Hyperparathyroidism is a condition characterized by excessive production of parathyroid hormone due to overactivity of the parathyroid glands, resulting in elevated blood calcium levels. It can be primary, caused by gland enlargement or tumors, or secondary, resulting from other health issues leading to low calcium levels. Treatment options include surgery, calcimimetic medications, hormone replacement therapy, and bisphosphonates to prevent calcium loss from bones.

1. Hyperparathyroidism

2. Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism is a medical condition where
overactivity of one or more of the body's four
parathyroid glands leads to excess of parathyroid
hormone in the bloodstream. The parathyroid glands
are responsible for parathyroid hormonewhich
maintains a proper balance of calcium in the
bloodstream and in tissues that depend on calcium for
proper functioning.
There are two types of hyperparathyroidism, primary
and secondary. In primary hyperparathyroidism, an
enlargement of one or more of the parathyroid
glands leads to excess production of the hormone,
resulting in increased levels of calcium in the blood,
which can cause several health conditions. Secondary
hyperparathyroidism occurs as a result of another
disease that primarily causes low levels of calcium in
the body.

3. Causes of
hyperparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism is the result of increase in
production of parathyroid hormone. The disorder may
occur because of a problem with the parathyroid
glands themselves or because of an underlying
medical condition that affects the glands' function.
Primary hyperparathyroidism
When there is a problem with one of the four
parathyroid glands, it leads to primary
hyperparathyroidism:
 A benign growth on a gland is the most common
cause
 Enlargement of two or more parathyroid glands
accounts for most other cases
 A malignant tumor is an uncommon cause of primary
hyperparathyroidism

4. Causes of
hyperparathyroidism
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Secondary hyperparathyroidism occurs due to another
health condition that lessens calcium levels.
Therefore, your parathyroid glands work overtime to
compensate for the loss of calcium. Reasons behind
secondary hyperparathyroidism include:
 When your body is unable to absorb the calcium from
your diet, it may lead to calcium deficiency.
 Your body’s calcium levels may drop when you don’t
get enough vitamin Dbecause of less exposure to
sunlight.
 When your kidneys malfunction, they may not be able
to use vitamin D properly. Hence, it leads to drop in
calcium levels.
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5. Symptoms
Hyperparathyroidism is usually diagnosed before any
symptoms of the disorder are visible. When symptoms appear,
they're the result of dysfunction in other organs or tissues
because of high calcium levels in the blood and urine or very
less calcium in bones.
Symptoms of hyperparathyroidism may be so gentle or severe
that they don't seem at all related to parathyroid function. Some
of the common symptoms include:
 Fragile bones that easily fracture
 Kidney stones
 Excessive urination
 Abdominal pain
 Tiring easily or weakness

6. Symptoms
 Depression or forgetfulness
 Bone and joint pain
 Frequent complaints of illness with no apparent cause
 Nausea, vomiting or loss of appetite
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7. Treatments
 Surgery: Surgery is the most common form of treatment for
primary hyperparathyroidism and has a high success rate. A
surgeon will remove only those glands that have a tumor. If
all four glands are affected, a surgeon will likely remove
only three glands and a portion of the fourth, leaving some
functioning parathyroid tissue.
 Calcimimetic medicine: It is a drug that imitates calcium
circulating in the blood. The drug prompts the parathyroid
glands into releasing less parathyroid hormone. Some
doctors prescribe Calcimimetics when surgery has given a
negative response.
 Hormone replacement therapy: For women who have signs
of osteoporosis or who have undergone
menopause, hormone replacement therapy is the perfect
option. But this treatment doesn't address the main problem
associated with the parathyroid glands.

8. Treatments
 Bisphosphonates: Bisphosphonates also prevent the loss
of calcium from bones and may reduce osteoporosis
caused by hyperparathyroidism.
It's important to get an accurate diagnosis and suitable
treatment for hyperparathyroidism because if left
unattended, it can lead to serious complications.
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