This document discusses hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism. Hyperparathyroidism is defined as excessive production of parathyroid hormone and can be primary, secondary, or tertiary. It causes increased calcium levels and symptoms include kidney stones and bone problems. Hypoparathyroidism is insufficient parathyroid hormone leading to low calcium and high phosphorus levels, and can result from surgery or genetic factors. It causes low calcium symptoms like tetany. Both conditions involve abnormal parathyroid hormone levels impacting calcium regulation.

1. HYPERPARATHYROIDISM &
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
PRESENTED BY:
RITIKA RANA
MSC NSG
NEUROSCIENCES

2. ANATOMY OF PARATHYROID GLAND
 Develop from endoderm of embryo.
 Consist of four separate glands located on posterior
surface of lobes of thyroid gland.
 They are two pairs oval in shape and each gland is pea
shape.
 Each has mass about 40mg usually 1 superior and 1
inferior of parathyroid gland attached to each lateral
thyroid lobe.

3. FUNCTION OF PARATHYROID GLAND
 Secrete PTH(parathyroid hormone) and secretion is regulated by blood calcium
level.
 Main function of PTH is to increase blood calcium level when it is low.
 PTH on kidney is to promote formation of hormone calcitriol, active form of
vitamin D.
 Increases rate of calcium, phosphate and magnesium from GI tract into blood.
 It helps in muscle contraction, nerve transmission, blood clotting.

4. HYPERPARATHYROIDISM

5. INTRODUCTION
 When calcium level is too low, body response increasing production of
pararthyroid hormone and calcium to be take from bone and more calcium to
be reabsorbed by intestines and kidney.

6. DEFINITION
 Hyperparathyroidism is excessive production of parathyroid hormone by
parathyroid gland.

7. TYPES
1) Primary Hyperparathyroidism.
2) Secondary Hyperparathyroidism.
3) Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism.

8. CAUSES/RISK FACTORS
 Due to excessive hormone production.
 Menopause.
 Vitamin-D deficiency.
 Chronic kidney failure.
 Severe calcium deficiency.
 Genetic factors.
 Hyperplasia of parathyroid tissues.

9. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
 Due to etiological factor(hyperplasia of parathyroid tissue)
 Secretes excess PTH
 In GI tract, enhanced calcium reabsorption
 In Renal tubules, enhanced calcium reabsorption & phosphate excretion
 In Bones, enhanced calcium & phosphate reabsorption
 Serum calcium rises HYPERPARATHYROIDISM

10. CLINICAL FEATURES
 GASTROINTESTINAL MOANS.
 KIDNEY STONES.
 PSYCHOLOGICAL GROANS.
 BONES.

11. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
 History.
 Physical Examination.
 Blood test-serum calcium phosphorus.
 Bone X-Ray.
 Bone mineral denistry test.
 Ultrasound.

12. MANAGEMENT
1. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT:
 Diuretics are given to patient such as thiazide(hydrochloridethiazide).
 Hormone replacement therapy- CINACALCET.
 Calcimimetics terms action of PTH.
 Bisphosphonates also provided.

13.  2. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT:

14. PREVENTIVE MEASURES:
 Limit intake of calcium (less than 1200mg/day).
 Plenty of water.
 Avoid smoking.

15. HYPOPARATHYROIDISM

16. DEFINITION
 Hypoparathyroidism is a condition occurs when either insufficient level of
PTH or release by parathyroid gland in neck leads to low level of calcium and
high level of phosphorus in blood.

17. CAUSES
 Recent neck surgery.
 Family history.
 Addison’s disease.
 Magnesium deficiency due to alcoholism,
malnutrition.
 Cancer or infectious disease.
 Inadequate PTH secretion.

18. TYPES
 Acquired hypoparathyroidism
 Inherited or Autoimmune hypoparathyroidism
 Transient hypoparathyroidism
 Congenital hypoparathyroidism.
 Pseudo- hypoparathyroidism

19. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Due to etiological factor such as inadequate PTH secretion
Decreased reabsorption of calcium from renal tubules
Decreased absorption of calcium in GI tract
Decreased reabsorption of calcium from bone
Blood calcium fails to low level
Muscular hyper-irritability, uncontrolled spasm, hypocalcemic tetany
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM

20. CLINICAL FEATURES
 Tetany.
 Chvostek’s sign.
 Trousseau’s sign.
 Laryngeal spasm.
 Severe anxiety.

21. Burning in fingertips, toes, lips.
Dry hairs.
Brittle nails.
Dry patchy hair loss.
Loss of memory,
Headache.
Painful menstruation.

22. DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES
 History.
 Physical examination.
 Radioimmunoassay for PTH show.
 Blood and urine test.
 X-ray.
 ECG.

23. MANAGEMENT
 Calcium chloride and calcium gluconate- 500mg to 1g.
 Vitamin D supplement.
 Low phosphorus diet.
 Diuretics- Lasix given to patient.
 To prevent tetany I.V calcium can be given.

24. COMPLICATION
 Blocked airway due to muscle spasm.
 Stunted growth.
 Cataract.
 Calcium deposit in brain.

25. CONCLUSION
 When calcium level is too low, body response increasing production of
pararthyroid hormone and calcium to be take from bone and more calcium to be
reabsorbed by intestines and kidney.
 Hypoparathyroidism is a condition occurs when either insufficient level of PTH
or release by parathyroid gland in neck leads to low level of calcium and high
level of phosphorus in blood.