Orthosis are devices used to support weak joints and correct deformities. They work by applying three point pressure and distributing weight across a wide surface area. Common orthosis include ankle foot orthosis (AFO) which support the ankle and foot, knee ankle foot orthosis (KAFO) which stabilize the knee and lower leg, and hip knee ankle foot orthosis (HKAFO) which provide support from the hip to the foot. Orthosis are made of plastic or metal and their design depends on the joints needing support and the individual's condition.
Bicipital tendonitis is inflammation of long head of the biceps tendon under the bicipital groove.
In early stage, tendon becomes red and swollen, as tendonitis develops the tendon sheath can thicken.
In late stage, often become dark red in color due to inflammation.
Bicipital tendonitis is inflammation of long head of the biceps tendon under the bicipital groove.
In early stage, tendon becomes red and swollen, as tendonitis develops the tendon sheath can thicken.
In late stage, often become dark red in color due to inflammation.
A complete description of the lower limb orthosis is available in the following presentation with an in depth understanding of the same.It covers the ankle foot orthosis,Knee orthosis the knee ankle foot orthosis and hip orthosis.
A complete description of the lower limb orthosis is available in the following presentation with an in depth understanding of the same.It covers the ankle foot orthosis,Knee orthosis the knee ankle foot orthosis and hip orthosis.
Presentation on clinical signs of hypovolemic shock and the best ways to approach stabilizing these patients before sending them on to a referral center with more sophisticated equipment for treating such cases.
presentation is about Orthosis and prosthesis. It gives Classification of Orthosis. It describes structure, function, Indication and uses of Orthosis. Also describes different types of Prostheses, their parts and function.
Orthosis
The aim of orthotics is to increase the efficiency of function during acute or long-term injury. This includes soft-tissue and bony injury, as well as changes as a result of neurological changes. They can be an effective adjunct alongside physiotherapy techniques such as muscle strengthening and stretches, gait and balance retraining and reach and grasp strategies.
Definition :An orthosis is generally an individually designed or customised device, which is applied to the external part of the body to provide support and protection for that particular area of the body. It uses integrates biomechanical principles to realign joints and reduce pain. The design, materials and function of the orthosis are based on a patient assessment, including their medical history, biomechanical principles and the individual needs of the user.
Commonly prescribed orthoses include:
Foot Orthoses (FOs), for various foot, leg or postural problems; there is significant variety in terms of their design and manufacturing methods[1][2]
Ankle Orthoses (AOs) and Knee Orthoses (KOs), for joint protection, pain reduction or support after surgery
Ankle-Foot Orthoses (AFOs) and Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthoses (KAFOs), to improve mobility, support rehabilitation and biomechanical goals
Various upper-limb orthoses, to provide positional and functional support to the upper limb
Fracture orthoses, modern alternative to plaster or fibreglass casts
Spinal Orthoses, to correct or control spinal deformities and injuries and to provide immobilisation or support to spinal injuries
Advantages
Lower limb: Influence both swing and stance phase of gait[10].
Prevent or correct deformity and reduce pain during weight-bearing
Improve the efficiency of gait and maintain balance
Improve base of support / lateral support
Reduce need for compensation of ipsilateral and contralateral limbs and secondary pain
To facilitate training in skills
Upper limbs: Can be used after an injury to prevent further injury, or reduce pain by supporting an injured limb.
Prevent or correct deformity reducing pain and maximising function in reach and grasp tasks.
Improve the efficiency of reach and grasp tasks
Offload an injured limb to allow healing
Reduce need for compensation of ipsilateral and contralateral limbs and secondary pain
Improve role of the upper limb in maintaining balance
Spine: Stabilise spinal fractures to allow the patient to return to some normal activities (although they may be restricted) and protect the spinal cord
And It's Principles
Classification of Orthosis
Types Of Orthosis
Upper Limb Orthosis
Spinal Orthosis
Lower Limb Orthosis
Possible Complications
Loss of sensation (check skin regularly- risk of pressure areas)
Compensations in ipsilateral or contralateral limbs.
Impact on spasticity (is the patient utilising spasticity to allow some function in absence of muscle strength?)
Complications of casting at incorrect angle: Foot deformitie, increased knee flexion in stanc
An introduction to basic principles of orthotic devices and spectrum of applications. This is not an exhaustive list of all orthotics but a short and crisp presentation on the most commonly used orthotics intended for a wider audience of healthcare professionals
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
2. Orthosis
Definition: Orthosis is an orthopedic
appliance or apparatus used to support,
align, prevent, or correct deformities or
to improve function of movable parts of
the body.
Purpose:
1. To lend stability to a weak joint.
2. Correct or maintain alignment.
3. Correct skeletal deformities, etc.
3. Principles in designing orthosis
Three point pressure.
Total contact.
Partial weight relieving.
4. Three point pressure
"The sum of the forces and the bending
moments created is equal to zero.“
A single force is placed at the area of deformity;
two additional counter forces act in the opposing
direction.
During "quiet" standing, line of gravity (weight
line) passes through:
◦ posterior to hip joint
◦ anterior to knee joint and
◦ anterior to ankle joint
5. Total contact
“Pressure is equal to the total force per unit area. “
The greater the area of a pad of an orthosis, the less
force will be placed on the skin.
P = force
Area of application
6. Partial weight relieving
“The farther the point of force from the
joint, the greater the moment arm and
the smaller the magnitude of force
required to produce a given torque at
the joint.”
The greater the length of the supporting
orthotic structure, the greater the
moment or torque that can be placed on
the joint or unstable segment.
8. Lower limb orthosis
Purpose: For supporting lower limbs.
Materials used:
◦ Plastic (recently in demand). e.g. polypropylene,
polyethylene.
◦ Metal: aluminum-light weight, stainless steel, etc.
9. Materials used
Metal
◦ Traditional orthosis were made from metal.
◦ Metals like aluminum-light wt, stainless
steel-durable.
Plastic
◦ Plastic orthosis are formed from a single
piece of thermoplastic.
◦ Plastic components like polypropylene,
polyethylene.
11. AFO
Ankle-foot orthosis is a brace, usually
plastic, worn on the lower leg and foot
to support the ankle, hold the foot and
ankle in the correct position, and
correct foot drop.
Purpose:
◦ To control alignment and motion of the
joints of foot and ankle.
◦ For patients affected with muscular
dystrophy, cerebral palsy, etc.
Construction:
◦ Consists of a shoe attachment, ankle
control, uprights and a proximal leg
band.
12. Parts:
◦ Calf bands
◦ Metal uprights
◦ Ankle joint
◦ Shoe attachments
◦ Stirrup
Calf band
Metal upright
Ankle joint
Shoe
attachments
Stirrup
13. Types of AFO
Dorsiflexion assist AFO:
◦ In case of moderate foot drop.
Plantar flexion assist AFO:
Posterior leaf spring AFO:
Patellar tendon bearing AFO:
Spiral AFO:
Solid AFO:
◦ In case of severe foot drop.
14. Knee Ankle Foot Orthosis (KAFO)
A KAFO is a long-leg orthosis that spans
the knee, the ankle, and the foot in an
effort to stabilize the joints and assist
the muscles of the leg.
Material for fabrication: metals, plastics,
fabrics, and leather.
15. Parts
Hip joints and locks
Controls for abduction, adduction and
rotation.
Controls for hip flexion when locked.
2 position hip locks are also available.
Pelvic band
To stabilize the hip joint.
There are two types unilateral pelvic band
and bilateral pelvic band.
It adds weight and increases overall energy
expenditure during ambulation.
17. Knee orthosis
A knee orthosis (KO) extends above and below
the knee joint.
Design to control the ligament deficiencies
around the knee.
Provide functional support and rehabilitation
after injury & surgery of the knee.
Parts:
Double uprights
Free or adjustable knee joint
Thigh and calf cuffs
18. Types of knee orthosis
Dynamic patellar orthosis:
It consist of an elastic sleeve with patellar cutout.
Its purpose is to prevent the dislocation of
patella.
Traditional knee orthosis
It consists of leather thigh, calf cuffs and metal
side bars.
Pressure pad may be applied to generate medial
or lateral forces.
Swedish knee cage
It used in the management of knee
hyperextension.
Two anterior pads and adjustable posterior
pressure pad at the attachment to the upright .
19. Types of knee joints
Free motion knee joint:
allows unrestricted flexion & extension.
Off-set knee joint:
the hinge is located posterior to the
knee joint stabilize knee during stance.
20. Hip Knee Ankle Foot Orthosis (HKAFO)
Hip joint and pelvic band attached to the lateral
upright of a KAFO converts it to a HKAFO.
Purpose:
◦ Hip flexion/extension instability
◦ Hip adduction/abduction weakness
◦ Hip internal rotation/external rotation
instability
21. Parts:
◦ Sole plate extending to the metatarsal
heads with a crossbar added to the
metatarsal heads area for mediolateral
stabilization.
◦ Ankle joint set at 10° of dorsiflexion
◦ Anterior rigid tibial band (patellar tendon
strap)
◦ Offset knee joint with bail lock
◦ Proximal posterior thigh band
22. Types of HKAFO
Reciprocal Gait Orthosis (RGO)
It is used for upper lumbar paralysis in
which active hip flexion is preserved.
RGO consists of bilateral HKAFO with
offset knee joints, knee drop locks,
posterior plastic AFO, thigh pieces,
custom molded pelvic girdle, hip joints,
and a thoracic extension with Velcro®
straps, in addition to the control
mechanism
23. Hip orthosis
Purpose:
◦ To resist femoral adduction.
◦ Mostly in elderly patients who have had total
hip joint replacement.
Parts:
◦ Two position lock which permits full extension
and 95 degree of hip flexion and adjustable
adduction stop.