and bonding. Resin repair mortars are used for smaller repairs under 12mm and rely on impermeability for steel protection. Epoxy, polyester, and acrylic resins are discussed in more detail regarding their chemical curing processes and appropriate uses in concrete repair.
STUDY ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF FLY ASH BASED GEO POLYMER CONCRETE WITH 20MOLAR NAO...IAEME Publication
Background/Objectives: Green house gas emissions are the main problem in the present scenario. The amount of Green house gas emissions are increasing and CO2 one of the greenhouse gas which effects the environment and leads to global warming. Methods/Statistical Analysis: This paper deals with the alternate materials for the cement which is a green concrete (GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE) and it reduces the emission of CO2. Fly ash is a byproduct of thermal industry which is converted into useful material. This Geo polymer concrete is a mixture of various components like sodium silicate and its hydroxide form along with other products like metakolin in addition to fly ash. Findings: The strength of geo polymer concrete is increased with molarity of NaOH. The 20 molarity is used in this paper. The reaction of alumina, silica present in flyash with alkalin base results in aluminosilicate which acts as a binder useful in high quality of green concret. In this paper different tests are conducted to find properties which include strength (flexural, split tensile as well as compressive) for 3, 7and 28 days for 20M. Applications/Improvements: This study helps in gaining knowledge about the morophological composition of concrete which might result in path-breaking trends in construction industry.
Construction Of Near Infrared Chiroptical Switches Based On Electrochromic Vi...niba50
The document discusses the development of near-infrared chiroptical polymers based on electrochromic viologens. It outlines the background, hypothesis, experimental approach, and results. Key compounds were synthesized and showed electrically switchable circular dichroism in the near-infrared region. Future work includes optimizing properties through structural modifications and theoretical calculations to better understand structure-property relationships.
Zirmek is a single component polymeric adhesive for fixing ceramic tiles, wooden mouldings, and other surfaces like glass, mirrors, gypsum wall boards, and cured cement plaster. It has good non-sag behavior, fast drying time, and high flexibility. Zirmek is best suited for ceramic tile, glass, and mirror installation as well as gap filling between tiles. It provides a fast grip and remains flexible even after complete curing.
Vetra Gel is a single component, thixotropic adhesive gel that is suitable for bonding small objects to vertical surfaces. It can bond many materials including plastic, rubber, metal, wood, and fabrics. Vetra Gel has advantages like being easy to apply, allowing time for assembly before fast setting within 3-5 minutes, and not curing until the surfaces to be bonded are pressed together. It is used for applications like pasting nuggets on metal handicrafts, beads on handicrafts, handles on cups, and more.
This document discusses different types of plastics, including thermosetting and thermoplastic plastics. Thermosetting plastics harden once cooled and cannot re-soften, while thermoplastics can re-soften when heated. Examples of thermosetting plastics include alkyds, urea formaldehyde, and melamine formaldehyde. Thermoplastic examples include polyvinyl chloride (PVC), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), high-density polyethylene (PEX), and chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC). Each plastic type is described in terms of its properties, applications, and chemical resistance.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses shore hardness testing, which measures the resistance of materials to indentation. Shore hardness is measured using a durometer indenter that penetrates the sample, with higher numbers indicating greater resistance. The shore scale has two types - Shore A for softer rubbers and Shore D for harder materials. Shore hardness provides an empirical measure of indentation resistance but does not predict other material properties. Mohs hardness characterizes scratch resistance and was created by Friedrich Mohs using minerals to demonstrate increasing hardness.
This document discusses different types of adhesives and grouts used in tiling. It describes cement-based, polymer, and acrylic adhesives, what they consist of, where they are used, and how they are applied. Cement-based adhesives come in powder form, polymer adhesives are pre-mixed, and acrylic adhesives are ready-to-use. Grouts also come in cement-based and epoxy varieties. Epoxy grout is used in areas with high chemical exposure. The document stresses following manufacturers' instructions for health and safety with all adhesives and grouts.
Study of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Materials in Reinforced Concrete Structures...Girish Singh
Around the world we are having several upcoming projects near the coast line so the study is needed to understand the effect on cost when we use FRP in the structure because FRP is a costly material compare to steel which may or may not increase the structure overall cost.
It will may or may not increase the structure cost because if we use FRP in a structure then we can avoid the problem that we face in a structure caused due to corrosion which reduce strength of the structure, foundation loosing plaster from the surface of the reinforced section due to expansion caused due to rusting as well as in building envelopes.
The objectives of this seminar report are to study about FRP Manufacturing and its properties, study about the various applications of FRP, design and analyze a FRP member, Finite element analysis of a simple beam using FRP as a reinforcement, role of FRP in the sustainable world, to find out the cost benefit of the elements used in a corrosive environment structure which can be replaced by the FRP.
This study will cover all the forms of FRP that can be used in a building and give a brief about FRP rebars its properties, design, analysis, uses and the effect on cost of a build during construction as well as the cost analysis of the structure.
This study will give an idea on the advantage of FRP over steel when we are using FRP in a corrosive environment like coast line and it will give an initial idea to the designer about the advantage and disadvantage of FRP over steel.
In the final part of this seminar report analysis results are used to give a base that FRP can sustain in structure as FRP reinforced bar and an example of a LCC is also used to give a satisfactory conclusion and on the final page the summery of the seminar is present.
This document defines plastics and their production processes. Plastics are polymers made from monomers and can be thermoplastics or thermosets. Thermoplastics soften when heated and can be remolded, while thermosets set during molding. Common plastics include polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyvinyl chloride. Plastics are produced via injection molding, extrusion, blow molding, and compression molding. Injection molding uses heated resin that is injected into a mold, while extrusion produces continuous shapes and blow molding uses air to expand parisons in a mold.
This document compares polymer concrete to normal concrete. Polymer concrete contains aggregates bonded together with polyester resins, making it lightweight and highly resistant to water absorption, freezing/thawing cycles, chemicals, and abrasion. It has higher compressive and tensile strengths than normal concrete, with compressive strength increasing up to 37% and tensile strength up to 21%. A case study examines how polymer concrete was used to repair basement coat failures at a hotel in Singapore. The document concludes polymer concrete has improved workability and strength properties over normal concrete.
Polymer concrete has several advantages over traditional Portland cement concrete including greater resistance to corrosion, cracking, and chemicals. It uses binders like epoxies, resins, or polymers to bind the concrete components together which provides increased strength and flexibility compared to standard concrete. Polymer concrete can be used for projects both large and small due to its availability in liquid or powder form.
This document discusses polymer modified concrete (PMC). It begins by providing background on the early patents for polymer modification of cement and concrete in the 1920s. Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) latex is commonly used to produce PMC and improves its flexural and compressive strength as well as durability. The document examines the tensile and compressive strengths of PMC made with varying proportions of polymers like PVA emulsion. PMC has applications in pavements, tunnel linings, bridges and more due to its high performance, low cost, durability and improved strength properties over ordinary concrete.
The document discusses redesigning the structure of a main spindle box for a machine tool using polymer concrete instead of cast iron. It summarizes the process undertaken, which included static, dynamic, and thermal analysis of the original cast iron design and redesigned polymer concrete design. The analyses showed the polymer concrete design had higher natural frequencies, better damping performance, and a 50% reduced mass compared to the original cast iron design while still meeting structural requirements. The document concludes the redesign successfully demonstrated the feasibility of using polymer concrete for machine tool structures.
Polymer concrete and fiber reinforced polymer concrete are alternatives to traditional concrete that can reduce drawbacks like greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption. Polymers can be classified as synthetic, natural, organic or inorganic. Polymer concrete is made by mixing polymers, aggregates, and sometimes cement or other binders. It has properties like high compressive strength, impermeability, chemical resistance, and good adhesion. Fiber reinforced polymer concrete adds fibers like glass or textile to improve flexural strength and ductility. Geopolymer concrete uses industrial byproducts like fly ash and is more eco-friendly than ordinary Portland cement. Both polymer concrete and fiber reinforced polymer concrete have applications in construction where properties like strength, corrosion resistance and durability are
Repairing of Concrete by Using Polymer-Mortar CompositesIJMER
This document discusses research into using polymer-mortar composites for concrete repair. Two sets of mixtures were prepared with different cement-sand ratios and percentages of epoxy polymer added. Tests were conducted to determine the composites' compressive, flexural, and bonding strengths. The highest compressive strength was 102.889MPa for a 1:1 cement-sand ratio with 40% polymer. Bonding strength was highest for a 40:60 polymer-mortar ratio. The results indicate that proportional mixing of cement, sand and polymer play a key role in the composite's strength properties for use in concrete repairs.
This document summarizes an experimental study on developing ultra-high strength self-compacting concrete with a target compressive strength of M160 grade (approximately 160 MPa). Three mix designs were tested with cement contents ranging from 450-600 kg/m3. The mixes used GGBS to replace 40% of the cement and included silica fume, polycarboxylate ether admixture, and steel or polymer fibers. The fresh properties of self-compactability, passing ability, and resistance to segregation were evaluated using slump flow, L-box, V-funnel, and U-box tests. The hardened properties of compressive and flexural strength were determined on cube, cylinder, and beam
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The Mechanical Properties of Concrete Incorporating Silica Fume as Partial Re...HARISH B A
Concrete is the most important engineering
material and the addition of some other materials may change
the properties of concrete. With increase in trend towards the
wider use of concrete for prestressed concrete and high rise
buildings there is a growing demand of concrete with higher
compressive strength. Mineral additions which are also
known as mineral admixtures have been used with cements
for many years. Silica fume particles are 100 times smaller
than the average cement particle. Its handling and disposal is
a point of concern because of the environment concerns. Silica
fume is usually categorized as a supplementary cementitious
material. These materials exhibit pozzolanic properties,
cementitious properties and a combination of both properties.
Due to these properties, it can affect the concrete behavior in
many ways. In the present work, an attempt has been made to
use silica fume as a supplementary material for cement and to
evaluate the limit of replacement of cement for M20 grade
concrete. The main aim of this work is to study the
mechanical properties of M20 grade control concrete and
silica fume concrete with different percentages (5, 10, 15 and
20%) of silica fume as a partial replacement of cement.
Experimental Investigation on Durability Properties of Silica Fume blended Hi...IRJET Journal
This study investigated the strength and durability properties of silica fume blended high strength concrete (HSC). Three concrete mixes (M60, M70, M80) were prepared by replacing 15% of cement with silica fume. Compressive strength and sorpitivity tests were conducted on cubes and cylinders cured for 7, 14, and 28 days. Results showed the M70 and M80 mixes achieved higher compressive strengths compared to M60, with M80 reaching 59.89 MPa and 80.09 MPa at 7 and 28 days. Sorpitivity tests found the rate of water penetration decreased with curing time for all mixes, indicating improved durability. The study demonstrated adding silica fume
This document summarizes a study on the effects of adding admixtures and synthetic polymer fibers to concrete of different strengths. Testing of 54 concrete cylinders showed that the addition of admixtures and fibers increased compressive strength more than reference concrete, allowing a reduction in cement percentage. The highest strengths were achieved with admixture-added concrete, followed by fiber-added and normal concrete. While fibers did not significantly boost strength on their own, the combination of admixtures and fibers promises sustainable, durable concrete structures.
IRJET- Partial Replacement of Cement with Fly Ash Cenospheres in Cement C...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research into partially replacing cement with fly ash cenospheres in concrete. Experimental tests were conducted replacing cement at levels of 0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, and 20% by mass. Compressive, split tensile, and flexural strength tests were performed on samples cured for 7 and 28 days. The results showed that replacing 8% of cement with cenospheres improved compressive strength by 11.69%, split tensile strength by 26.2%, and flexural strength by 33.73% compared to normal concrete. Replacing more than 8% of cement reduced strengths below design limits. Thus, the optimum replacement of cement with cenospheres was determined to be 8%
Diah Kusumantara Final Paper_QIR (Quality In Research) FT UI 2011.pdfdiahkusumantara2018
This document discusses a study that evaluated utilizing waste from concrete mixer trucks to create low-grade building materials. The study mixed concrete waste sludge from washing truck mixers with cement in various proportions, creating test cylinders to evaluate compressive strength. Testing at 7 days showed compressive strengths from 1.18 to 5.89 MPa, meeting requirements for non-structural uses like pavers and bricks. The research demonstrates that concrete waste can be recycled into low-quality construction materials, reducing waste and costs for ready-mix companies while supporting more sustainable practices.
To Study the Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Using Recycled Aggregate ...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper investigates the study of workability and durability characteristics of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) with Viscosity Modifying Admixture (VMA), and containing fly ash. The mix design for SCC was arrived as per the Guidelines of European Federation of National Associations Representing for Concrete (EFNARC). In this investigation, SCC was made by usual ingredients such as cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water, mineral admixture fly ash and demolished concrete at various replacement levels (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). To enhance the property of SCC made with the use of demolish concrete and fly ash, glass fiber has been added to the mix. Glass fiber in various % (i.e. 0.15%, 0.20% 0.30%, of Wt. of cement) has been added in the mix which contain demolish concrete and gave highest strength i.e. (10% demolish concrete).
Experimental Investigations of Mechanical properties on Micro silica (Silica ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : The Now a day, we need to look at a way to reduce the cost of building materials, particularly
cement is currently so high that only rich people and governments can afford meaningful construction. Studies
have been carried out to investigate the possibility of utilizing a broad range of materials as partial replacement
materials for cement in the production of concrete. This study investigated the strength properties of Silica fume
and fly ash concrete. This work primarily deals with the strength characteristics such as compressive, Split
tensile and flexural strength. High performance concrete a set of 7 different concrete mixture were cast and
tested with different cement replacement levels (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% 12.5% and15%) of Fly ash (FA) with
silica fume (SF) as addition ( 0%,5%,10 % ,15% ,25and 30%) by wt of Cement and/or each trial super
plasticizer has been added at constant values to achieve a constant range of slump for desired work ability with
a constant water-binder (w/b) ratio of 0.30.Specimens were produced and cured in a curing tank for 3, 7, 14
and 28 days. The cubes were subjected to compressive strength tests after density determination at 3,7,14 and
28 days respectively. The chemical composition and physical composition of micro silica, FlyAsh and cement
were determined. The density of the concrete decreased with increased in percentage of micro silica and Fly ash
replacement up to 15%. Increase in the level of micro silica fume and Fly ash replacement between 30% to 45%
led to a reduction in the compressive strength of hardened concrete. This study has shown that between 15 to
22.5% replacement levels, concrete will develop strength sufficient for construction purposes. Its use will lead
to a reduction in cement quantity required for construction purposes and hence sustainability in the
construction industry as well as aid economic construction.
Keywords: Durability, Fly Ash, High performance Concrete, Silica Fume/Micro Silica, Density, water
absorption
Scope of Producing Concrete by Replacing Cement with Marble Dust & Doping Sup...IRJET Journal
The document reviews research on producing more sustainable concrete by partially replacing cement with marble dust at different percentages and adding a super plasticizer. Studies found that replacing up to 15% of cement with marble dust can increase concrete strength compared to conventional mixes. The addition of super plasticizers was shown to improve the workability and strength of concrete mixes containing marble dust as a cement replacement.
Strength Characteristics of Concrete Produced by Replacing Fine Aggregates wi...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of a study investigating the strength properties of concrete with partial replacement of fine aggregate by marble powder and the addition of 2% basalt fiber. Concrete cubes, beams, and cylinders were cast with 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% replacement of fine aggregate by marble powder. The specimens were water cured for 7 and 28 days and then tested for compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength. The results showed that partial replacement of fine aggregate with marble powder, along with the addition of basalt fiber, can increase the strength of concrete at an economical cost while also providing an environmentally friendly way to dispose of industrial waste like marble powder.
Evaluation of the Superplasticizer Effect on the Concrete Compressive Strengt...civej
This study evaluated the effect of superplasticizers on concrete compressive strength using the tree-classification decision algorithm J48. The study analyzed a dataset of 1030 concrete samples with properties like cement, fly ash, water, superplasticizer, aggregates, age, and compressive strength. The J48 algorithm was able to classify the samples into 5 strength classes with 74.5% accuracy. The decision tree identified rules showing that higher superplasticizer amounts relative to cement led to higher compressive strengths, and dosages of 3.8-8.8 kg/m3 after 28 days resulted in class D strength of 40-50 MPa. The study concluded the J48 algorithm effectively modeled the relationship between superplasticizers and
Evaluation of the Superplasticizer Effect on the Concrete Compressive Strengt...civejjour
Concrete is the most important material in the civil engineering. The concrete compressive strength is a
non-linear function of the concrete age and some constituents. These constituents include cement, blast
furnace slag, fly ash, superplasticizer, coarse aggregate and fine aggregate. The superplasticizers are
among elements which are important in increasing the concrete compressive strength and we are going to
analyze here using the tree-classification decision algorithm. The decision trees, usually, are used in
classification of a bunch of data. J48 is one of the most favoured ones. The decision trees are developed
using information entropy on a collection of training data. J48 is a recursive algorithm that combines the
remaining of the following data sets and continues normalizing the output data using the separation
process until a uniform classification result obtains. This article evaluates the superplasticizer effect on the
concrete compressive strength using the tree-classification decision algorithm.
IRJET- Study on Latex Steel Fibre Reinforced ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document presents the results of a study on latex steel fiber reinforced concrete. Three concrete mixes were tested: a plain control mix without fibers or latex (Mix 1), a mix with 1% steel fibers and 5% latex (Mix 2), and a mix with 2% steel fibers and 5% latex (Mix 3). The compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths were tested at 7 and 28 days. All strengths generally increased with the addition of fibers and latex. For example, the 28-day compressive strengths were 31.11 MPa for Mix 1, 34.96 MPa for Mix 2 (a 12.37% increase), and 38.82 MPa for Mix 3 (a 24.78
Effect on Compressive Strength of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement w...IRJET Journal
- The document examines the effect of partial cement replacement with fly ash on the compressive strength of concrete.
- Tests were conducted on concrete cubes with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% fly ash replacement. Results showed compressive strength decreased with higher fly ash content.
- At 28 days, strength was reduced by 4.57%, 12.2%, and 20.55% for 10%, 20%, and 30% fly ash replacement respectively. Workability increased with more fly ash.
Partial Replacement of Cement by Saw Dust Ash in Concrete A Sustainable ApproachIJERD Editor
Concrete industry is one of the largest consumers of natural resources due to which sustainability of concrete industry is under threat. The environmental and economic concern is the biggest challenge concrete industry is facing. In this paper, the issues of environmental and economic concern are addressed by the use of saw dust ash as partial replacement of cement in concrete. Cement was replaced by Saw Dust Ash as 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by weight for M-25 mix. The concrete specimens were tested for compressive strength, durability (water absorption) and density at 28 days of age and the results obtained were compared with those of normal concrete. The results concluded the permissibility of using Saw Dust Ash as partial replacement of cement up to 10% by weight for particle size of range 90micron.
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Repairing of Concrete by Using Polymer-Mortar Composites
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.11| Nov. 2014 | 63|
Repairing of Concrete by Using Polymer-Mortar Composites Yaser M. Abdulateef 1, Besma M. Fahad2, Khalid M. Eweed3 1MSC. Student, Department of Material Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Al-Mustansiriya, Iraq2,3Asst. Prof. Department of Material Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Al-Mustansiriya, Iraq I. Introduction
Concrete today is an indispensable part of the fabric of modern society, used for everything from mundane road pavements and high rise building structures. Despite its long history of use, our understanding of the material has only really developed in very recent times, particularly with respect to its durability. There was common view that concrete is a durable as well as a maintenance-free constructional material. In recent years this concept has been changed. Many investigations have shown that concrete does not perform as well as it was expected due to the effect of many factors which contribute to or cause the deterioration of concrete structures and that what make it necessary of repairing concrete. [1] In the last 30 years the construction industry branch having to do with the repair, protection and strengthening of concrete has experienced explosive growth. This has been driven by the need to reverse the deterioration of, damage to, and defects in concrete structures as well as by changes in building use and code requirements. Accordingly, there is great need to improve the materials and techniques used in repair and strengthening.[2] Polymers have been used as additives in cement mortars and concrete since the 1920s. Since then, there has been considerable development of polymer modification for cement and concrete. Commercial products, called cement admixtures, are used in many applications in the construction industry from walls to roads.[3] Over the past twenty years, many different polymers have been used in a range of applications in the repair and maintenance of buildings and other structures. Without the unique properties of some of the polymer systems, many of the repairs undertaken would, without doubt, have been much more costly and have taken much longer to carry out. The polymers used in concrete repair consist principally of two different types of materials: (Polymers used to modify cementitious systems, and reactive thermosetting resins, mainly epoxy and unsaturated polyester resins).[4] Replacement of concrete buildings, bridges, roadways and other structures is becoming more and more expensive as costs of materials and labor continue their upward spiral. More attention is now being directed to development of materials for repair and restoration of concrete since, when effective, they represent an increasingly economical solution Among the materials being more closely evaluated and more widely accepted are the epoxy resins. Used alone or in combination with other standard construction materials, epoxies have made repairs possible where before only replacement was considered. Although epoxies themselves are somewhat costly, their total cost often becomes minimal when the quality of repair achievable with other materials is considered. It becomes practically insignificant when compared to the cost of new
Abstract: Replacement of concrete buildings, bridges, roadways and other structures is becoming more and more expensive as costs of materials and labor continue their upward spiral. Polymer- modified or polymer cement mortar (PCM) and concrete (PCC) are a category of concrete-polymer composites which are made from cement mortar or concrete with polymers, The main application of polymer cements is in concrete repair. In this research two sets of mixtures were prepared that consist of mortar and polymer to fabricate the polymer-cement composite. The first set include mortar with ratio (1:1) (cement-sand) without water, while the other set include mortar with ratio (1:2) (cement- sand) without water. The polymer was Quickmast105 epoxy which is added to the mortar after mixing the resin with the hardener in proportion of (1:3). Each set was consist of different percentage of polymer (50:50, 40:60 and 30:70). Tests were conducted, including compression, flexural and bonding strength, were several results obtained including, the highest compressive strength was about 102.889MPa and the highest value of flexural strength was about 57.648MPa for (1:1), the polymer- mortar with 40:60 ratio showed a higher bonding compressive strength. Proportionality between the cement and sand and also between the polymer and mortar plays a major role in adhesion and strength are considered key factors in the bonding and portability to repairs.
Key Words: Polymer, mortar, composite, polymer – cement, repairing.
2. Repairing of Concrete by Using Polymer-Mortar Composites
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.11| Nov. 2014 | 64|
construction.[5] Polymer-modified or polymer cement mortar (PCM) and concrete (PCC) are a category of concrete- polymer composites. Polymer modified or polymer cement paste, which is prepared without any aggregate, is sometimes used. Polymer-modified mortar and concrete are prepared by mixing either a polymer or monomer in a dispersed, powdery, or liquid form with fresh cement mortar and concrete mixtures, and subsequently curing. Several types of polymer-modified mortars and concretes, i.e., latex-redispersible polymer powder-, water- soluble polymer-, liquid resin, and monomer-modified mortars and concretes, are produced by using the polymers and monomers.[6] The main application of polymer cements is in concrete repair. The function of the polymer was mainly to reduce concrete permeability and to increase resistance to chloride penetration, toughness and adhesion. .[7]
II. Aims
The aim of this work is to investigate the possibilities of making a new repairing materials by full replacing the water with polymer material and finding out the suitable the suitable percent of mixing and which percent should be avoided to use in bonding the concrete to reduce the cost of concrete repairing.
III. Experimental Procedure
3.1. Materials 3.1.1 Cement: The cement that used is ordinary Portland cement, commercially known (TASLUJA). It was stored in dry place to minimize the effect of humidity on cement properties and it was tested in (National Center for Laboratories and Construction Research). The chemical and physical properties of cement are given in table (1). It is matched by the Iraqi Reference Guide indicative number (198) and the Ministry of Planning / Central Agency for Standardization and Quality Control Manual 198/1990. [8]
Table (1): Chemical and physical properties of Portland cement.
Chemical composition
Physical composition
Item
Content %
Spec. Limit
Item
Test result
Spec. Limit
SiO2
20.03
Fineness (m2/kg)
370
230
Al2O3
4.35
Autoclave exp.
0.32
0.8%
Fe2O3
3.17
Compressive strength (MPa) 3-days age
29.5
15.0
CaO
63.66
MgO
1.63
5.0 Max
Compressive strength (MPa) 7-days age
35
23.0
SO3
2.3
2.8 Max
Time of setting Initial (min.)
35
45
L.O.I
1.9
4.0 Max
I.R.[Insoluble Residue %]
0.99
1.5
Time of setting Final (hour)
5.25
10 Max.
3.1.2 Natural Sand Aggregate
The fine aggregate used in study is according to the Iraqi specification No. 45 of 1984 for Cement. Brought from Ukhaydir area where they were bringing models that are all located within the area of the second gradient specification under Iraqi specification[11] as shown in the table (2). Table (2): Grading of fine aggregate.
Sieve size (mm)
% Passing by Weight
Specific Limit
4.75
95.3
90-100
2.36
83.7
70-100
1.18
71.9
55-90
0.60
51.8
53-59
0.30
21.2
8-30
0.15
4.7
0-10
Percentage of salts%
0.4
≤0.5
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3.1.3 Polymer The epoxy was resin group type Quickmast 105 (DCP) Company / Jordan. Specific gravity and viscosity of the epoxy resin were 1.04 and 1 poise respectively at 35oC. The ratio between resin and hardener for this epoxy is 3:1 by weight.
IV. Experimental Work
In this work, different mixes of polymer-mortar were prepared to study their mechanical properties of polymer-mortar as a repairing material. Utilization of polymer composite as a repairing material for cracked structural concrete. Experimental work and test procedures are detailed in this work.
Two sets of mixtures were prepared that consist of mortar and polymer to fabricate the polymer-mortar composites. The first set include mortar with ratio (1:1) (cement-sand) without water, while the other set include mortar with ratio (1:2) (cement-sand) without water. Each set was consist of different percentage of polymer (50:50, 40:60 and 30:70). The polymer was epoxy which is added to the mortar after mixing the resin with the hardener in proportion of (3:1). The polymer-mortar mixtures were illustrated in Table (3). Table 3. Polymer-Mortar Mixtures, [%]
Specimen No.
Mortar %
Epoxy %
Mixture %
Dimensions (mm)
Compression
Flexural
1
1:1
1:3
50:50
50x50x50
100x25x25
2
1:1
1:3
40:60
50x50x50
100x25x25
3
1:1
1:3
30:70
50x50x50
100x25x25
4
1:2
1:3
50:50
50x50x50
100x25x25
5
1:2
1:3
40:60
50x50x50
100x25x25
6
1:2
1:3
30:70
50x50x50
100x25x25
The polymer-mortar with different proportions as given in table (3), was prepared by using electrical mixer (Automix, Controls Co. Italy). Firstly the resin mixed with hardener for 2-5 minutes, then cement and sand were separately mixed for 5 minutes. The polymer-mortar mixture were obtained by mixing them for 10 minutes until achieving a homogeneous mix. After complete mixing, the polymer-mortar was poured in molds, the molds were coated with mineral oil to prevent adhesion of polymer-mortar .Polymer-mortar casting was accomplished in three layers. Each layer was compacted by using a vibrating device (Viatest Co. German), for 1-1.5 minutes until no air bubbles emerged to the surface of the casting. The specimens were de-molded after 24±2 hours from casting, and then complete curing at room temperature for seven days to ensure full curing until the time of testing.
V. Tests
Three types of tests for polymer-mortar composites were carried out. The destructive tests consists of compressive strength, flexural strength and bonding compressive strength. 5.1 Destructive Tests 5.1.1 Compressive Strength Test The compression test was determined according to American Society for Testing and Materials . ASTM C109/C109M-13 (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] cube Specimens).[12] The specimens are loaded uniaxily by the universal compressive machine ( Viatest CO. Cyber-Tronic, model DPC 3000. German) of 3000 kN capacity at loading rate of 8.1 KN per second. The test was carried out for all proportions at the same rate of loading. 5.1.2 Flexural Strength Test This test methods are according to the ASTM D790-02 [13]. A bar of rectangular cross section rests on two supports and is loaded by means of a loading nose midway between the support, using calibrated testing machine (Sercomp, Controls Co. Italy). 5.1.3 Bond Strength test This test was applied to determine the bond strength of concrete cylinder specimen using polymer- mortar composites as a repairing material under the ASTM C882/C 882M.[14] The bond strength is determined by using the polymer-mortar to bond two equal sections of a [150 by 75-mm] Portland-cement mortar cylinder, each section of which has a diagonally cast bonding area at a 30° angle from vertical as shown in figure (1).
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Fig. 1. Two equal sections of a [150 by 75-mm] Portland-cement mortar cylinder. Wrap the cylinder parts by using tape and also using plaster to ensure the stability of the parts and also to prevent mixture of polymer-mortar bleeding out from the bonded area. Test procedure starts by mixing the polymer-mortar composite in the proportions as in table (3). A mixing time of 3 minutes should be satisfied. The bond should keep the polymer-mortar mixture injected into a hole, at the bond-line, while keeping the joint horizontal. The assembly should secure with sufficient additional masking tape placed around the wrapped tape and plaster, and making sure that the joint is entirely filled. The bonded cylinder must kept horizontally for 48 hours, then remove all the masking tape. After suitable curing of the bonding agent ( for 7 days) , cap the specimens immediately after removal from curing.[15] To ensure that the test cylinder has smooth, parallel, uniform, bearing surfaces that are perpendicular to the applied axial load during compressive strength testing using (Capping).[15] This method is done by remove such coatings or deposits. If necessary, the ends of a specimen may be slightly roughened with a steel file or wire brush to produce proper adhesion of the cap. If desired, capping plates may be coated with a thin layer of mineral oil or grease to prevent the capping material from adhering to the surface of the plate. Prepare sulfur mortar for use by heating to about 130°C. The capping plate or device should be warmed before use to slow the rate of hardening and permit the production of thin caps. Oil the capping plate lightly and stir the molten sulfur mortar immediately prior to pouring each cap. The ends of moist cured specimens shall be dry enough at the time of capping to preclude the formation of steam or foam pockets under or in the cap larger than 6 mm in diameter. This method is shown in figures (2 and 3). To ensure that the cap is bonded to the surface of the specimen, the end of the specimen shall not be oiled prior to the application of the cap.
Fig. 2. Capping plate and device.
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Fig. 3. Capping furnace (Controls Co.) Italy.
After the completion of Capping process leave the specimens for a period of 21 days as in figure (4) and then test the specimens in compression accordance with test method. The area of the elliptical bonding surface of the test cylinders specified in this test method is [9116 mm2 ].[14] After suitable curing of the bonding agent, the test is performed by determining the compressive strength of the bonded cylinder. Fig. 4. Capped cylinders.
VI. Results And Discussions
6.1 Compressive Strength Test
The compressive strength is considered one of the most important properties of polymer-mortar composites. Generally it is the main characteristic value to assess composite quality in the national and international codes. For this reason, it is if special interest to investigate whether the changes in the mixture composition will affect the early and later compressive strength. The compressive strength results for all proportions are shown in table(4).
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Table 4. Results of compressive strength for all proportions.
The following observations can be concluded from above results:
Polymer-mortar composites show an increase in compressive strength, this behavior can be explained
due to the presence of polymer in the composite; therefore this property helps to increase the
compressive strength.
Polymer-mortar with low polymer content in the composite having higher compressive strength as in
30:70 proportion, this is due to the good bonding and also good strength.
The polymer-mortar with 40:60 ratio showed a decrease in compressive strength, this is because of
reducing in the adhesion between polymer and mortar particles.
The percentages with 50:50 gives a moderate values and this behavior this due to the ratio of mortar to
the polymer.
Fig.5. Compressive strength-Density for 1:1 Quickmast 105 at room temperature
Fig.6. Compressive strength-Density for 1:2 Quickmast 105 at room temperature
Compression Strength-Density Diagram for 1:1 Quickmast 105
30:70
40:60
50:50
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950
Density kg/m3
Compression Strength MPa
Compression Strength-Density Diagram for 1:2
Quickmast 105
30:70
40:60
50:50
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900
Density kg/m3
Compression Strength MPa
Compressive Strength (MPa)
Polymer Type Designation 1:1 1:2
Quickmast 105 50:50 at room temperature 87.496 81.464
Quickmast 105 40:60 at room temperature 57.492 70.1996
Quickmast 105 30:70 at room temperature 102.889 101.663
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From fig.5. the highest compressive strength at 30:70 polymer-mortar composite (Quickmast 105) is
102.889 MPa for 1:1 at room temperature.
From fig.6. the highest compressive strength at 30:70 polymer-mortar composite (Quickmast 105) is
101.663 MPa for 1:2 at room temperature.
Figure (7), illustrate the comparison between proportions of polymer-mortar ratios of polymer type Quickmast
105 at room temperature.
Fig.7. Comparison between the compressive strength of different proportions of polymer-mortar composites at
room temperature.
The comparison diagrams showed we can conclude these observations:
Polymer-mortar with mortar ratio 1:1 is better than that for 1:2 except that for 1:2 of polymer- mortar
ratio 30:70 gives higher value.
For mortar with 1:1 ratio the proportion of 40:60 is the lowest value for two ratios of mortar.
6.2 Flexural Strength Test
The flexural strength represents the highest stress experienced within the material at its moment of
rupture. It is measured in terms of stress. A mechanical parameter for brittle material, is defined as a material's
ability to resist deformation under load. The transverse bending test is most frequently employed, in which a
specimen having a rectangular cross-section is bent until fracture or yielding.
The flexural strength results for all proportions are shown in table (5). Polymer with mortar in different ratios,
which are presented in figures (8 and 9).
Table 5.Results of flexural strength for all proportions.
The following observations can be concluded from above results:
Polymer- mortar with low polymer content in the composite having higher flexural strength as in 40:60
and 30:70 proportions, this is due to the high ratio of mortar to the polymer this cause a good
penetration of polymer to the mortar and this may increase the surface area of the particles and also
increase the adhesion strength.
The polymer- mortar with 50:50 ratio showed a decrease in flexural strength, this is because of low
density and also low compacting between particles.
The percentages with 40:60 gives a moderate values and this behavior due to the good bonding and
also good strength.
Compression Strength-Density Diagram for 1:1 and 1:2 of
Quickmast
30:70
40:60
50:50
30:70
40:60
50:50
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
Density kg/m3
Compression Strength MPa
1:1
1:2
Flexural Strength (MPa)
Polymer Type Designation 1:1 1:2
Quickmast 105 50:50 at room temperature 48.6528 43.1808
Quickmast 105 40:60 at room temperature 48.8064 48.9792
Quickmast 105 30:70 at room temperature 57.648 60.5184
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Fig. 8. Flexural strength-Density for 1:1 Quickmast 105 at room temperature
Fig.9. Flexural strength-Density for 1:2 Quickmast 105 at room temperature
From fig.8. the highest flexural strength at 30:70 polymer- mortar composite (Quickmast 105) is
57.648 MPa for 1:1 at room temperature.
From fig.9. the highest flexural strength at 30:70 polymer- mortar composite (Quickmast 105) is
60.5184 MPa for 1:2 at room temperature.
Figure (10), illustrate the comparison between proportions of polymer- mortar ratios of polymer type Quickmast
105 at room temperature.
Fig.10. Comparison between the flexural strength of different proportions of polymer-mortar composites at
room temperature.
Flexural Strength-Density Diagram for 1:1 Quickmast 105
30:70
40:60
50:50
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950
Density kg/m3
Flexural Strength MPa
Flexural Strength-Density Diagram for 1:2 Quickmast 105
50:50
40:60
30:70
40
45
50
55
60
65
1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900
Density kg/m3
Flexural Strength MPa
Flexural Strength-Density Diagram for 1:1 and 1:2 of Quickmast
30:70
40:60
50:50
30:70
40:60
50:50
40
45
50
55
60
65
1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
Density kg/m3
Flexural Strength MPa
1:1
1:2
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The comparison diagrams showed these observations:
Polymer-mortar with mortar ratio 1:2 is better than that for 1:1 at room temperature except for 50:50 proportion is lower than that for 1:1.
6.3 Bond Strength of Repaired Concrete Test Calculate the bond strength of the resin bonding system by dividing the load carried by the specimen at failure by the area of the bonded surface the area of the elliptical bonding surface of the test cylinders specified in this test method is (9116 mm2). [39] The bond strength after fracture taking place in the main cylinder while the bond region is not affected, this indicate to good bond strength and good repairing material as shown in figure (11), the results are shown in figure (12), and figure (13) for 1:1 and 1:2 respectively.
Fig.11. The bond strength of polymer-mortar.
Fig. 12. Bonding Strength – Density diagram for 1:1 Quickmast 105
Fig. 13. Bonding Strength – Density diagram for 1:2 Quickmast 105
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The following observations can be concluded from above figures:
Polymer-mortar with low polymer content in the composite having low bonding compressive strength as in 30:70 proportion, this is due to the high ratio of mortar to the polymer this cause a low adhesion and low strength.
The percentages with 50:50 gives a moderate values and this is because of low density and also low compacting between particles.
The polymer-mortar with 40:60 ratio showed a higher bonding compressive strength, this is this behavior due to the good bonding and also good strength.
The bonding strength of 1:2 mortar ratio specimens increased, this is due to good penetration of polymer between sand particle since the sand is added in a high percentages, and so increase the bonding strength between particles.
VII. Conclusion The following main conclusion were achieved from this study, get a new type of concrete repair materials can be achieved from mixing the polymer with mortar, proportionality between the cement and sand as a mortar and between the polymer and mortar plays a major role in adhesion, the adhesion and strength are considered key factors in the bonding and portability to repairs and also the addition of polymer to mortar increases the compression and flexural strength and reduces their brittle nature.
REFERENCES [1] Lee Eng Hing, Application of polymer in concrete construction, Faculty of Civil Engineering University Technology Malaysia, November, 2007
[2] Novel cement-based composites for the strengthening and repair of concrete structures Construction and Building Materials, Volume 41, April 2013, Pages 365-373 [3] Edward M Petrie, Polymer modified Portland cement adhesives and grouts, Polymer Modified Cement Special Chem. Sep 17, 2012. [4] Shaw, J.D.N, Polymers for concrete repair. Civil Engineering, 63–65., 1993. [5] Epoxies for concrete repair and restoration, By Concrete Construction Staff, The Aberdeen Group, 1979.
[6] Handbook of Polymer-Modified Concrete and Mortars Properties and Process Technology. Yoshihiko Ohama. Copyright. William Andrew Inc. All rights reserved 1995.
[7] Ivan Razl, Flexible Polymer-Cement Based Repair Materials and Their Applications. Concrete Repair Bulletin, 2004. [8] Iraqi Reference Guide indicative (198) and the Ministry of Planning / Central Agency for Standardization and Quality Control Manual 198/1990.
[9] ASTM C138/C138M Standard Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete.2010 [10] British standard BS1881 : part 203:1986.2003 [11] ASTM D2240 - 05(2010) Standard Test Method for Rubber Property Durometer Hardness Book of Standards Volume: 09.01
[12] ASTM C 109/C 109M Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube Specimens) August 2008. [13] ASTM D 790 – 02 Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials.2002 [14] ASTM C 882/C 882M Standard Test Method for Bond Strength of Epoxy-Resin Systems Used With Concrete By Slant Shear.2008. [15] ASTM C 617 – 98 Standard Practice for Capping Cylindrical Concrete Specimens. 2003.