Hypokalemia is defined as a serum potassium level lower than 3.5 mEq/L. It is usually asymptomatic when mild but can cause muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmias, and paralysis in more severe cases. Causes include drugs, diet, diarrhea, vomiting, hyperthyroidism, and Cushing's syndrome. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, electrolyte tests, ECG, and investigating the underlying cause. Treatment focuses on replacing potassium deficits orally or intravenously while addressing the underlying condition.
to download this presentation from this link
https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/11/diabetic-ketoacidosis.html
Diabetic Ketoacidosis, diabetus type 1 complection. diagnosisi and managment
acute complication of diabetes mellitus. cardinal biochemical features for DKA. pathophysiology of DKA. clinical assesment of DKA. investigation and management for DKA. complications of DKA.
Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious complication of diabetes that occurs when your body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones. The condition develops when your body can't produce enough insulin.
When your cells don't get the glucose they need for energy, your body begins to burn fat for energy, which produces ketones. Ketones are chemicals that the body creates when it breaks down fat to use for energy. The body does this when it doesn’t have enough insulin to use glucose, the body’s normal source of energy. When ketones build up in the blood, they make it more acidic.
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, major, life-threatening complication of diabetes that mainly occurs in patients with type 1 diabetes, but it is not uncommon in some patients with type 2 diabetes. This condition is a complex disordered metabolic state characterized by hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, and ketonuria.
Potassium is the principal cation of the intracellular fl uid
(ICF) where its concentration is between 120 and 150 mEq/L.
The extracellular fl uid (ECF) and plasma potassium concentration [K] is much lower––in the 3.5–5.0 mEq/L range.
The very large transcellular gradient is maintained by active
K transport via the Na-K-ATPase pumps present in all cell
membranes and the ionic permeability characteristics of
these membranes. The resulting greater than 40-fold transmembrane [K] gradient is the principal determinant of the
transcellular resting potential gradient, about 90 mV with
the cell interior negative . Normal cell function
requires maintenance of the ECF [K] within a relatively narrow
range. This is particularly important for excitable cells
such as myocytes and neurons. The pathophysiologic effects
of dyskalemia on these cells result in most of the clinical
manifestations.
Electrolytes are an integral component of human physiology and homeostasis.
Management of hypo and hyperkalemia is difficult in most of the hospital settings
In this ppt we have explained it in a simplified manner
to download this presentation from this link
https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/11/diabetic-ketoacidosis.html
Diabetic Ketoacidosis, diabetus type 1 complection. diagnosisi and managment
acute complication of diabetes mellitus. cardinal biochemical features for DKA. pathophysiology of DKA. clinical assesment of DKA. investigation and management for DKA. complications of DKA.
Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious complication of diabetes that occurs when your body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones. The condition develops when your body can't produce enough insulin.
When your cells don't get the glucose they need for energy, your body begins to burn fat for energy, which produces ketones. Ketones are chemicals that the body creates when it breaks down fat to use for energy. The body does this when it doesn’t have enough insulin to use glucose, the body’s normal source of energy. When ketones build up in the blood, they make it more acidic.
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, major, life-threatening complication of diabetes that mainly occurs in patients with type 1 diabetes, but it is not uncommon in some patients with type 2 diabetes. This condition is a complex disordered metabolic state characterized by hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, and ketonuria.
Potassium is the principal cation of the intracellular fl uid
(ICF) where its concentration is between 120 and 150 mEq/L.
The extracellular fl uid (ECF) and plasma potassium concentration [K] is much lower––in the 3.5–5.0 mEq/L range.
The very large transcellular gradient is maintained by active
K transport via the Na-K-ATPase pumps present in all cell
membranes and the ionic permeability characteristics of
these membranes. The resulting greater than 40-fold transmembrane [K] gradient is the principal determinant of the
transcellular resting potential gradient, about 90 mV with
the cell interior negative . Normal cell function
requires maintenance of the ECF [K] within a relatively narrow
range. This is particularly important for excitable cells
such as myocytes and neurons. The pathophysiologic effects
of dyskalemia on these cells result in most of the clinical
manifestations.
Electrolytes are an integral component of human physiology and homeostasis.
Management of hypo and hyperkalemia is difficult in most of the hospital settings
In this ppt we have explained it in a simplified manner
This lecture is based on National guidelines(Sri Lanka) and guidelines by NHS UK. all the materials used to prepare the lecture are trusted and high in quality. also the books referred are internationally recognized. both hyper and hypokalemia management included in the lecture. lecture is free and you can even download. i kept no copy rights. i appreciate your support, comments and suggestions. also i would be grateful if you can make these lectures popular. wishing your success.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. Definition
Hypokalemia is defined as persistently low levels of serum potassium lower than
3.5mEq/L.
Normal serum levels are 3.5-5mEq/L.
98% of body potassium is intracellular(150mEq/L)whereas only 2% of it is
intracellular(3.5-5mEq/L)
9. CLINICAL FEATURES
Non severe hypokalemia is usually asymptomatic.
Common acute manifestations are muscle weakness and ecg changes.
Profound hypokalemia causes arrythmias,rhabdomyolisis,renal
abnormalities.
Cardiac arrythmias like sinus bradycardia, premature beats, ventricular fibrillation.
Skeletal muscle weakness or paralysis usually do not develop unless hypokalemia
develops slowly and levels are <2.5 mEq/L.
14. PREVENTION
Especially important in patients on digitalis, hepatic failure,
previous MI,DM.
Normal daily intake of 60mEq?day
Supplementation in patients on digitalis, diuretics and long
erm steroids, hepatic failure.
15. WHEN TO TREAT
3.4-5 mEq/L: No supplement needed, Potassium rich foods,Change diuretics.
3-3.5:Treatment needed in High risk patients(h/o MI,CHF)
<3mEq/L: Needs definitive treatment.
16.
17. TREATMENT
The management of hypokalemia should be focused on preventing or
treating the acute complications of low potassium levels, replacing
the potassium deficit and treating the underlying cause and
preventing further wasting if possible.
For mild asymptomatic hypokalemia potassium supplements should
be used (10 to 20 mEq orally, two to four times a day, with meals). If
potassium supplements are not enough, potassium sparing
diuretics may be used as well, with careful monitoring of serum
potassium
18. Severe or symptomatic hypokalemia can be treated
promptly with oral and IV potassium. The oral
potassium should be used in the dose 20-40 mEq
three to four times a day. The IV potassium can be
given in a solution with normal saline (not glucose)
in a concentration of 20-60 mEq/L and a rate
around 10-20 mEq/h to avoid phlebitis and
hyperkalemia (a central vein is a better option for a
rate higher than 10 mEq/h).
Dosing forms:
Potassium chloride:
Extended release capsules: KLOR-CON SPRINKLE, MICRO-K or generic – 8 or
10mEq capsules.
Extended release tablets: K-TAB (8, 10 or 20mEq tablets), KLOR-CON or generic (8,
10, or 20 mEq tablets)
Solution PO: K-SOL 20 or 40mEq/15mL (10 or 20%); generic 20 mEq/15mL (10%).
