This document discusses immunization schedules and the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI). It provides the immunization schedules for children and women of childbearing age. The EPI aims to protect children from 10 preventable diseases using vaccines like BCG, DPT, polio, measles, rubella, and hepatitis B. It notes the objectives, targeted diseases, types of vaccines, and delivery methods of the EPI in Bangladesh. It also discusses checking vaccines, importance of immunization, potential side effects and complications, and counseling before and after immunization.
HIV positive mother and her bABY, RISK OF TRANSMISSION, ANTENATAL CARE, INTRA...LalrinchhaniSailo
Globally, an estimated 1.3 million women and girls living with HIV become pregnant each year. In the absence of intervention, the rate of transmission of HIV from a mother living with HIV to her child during pregnancy, labour, delivery or breastfeeding ranges from 15% to 45%. As such, identification of HIV infection should be immediately followed by an offer of linkage to lifelong treatment and care, including support to remain in care and virally suppressed and an offer of partner services.
In 2019, 85% of women and girls globally had access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) to prevent mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). However, high ART coverage levels do not reflect the continued transmission that occurs after women are initially counted as receiving treatment. Achieving retention in care and prevention of incident HIV infections in uninfected populations remain high priorities to reach global elimination targets. Since the global shift to, and accelerated rollout of, highly effective, simplified interventions based on lifelong ART for pregnant women living with HIV, virtual elimination of MTCT – also known as vertical transmission – has been shown to be feasible.
Pregnancy is the most beautiful experience for a mother-to-be. Let us take a look at the list of do's and don'ts for a healthy and safe delivery.
During an emergency or any complication regarding pregnancy visit your near ILS Hospitals.
For more details visit: http://www.ilshospitals.com
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HIV positive mother and her bABY, RISK OF TRANSMISSION, ANTENATAL CARE, INTRA...LalrinchhaniSailo
Globally, an estimated 1.3 million women and girls living with HIV become pregnant each year. In the absence of intervention, the rate of transmission of HIV from a mother living with HIV to her child during pregnancy, labour, delivery or breastfeeding ranges from 15% to 45%. As such, identification of HIV infection should be immediately followed by an offer of linkage to lifelong treatment and care, including support to remain in care and virally suppressed and an offer of partner services.
In 2019, 85% of women and girls globally had access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) to prevent mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). However, high ART coverage levels do not reflect the continued transmission that occurs after women are initially counted as receiving treatment. Achieving retention in care and prevention of incident HIV infections in uninfected populations remain high priorities to reach global elimination targets. Since the global shift to, and accelerated rollout of, highly effective, simplified interventions based on lifelong ART for pregnant women living with HIV, virtual elimination of MTCT – also known as vertical transmission – has been shown to be feasible.
Pregnancy is the most beautiful experience for a mother-to-be. Let us take a look at the list of do's and don'ts for a healthy and safe delivery.
During an emergency or any complication regarding pregnancy visit your near ILS Hospitals.
For more details visit: http://www.ilshospitals.com
Like ILS Hospitals on Facebook:
https://www.facebook.com/ilshospitals
Circle ILS Hospitals on G+:
https://plus.google.com/+ILSHospitalsSaltLakeKolkata/posts
Follow ILS Hospitals on Twitter:
https://twitter.com/ILSHospitals
Antenatal exercises are exercises performed by the women in their antenatal period to enhance the circulation and prevent various kind of complications. It also gives a feeling of well being to the women.
Antenatal exercises are exercises performed by the women in their antenatal period to enhance the circulation and prevent various kind of complications. It also gives a feeling of well being to the women.
mmunization currently prevents 3.5-5 million deaths every year from diseases like diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, influenza and measles. Immunization is a key component of primary health care and an indisputable human right. It's also one of the best health investments money can buy.
It commonly institutes activities that limit risk exposure or increase the immunity of individuals at risk to prevent a disease from progressing in a susceptible individual to subclinical disease. For example, immunizations are a form of primary prevention.
Immunization is the most effective way of protecting the human body from infectious disease. Immunization is a process by which an individual’s immune system become fortified by vaccine against an agent.
Immunization program are an Integral and important part of the health activities of every country in the world.
Immunization is the process whereby person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine.
Influenza vaccines or flu shots protect against influenza. A new version of the vaccine is developed twice a year as the influenza virus rapidly changes. Their effectiveness varies from year to year, most provide modest to high protection against influenza.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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3. IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE
Immunization schedule is an Important part of
Expanded programme on immunization (EPI). In
May, 1974 the World Health Organization
(WHO).officially launched a global immunization
programme on immunization to protect all
children of the world against six preventable
disease by 2000.Now a days immunization protect
from 10 preventable disease .
4. Immunization schedule
Immunization schedule is a series of vaccinations
including the timing of all doses which may be either
recommended or compulsory depending on the
country of residence.
Immunization
Immunization is the process whereby a person is
made immune or resistant to an infectious disease,
typically by administration of a vaccine.
5. VACCINE
Vaccine is a Immunobiological substances which
when introduced into the body are capable of
producing antibody that is specific to those
substances .
Or,
A preparation of killed microorganisms , live
attenuated organisms or living fully virulent
organism that is administered to produce or
artificially increase immunity to a particular disease
6. TARGET DISEASES
• Diphtheria
• Tuberculosis
• Pertussis
• Tetanus
• Haemophilus influenza type b
• Hepatitis B
• Poliomyelitis
• Measles & Rubella
• Measles
• Rubella
7. CLASSIFICATION OF VACCINE
USED IN EPI
1. Live attenuated Vaccine
Bacterial - BCG
• Viral – Oral polio & Measles
2. Toxoids – TT
3. Combined – DPT
8. OBJECTIVES OF EPI
• Immunize all children under one year of age
• Immunize all women of childbearing age
including pregnant women
• Eradication of poliomyelitis & decrease
disability from it.
• Elimination of maternal & neonatal tetanus..
• Control of Rubella syndrome.
• Control of hepatitis B infection.
• Improve & maintain vaccine, immunization &
injection safety.
9. IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE: FOR CHILD
Diseasea Vaccine Dose Age of
Starting
Vaccine
No of
Dose
Interval between
doses
Time of
completion
Site of vaccination Route of
administr
ation
TB BCG 0.05ml At birth 1 - 1 year of age Upper & outer part of
left arm.
Intra-
dermal
Diphtheria
Pertussis
Tetanus
Hepatitis –B
Haemophilus
influenza –b
Pentavalent
vaccine
0.5
ml 6 weeks
3
(6,10,14
Weeks)
4 weeks
1 year of age Uppers & outer part
of mid-high
I/M
Pneumococcal
pneumonia
PCV 0.5 ml 6
weeks
3 4 weeks 1 year of
age
Upper & outer part
of mid-thigh
I/M
Poliomyelitis OPV 2-3
drops
6 weeks 4
(6,10,14
weeks
& 9
month)
4 weeks 1 year of age Oral Oral
Poliomyelitis IPV 0.5ml 14 weeks 1 -
1 year of age
Upper & outer part of
mid-thigh
I/M
Measles
Rubella
MR 0.5ml
After
completion
of 9 month
1 1 year of age Anterolateral part of
mid-thigh
S/C
Measles
Measles
Vaccine.
0.5
ml After 9
month
1 1 year of age Anterolateral part of
mid-thigh
S/C
10. IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE: FOR WOMEN OF CHILD BEARING AGE
Vaccine Disease No of Dose Starting time of dose Route of
administration
MR Measles
&
Rubella
1 At 15 years with 1st dose of
TT
Subcutaneous
TT
(Tetanus
Toxoid)
Tetanus 5 TT-1: At 15 years.
TT-2:28 days after TT1.
TT-3:6 months afterTT2.
TT-4:1 year after TT 3.
TT-5:1 year after TT4.
Intramuscular
11. EPI SERVICE DELIVERY IN
BANGLADESH
Two type’s service center
1. Fixed center
2. Outreach center
12. CHECKING THE VACCINE
While administering any vaccine the nurse should look
at the label on container and check.
• This is the right vaccine
• The dose that should be given
• The vaccine is still “in date”
13. IMPORTANCE OF EPI:
1. It plays a vital role to prevent 10 identify disease.
2. It reduce infant mortality rate
3. It reduce the disability from poliomyelitis
14. NATIONAL IMMUNIZATION DAY
It is a supplementary vaccination strategy which
means vaccination simultaneously throughout the
country with OPV of all children under five years.
15. SIDE EFFECTS
Common side effects
• Temporary headache
• Fatigue
• Loss of appetite
• Pain
• Swelling
• Redness
• Irritability
16. • A child might experience severe allergic reaction
• Neurological side effect such as seizure
• Vaccine may causing serious harm or death is
extremely small.
COMPLICATIONS
17. COUNSELING BEFORE AND AFTER IMMUNIZATION
The community health nurse and health team members must give some
advice before and after immunization as follow:
• More common reactions after vaccinations are mild fever ,mild swelling
,pain at the site of vaccination, itching Explain to the mothers that the
reaction after BCG vaccinations will from small lump or papula. This is
normal and requires no treatment .Small scar should be visible.
• All over the body, mild rash on the body.
• Regular surveys should be carried out on the number of the nurse and
health workers should be kept in mind that where the reaction are
severe, the infant should be immediately shifted to the nearest hospital
for prompt medical treatment.
• In case of severe reaction report to the state government immediately.
• Infant who gate common reactions should be kept under observations
under the care of the specialist.
18. CONCLUSION
Immunization is one of the most cost effective and
safest of all health interventions. Immunization has
saved more lives than any other public health
intervention apart from the provision of clean water.