A project proposal for East Timor on improving health and nutrition for women...Kazuko Yoshizawa
The presentation outlines a project proposal aimed at capacity building in health and nutrition for Timor-Leste, developed through extensive consultation with the Ministry of Health, development partners, NGOs, and civil society. The primary objective of the project is to enhance the nutritional status of women and children who are particularly vulnerable to malnutrition. The project proposal comprises four key areas that address the capacity gaps identified through stakeholder consultations and documented in published reports and strategies. By providing additional support and interventions, as well as strengthening existing structures, the proposed interventions would help to improve the nutrition status of children and women. The proposal further suggests that the capacity of Integrated Community Health Services (Sisca) could be enhanced to improve rural health services. Such improvements would help to address the existing disparities in health outcomes between rural and urban areas in Timor-Leste. Through the proposed interventions, the project aims to support the overall development of the health and nutrition sector in Timor-Leste. By addressing the identified capacity gaps, the project would help to build sustainable systems that can deliver effective health and nutrition services to the population.
In conclusion, the presentation explains a comprehensive project proposal that aims to improve the nutritional status of vulnerable women and children in Timor-Leste. The proposal is based on extensive consultation with stakeholders and would address capacity gaps identified through published reports and strategies. Through this project, it would be possible to enhance rural health services by strengthening the capacity of Integrated Community Health Services (Sisca) and supporting existing structures. Ultimately, the proposed interventions would contribute to the development of sustainable health and nutrition systems in Timor-Leste.
Mother-to-child transmission of HIV (MTCT) is the main route by which infants acquire HIV infection globally. In 2010, children living with HIV in Nigeria contributed 15.3% to the 370,000 infected children worldwide, thus, the region with the highest number of unprotected childhood infection. This accounts for about 90% of HIV infection in children below 15 years of age.Most children below 15 years living with HIV contract diseases through MTCT (FMoH, 2010)
Overall incidence of MTCT without intervention is 20%-45% distributed over
-Antenatal period
-Labour & Delivery
-Breastfeeding
Without intervention,
About 30% of infants of HIV infected mothers will be infected during pregnancy and delivery
An additional 5-20% will also be infected through breastfeeding practices.
A project proposal for East Timor on improving health and nutrition for women...Kazuko Yoshizawa
The presentation outlines a project proposal aimed at capacity building in health and nutrition for Timor-Leste, developed through extensive consultation with the Ministry of Health, development partners, NGOs, and civil society. The primary objective of the project is to enhance the nutritional status of women and children who are particularly vulnerable to malnutrition. The project proposal comprises four key areas that address the capacity gaps identified through stakeholder consultations and documented in published reports and strategies. By providing additional support and interventions, as well as strengthening existing structures, the proposed interventions would help to improve the nutrition status of children and women. The proposal further suggests that the capacity of Integrated Community Health Services (Sisca) could be enhanced to improve rural health services. Such improvements would help to address the existing disparities in health outcomes between rural and urban areas in Timor-Leste. Through the proposed interventions, the project aims to support the overall development of the health and nutrition sector in Timor-Leste. By addressing the identified capacity gaps, the project would help to build sustainable systems that can deliver effective health and nutrition services to the population.
In conclusion, the presentation explains a comprehensive project proposal that aims to improve the nutritional status of vulnerable women and children in Timor-Leste. The proposal is based on extensive consultation with stakeholders and would address capacity gaps identified through published reports and strategies. Through this project, it would be possible to enhance rural health services by strengthening the capacity of Integrated Community Health Services (Sisca) and supporting existing structures. Ultimately, the proposed interventions would contribute to the development of sustainable health and nutrition systems in Timor-Leste.
Mother-to-child transmission of HIV (MTCT) is the main route by which infants acquire HIV infection globally. In 2010, children living with HIV in Nigeria contributed 15.3% to the 370,000 infected children worldwide, thus, the region with the highest number of unprotected childhood infection. This accounts for about 90% of HIV infection in children below 15 years of age.Most children below 15 years living with HIV contract diseases through MTCT (FMoH, 2010)
Overall incidence of MTCT without intervention is 20%-45% distributed over
-Antenatal period
-Labour & Delivery
-Breastfeeding
Without intervention,
About 30% of infants of HIV infected mothers will be infected during pregnancy and delivery
An additional 5-20% will also be infected through breastfeeding practices.
On 19 November 1985, GOI renamed EPI program, modifying the schedule as ‘Universal Immunization Program’ dedicated to the memory of Late Prime Minister Mrs Indira Gandhi.
UIP has two vital components: immunization of pregnant women against tetanus, and immunization of children
LAIV in India - Should we use it? Sep 2014Gaurav Gupta
LAIV Nasovac S by Serum Institute of India, should it be used in India?
Influenza vaccine, Flu, India, Live, Inactivated, Children, injection, vaccine, asthma
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
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This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
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Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
4. Polio: Important developments
• India has not reported a single case of wild Polio
since January 2011
• 7 VDPV cases reported in 2011 and 1 iVDPV reported
in 2012 (West Bengal)
• WHO declared India non-endemic in Feb 2012
• To reduce incidence of VAPP and VDPV (especially
type 2), in April 2012, WHO recommended
introduction of bOPV inplace of tOPV as well as IPV
in all countries currently using OPV in their routine
immunization programme
5. Polio: Important developments (cont)
• India Expert Advisory Group (IEAG) has also
recently recommended bOPV and IPV
• In light of these developments IAP has
decided to endorse gradual shift from tOPV to
bOPV in the national immunization
programme and to introduce a sequential
schedule of IPV and OPV rather than a
combined schedule for private practice
6. Polio: IAP recommendations
• Phased OPV removal : switching from tOPV to
bOPV1&3 for routine EPI & campaigns.
• Retained the birth dose of OPV (necessary
where the risk of poliovirus transmission is
high).
• Sequential immunization schedules starting
with IPV & then OPV induce protective
immunological responses to all 3 serotypes in
≥ 90% & ↓ risk of VAPP
8. Polio: Catch-up schedule and
Travellers
Catch-up schedule (< 5yrs of age)
3 doses of IPV; 2 doses at 2 months interval followed by a 3rd dose after 6
months.
Travelers
•Immunized individual (previously received ≥3 doses of OPV or IPV) should
be offered another dose of polio vaccine as a once-only dose before
departure.
•Non-immunized individuals should complete a primary schedule of polio
vaccine, using either IPV or OPV ( at least 3 doses of either vaccine).
10. IAP Recommendations
• IAPCOI has now recommended a 0–6 week–6 month
schedule for routine Hepatitis-B vaccination in office
practice for children:
– the first dose at birth
– second dose at 6 weeks
– and third dose at 6 months
• Administering Birth dose to all infants before hospital
discharge critical
• Final dose not to be administered before 6m of age
11. Rationale
• This schedule is not only closer to immunologically
ideal and most widely used 0-1-6 months schedule
• Confirms to latest ACIP recommendations wherein
the final (third or fourth) dose in the Hepatitis-B
vaccine series should be administered no earlier than
age 24 weeks and at least 16 weeks after the first
dose.
• 0-1-6 is the only schedule widely followed across the
world and for which there is abundant evidence of
effectiveness (Taiwan, Thailand and USA)
12. Rationale (cont)
• Birth dose extremely important to protect against chronic
infection and possibly Hepatocellular carcinoma
• The GMTs with 0, 1, and 6 months schedule are upto 10 times
higher than 6,10,14 wk schedule.
• Infants who achieve higher Anti HBs titers may be protected
better in later years.
• The seroprotection rates are found to be highest when the
interval between the second and third dose is longer.
• The classic 0, 1, and 6 months schedule yields a high
seroconversion rate and relatively high titers of anti-HBs that will
persist for an extended period of time.
14. IAP recommendations
• Data since 2004 suggests a clear peaking of circulation
during the rainy season across the country- ‘June to
August’ in North (Delhi), west (Pune) and East (Kolkata),
and ‘October to December’ in South (Chennai)
• This data is also consistent with the WHO circulation
patterns for 2010 and 2011 for India which also shows a
clear peak coinciding with the rainy season across the
country.
• Vaccination should be with the latest strains available
and before the peak of Influenza circulation in the rainy
season
15. IAP recommendations (cont)
• In addition to this, WHO classifies India under the
‘South Asia’ transmission zone of Influenza
circulation.
• This along with summary review of the 2011
southern hemisphere winter influenza season
strongly points towards India’s alignment with the
availability of Southern hemisphere vaccine
(available in March-April)
• This will ensure that we have the latest available
strains for early vaccination to prevent the peak of
circulation of Influenza in the rainy season across the
country.
16. Other changes
• Rota virus vaccination: History of
intussusception in the past is added as an
absolute contraindication to rotavirus vaccine
administration.
• Pneumococcal vaccination: Prematurity and
very-low birth weight are added as another
high risk category for pneumococcal vaccine
administration
17. IAP Immunization Calendar at a glance
Age ►
Vaccine ▼
Birth 6 wk 10 wk 14 wk 18 wk 6 mo 9 mo 12 mo
1
5
m
o
18 mo
2-
3
Y
r
4-6
Yr
BCG BCG
Hep B Hep B1 Hep B2 Hep B3
Polio vaccines
OPV0 IPV1 IPV2 IPV3 OPV1 OPV2 IPV B1
OPV
3
DTP
DTP 1 DTP 2 DTP 3 DTP B1
DTP
B2
Hib Hib 1 Hib 2 Hib 3 Hib-booster
Pneumococcal PCV 1 PCV 2 PCV 3 PCV -booster PPSV
Rotavirus* RV 1 RV 2 RV* 3
Measles Measles
MMR
MMR 1
MM
R 2
Varicella
Varicella 1
Varic
ella 2
Hep A
Hep A 1
Hep
A 2
Typhoid Typhoid
Influenza Influenza (yearly)
Meningococcal Mening
ococcal
Cholera Cholera 1 & 2
JE JE
9th
July 2012
18. Conclusions
• Polio: Sequential IPV-OPV schedule in place of
combined OPV+IPV schedule.
• Hepatitis-B: ‘Birth-6 weeks-6 months’ instead
of earlier ‘0- 6 weeks-14 weeks’ schedule.
• Influenza: Southern Hemisphere vaccine to
provide earliest and most accurate protection
against the circulating strains of Influenza
virus.
Editor's Notes
PV first, followed by OPV, can prevent VAPP while maintaining the critical benefits conferred by OPV (i.e., high levels of gut immunity). Sequential schedules considerably decrease the risk of VAPP. Retained the birth dose of OPV at a time when the infant is still protected by maternally-derived antibodies may, at least theoretically, also prevent VAPP. Alternatively, two doses of IPV can be used for primary series at 8 and 16 weeks, though this schedule is immunologically superior to EPI schedule In 2 primary dose of IPV child would be susceptible to WPV infection for the first two months of life considering the epidemiology of WPV in India till quite recently.
