As nurses, we are responsible of helping our patients maintain good hygiene and physical comfort, especially if they are unable to do so. The simple morning care and bedside care can contribute a lot in meeting this need. Positioning of bedridden patients aim to maintain physical comfort. However, these activities are the ones commonly not prioritized, or worse, not done by nurses, especially in government hospitals.
elimination, bowel elimination, physiology of elimination, process of bowel eliminaton factor impaired bowel, factors improve bowel elimination, alteration in bowel elimination, maintenance of bowel motility, assessment of bowel elimination, characteristics of feces, type of feces, methods for maintain the bowel elimination:- enemas, rectal suppositories and colostomies, types of colostomies, colostomy care
elimination, bowel elimination, physiology of elimination, process of bowel eliminaton factor impaired bowel, factors improve bowel elimination, alteration in bowel elimination, maintenance of bowel motility, assessment of bowel elimination, characteristics of feces, type of feces, methods for maintain the bowel elimination:- enemas, rectal suppositories and colostomies, types of colostomies, colostomy care
Types of bed in Nursing- easy explanation for Student Nurses
CLOSED BED
OPEN BED
ADMISSION BED
OCCUPIED BED
OPERATION BED/POST ANESTHESIA BED/RECOVERY BED
CARDIAC BED
FRACTURE BED
AMPUTATION BED/STUMP BED
BURN BED
In this topic the student will be easily learn about how to collect history from the patient and also helpful nursing students to write their care plan and care study.
treatment of minor ailments and managing the emergency is one of the component of PHC and essential for community nurse, in this ppt points are included like principles, classification, general and systemic minor ailment and its management, standing orders, role of CHN.
Types of bed in Nursing- easy explanation for Student Nurses
CLOSED BED
OPEN BED
ADMISSION BED
OCCUPIED BED
OPERATION BED/POST ANESTHESIA BED/RECOVERY BED
CARDIAC BED
FRACTURE BED
AMPUTATION BED/STUMP BED
BURN BED
In this topic the student will be easily learn about how to collect history from the patient and also helpful nursing students to write their care plan and care study.
treatment of minor ailments and managing the emergency is one of the component of PHC and essential for community nurse, in this ppt points are included like principles, classification, general and systemic minor ailment and its management, standing orders, role of CHN.
Oral hygiene is the practice of keeping one's mouth clean and free of disease and other problems (e.g. bad breath) by regular brushing and cleaning between the teeth.
It is important that oral hygiene be carried out on a regular basis to enable prevention of dental disease. The most common types of dental disease are tooth decay (cavities, dental caries) and gum diseases, including gingivitis, and periodontitis.
Personal hygiene are the behaviors that must be practiced in daily life, starting from morning to sleep time to protect our health. To protect health, body, hair, mouth and teeth must be cleaned regularly and clothes must be washed frequently
Psychosocial care of coronavirus disease 2019Nursing Path
The novel Coronavirus (nCoV) epidemic in 2019 -2020 has recently emerged. The route of transmission is not totally known, although it is known that it can spread from person to person, and local health care systems may be ill-equipped to handle a large-scale outbreak.
The blood electrolytes—sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate—help regulate nerve and muscle function and maintain acid-base balance and water balance. ... Thus, having electrolytes in the right concentrations (called electrolyte balance) is important in maintaining fluid balance among the compartments
Hospital infection control programs can help healthcare organizations monitor and improve practices, identify risks and proactively establish policies to prevent the spread of infections
Outcome-based education (OBE) is an educational theory that bases each part of an educational system around goals (outcomes). By the end of the educational experience, each student should have achieved the goal.
Assessment is part of the everyday activities of nursing professionals. Assessment is the only way by which a teacher can know how successful his teaching was and what areas in teaching need improvement.
A mental health disorder characterised by feelings of worry, anxiety or fear that are strong enough to interfere with one's daily activities.
The term "anxiety disorder" refers to specific psychiatric disorders that involve extreme fear or worry, and includes generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder and panic attacks, agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, selective mutism, separation anxiety, and specific phobias.
Selection and organization of learning experienceNursing Path
Curriculum is the educational design of learning experiences for the students. Curricular experiences include course content as well as learning activities. The selection and organization of curricular experiences must also reflect the philosophy of the school. The identifying and organizing of curricular experiences begins with the analysis of curriculum objectives. The most commonly used approach in selecting learning experiences is the logical approach in which the process is treated as content in curriculum development.
Universal health coverage (UHC) means that all people and communities can use the promotive, preventive, curative, rehabilitative and palliative health services they need, of sufficient quality to be effective, while also ensuring that the use of these services does not expose the user to financial hardship.
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli. Typically symptoms include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and trouble breathing.
Swine influenza is an infection caused by any one of several types of swine influenza viruses. Swine influenza virus (SIV) or swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) is any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs
Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by removing an embryo or fetus before it can survive outside the uterus. An abortion that occurs spontaneously is also known as a miscarriage.
The enterobacteriaceae basic properties.ppsx xNursing Path
The Enterobacteriaceae are a large family of Gram-negative bacteria that includes, along with many harmless symbionts, many of the more familiar pathogens, such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Yersinia pestis, Klebsiella, and Shigella.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
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Hygiene and Comfort
Factor Influencing Individual Hygienic Practices
Factor Variables
Culture North American culture places a high value on cleanliness. Many North
Americans bathe or shower once or twice a day, whereas people from some
other cultures bathe once a week. Some cultures consider privacy essential
for bathing, whereas others practice communal bathing. Body odor is
offensive in some cultures and accepted normal in others.
Religion Ceremonial washings are practiced by some religion
Environment Finances may affect the availability f facilities for bathing. For example,
homeless people may not have warm water available; soap, shampoo,
shaving lotion, and deodorants may be too expensive for people who have
limited resources.
Developmental
Level
Children learn hygiene in home. Practices vary according to the individual’s
age; for example, preschoolers can carry out most tasks independently with
encouragement.
Health and Energy Ill people may not have the motivation or energy to attend to hygiene. Some
clients who have neuromuscular impairments may be unable o perform
hygienic care.
Personal
Preferences
Some people prefer a shower to tub bath. People have different preferences
regarding the time of bathing (e.g. morning versus evening)
Skin Care
General Guidelines for Skin Care
1. An intact, healthy skin is the body’s first line of defense
2. The degree to which the skin protects the underlying tissues from injury
depends on the amount of subcutaneous tissue and the dryness of the skin.
3. Moisture in contact with the skin can result in increased bacterial growth and
irritation.
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4. Body odors are caused by resident skin bacteria acting on the body secretions.
Cleanliness is the best deodorant.
5. Skin sensitivity to irritation and injury varies among individuals and in
accordance with their health.
6. Agents used for skin care have selective actions and purposes. E.g. soap,
detergent, bath oil, cream, lotion, powder, deodorant, and antiperspirant.
Common Skin Problem
Problem and Appearance Nursing Implication
Abrasion
Superficial layers of
the skin are scraped
or rubbed away.
Area is reddened
and may have
localized bleeding
or serous weeping.
1. Prone to infection; therefore, wound should be kept clean
and dry.
2. Do not wear rings or jewelry when providing care to avoid
causing abrasions to clients.
3. Lift, do not pull, a client across a bed.
4. Use two or more people for assistance.
Excessive Dryness
Skin can appear
flaky and rough.
1. Prone to infection if the skin cracks; therefore, provide
alcohol-free lotions to moisturize the skin and prevent
cracking.
2. Bathe client less frequently; use no soap, or use
nonirritating soap and limit its use. Rinse skin thoroughly
because soap can be irritating and drying.
3. Encourage increased fluid intake if health permits to
prevent dehydration.
Ammonia Dermatitis
(Diaper Rash)
Caused by skin
bacteria reacting
with urea in the
urine. The skin
becomes reddened
and is sore.
1. Keep skin dry and clean by applying protective ointments
containing zinc oxide to areas at risk (e.g., buttocks and
perineum).
2. Boil an infant’s diaper or wash them with an antibacterial
detergent to prevent infection. Rinse diapers well because
detergent is irritating to an infant’s skin.
Acne
Inflammatory
1. Keep the skin clean to prevent secondary infection.
2. Treatment varies widely.
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condition with
papules and
pustules.
Erythema
Redness associated
with a variety of
conditions, such as
rashes, exposure to
sun, elevated body
temperature.
1. Wash area carefully to remove excess microorganisms.
2. Apply antiseptic spray or lotion to prevent itching,
promote healing, and prevent skin breakdown.
Hirsutism
Excessive hair on a
person’s body and
face, particularly in
women.
1. Remove unwanted hair by using depilatories, shaving,
electrolysis, or tweezing.
2. Enhance client’s self concept.
Bathing
Bathing removes accumulated oil, perspiration, dead skin cells, and some
bacteria.
Excessive bathing, can interfere with the intended lubricating effect of sebum,
causing dryness of the skin.
Bathing stimulates circulation
Bathing offers an excellent opportunity for the nurse to assess all clients.
Cleaning baths
Given chiefly for hygiene purposes and include these types:
Complete bed bath. The nurse washes the entire body of a dependent client in
bed.
Self- help bed bath. Clients confined to bed are able to bathe themselves with
help from the nurse for washing the back and perhaps the feet.
Partial bath (abbreviated bath). Only the parts of the client’s body that might
cause discomfort or odor, if neglected, are washed: the face, hands, axillae,
perineal area and back.
Bag bath. This bath is a commercially prepared product that contains 10 to 12
presoaked disposable washcloths that contain no- rinse cleanser solution.
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Tub bath. Tub baths are often preferred to bed baths because it is easier to
wash and rinse in a tub.
Shower. Many ambulatory clients are able to use shower facilities and require
only minimal assistance from the nurse.
Ear Care
Nursing Interventions
Cleanse the pinna with moist wash cloth
Remove visible cerumen by retracting the ears downward. If this is ineffective,
irrigate the ear as ordered.
Do not use bobby pins, toothpicks or cotton-tipped applicators to remove
cerumen. These can rupture the tympanic membrane or traumatize the ear
canal. Cotton- tipped applicators can push wax into the ear canal, which can
cause blockage.
Eye Care
Nursing Interventions
Cleanse the eyes from the inner cantus to the outer cantus. Use a new cotton
ball for each wipe. To prevent contamination of the nasolacrimal ducts.
If the client is comatose, cover the ayes with sterile moist compresses. To
prevent dryness and irritation of the cornea.
Eyeglass should be cleaned with warm water and soap; dried with soft tissue.
Clean contact lens as directed by the manufacturer
To remove artificial eyes, wear clean gloves, depress the client’s lower eyelid.
Hold the artificial eye with thumb and index finger
Clean the artificial eye with warm normal saline, then place in a container with
water or saline solution.
Avoid rubbing the eyes. This may cause infection.
Maintain adequate lighting when reading.
Avoid regular use of eye drops
If dirt/ foreign bodies get into eyes, clean them with copious, clean, tepid
water as an emergency treatment.
Nose Care
Nursing Interventions
Clean nasal secretions by blowing the nose gently into the soft tissue.
Both nares should be open when blowing the nose to prevent forcing debris
into the middle ear, via Eustachian tube.
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May use cotton tipped applicator moistened with saline or water to remove
encrusted, dried secretions. Insert only up to cotton tip.
Oral Cavity Care
Measures to Prevent Tooth Decay
Brush the teeth thoroughly after meals and at bedtime.
Floss the teeth daily.
Ensure adequate intake of food rich in calcium, phosphorous, Vit. A, C and D
and fluoride.
Avoid sweet foods and drinks between meals
Eat coarse, fibrous foods (cleansing foods) such as fresh fruits ant raw
vegetables.
Have dental check up every 6 months.
Have topical fluoride applications as prescribed by the dentists.
Brushing and Flossing the Teeth
Purposes
1. To remove food particles from around and between the teeth.
2. To remove dental plaque.
3. To enhance the client’s feelings of well- being
4. To prevent sordes and infection of the oral tissues.
Nursing Interventions When Providing Oral Care for Conscious Patient
Inform the client and explain purpose of the procedure.
Provide privacy.
Assist in sitting or side-lying position.
Place towel under the client’s chin.
Moisten bristles of toothbrush and apply dentifrice.
Hold kidney basin under the chin.
Allow the client to brush his teeth, if possible.
Use downward strokes fro upper front teeth; upward strokes for lower front
teeth; back and forth strokes for the biting surfaces of the teeth; and hold the
brush against the teeth with bristles at 45 degrees angle to penetrate and
clean under the gingival margins.
Rinse the mouth with adequate amount of water. Floss the teeth.
Keep the client comfortable.
Do after-care of the equipment and articles.
Document relevant data.
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For Unconscious Client
Place in side-lying position to prevent aspiration.
Have suction apparatus readily available.
Use padded tongue blade to open the mouth.
Brush teeth and gums, using toothbrush or soft sponge-ended swab.
Apply thin layer of petroleum jelly to lips to prevent drying or cracking.
Note: Lemon glycerin swabs can be drying to the oral mucosa if used for extended
periods.
Care of Artificial Dentures
Wear gloves when handling and cleansing dentures.
Place a washcloth in a basin or bowl of sink when brushing dentures to
prevent damage if the dentures are dropped.
Store the dentures in a container with water.
Common Problems of the Mouth
1. Plaque. An invisible soft film of bacteria, saliva, epithelial cells and leukocytes
that adhere to the enamel surface of the teeth.
2. Tatar. A visible, hard deposit of plaque and bacteria that forms at the gum
lines.
3. Halitosis. Bad breath.
4. Glossitis. Inflammation of the tongue.
5. Gingivitis. Inflammation of the gums.
6. Stomatitis. Inflammation and dryness of oral mucosa.
7. Parotitis. Inflammation of the parotid salivary glands (mumps).
8. Sordes. Accumulation of foul matter (food, microorganisms, and epithelial
elements) on the gums and teeth.
9. Periodontal disease. Gums appear spongy and bleeding (pyorrhea).
10.Cheilosis. Cracking of the lips.
11.Dental Caries. Teeth have darkened area, may be painful (cavities).
Hair Care
The appearance of the hair may reflect a person’s sense of well being and
health status.
Brushing and combing the hair stimulate circulation of blood in the scalp;
distribute the oil along the hair shaft; help to arrange the hair.
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Hair shampoo
Purposes
1. To stimulate the circulation of the blood in the scalp through massage.
2. To clean the hair and improve the client’s sense of well-being.
Nursing Interventions during Hair Shampoo
Determine if the institution requires doctor’s order for hair shampoo.
Place client diagonally in bed.
Remove pins from hair. Comb and brush hair thoroughly. This is to remove
tangles.
Place Kelly pad under the head, with neck hyper extended.
The trough of the Kelly pad should be directed to a pail. To prevent spillage of
the water onto the floor.
Cover the eyes with wash cloth. To protect them from irritation.
Plug the ears with cotton balls. To prevent entry of the water into the external
auditory canal.
Apply small amount of shampoo.
Massage the scalp with the fat pads of the fingers and make a rich lather.
Massage promotes circulation on the scalp. Rich lather ensures through
cleansing of the hair.
Rinse the hair thoroughly. Soap residue in hair may cause irritation of the
scalp and may dry hair.
Dry the hair thoroughly.
Keep he client comfortable.
Do after-care of equipment and articles.
Make relevant documentation.
Common Hair and Scalp Problems
Dandruff. Is a chronic diffuse scaling of the scalp, with pruritus (seborrheic
dermatitis).
Alopecia. Lair loss or baldness.
Pediculosis. Infestation with lice.
o Padiculosis capitis is head louse
o Pediculosis corporis is body louse
o Pediculosis pubis is crab louse
o The usual treatment for pediculosis is gamma benzene hexachloride (Kwell), which
comes in lotion, cream and shampoo. Pubic lice are difficult to remove, so the
shampoo may be applied and left on 12 to 24 hours.
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o Linens and clothing used by clients should be washed in hot water.
Scabies. Contagious skin infestation by the itch mite. The characteristic of the
lesion is the burrow produced by the female mite as it penetrates the skin.
The burrows are short, wavy, brown, or black threadlike lesions.
Hirsutism. Excessive growth of body hair.
Foot Care
Wash the feet daily, and dry them well especially the interdigital spaces.
Use warm water for foot soak, to soften the nails and loosen debris under
them. Caution: soaking the feet of diabetic clients is no longer encouraged
because excessive moisture can contribute to skin breakdown.
Use cream or lotion to moisten the skin and soften calluses.
Use deodorant sprays or foot powder to prevent or control unpleasant odor
File toe nails straight across. To prevent nail splitting and tissue injury around
nail.
Change socks or stocking daily.
Wear comfortable, well-fitted pair of shoes
Do not go bare footed
Exercise the feet to improve circulation
Avoid using constricting clothing or round garters which may decrease
circulation
Avoid crossing the legs
Avoid self-treatment for corns or calluses
Common Foot Problems
1. Callus. Painless, flat, thickened epidermis, a mass of keratotic material. Often
caused by pressure from the shoe on bony prominence.
2. Corn. Keratosis caused by friction and pressure from a shoe. It commonly
affects the fourth and fifth toe. It appears circular and raised.
3. Unpleasant odors. This results from perspiration and its interaction with
microorganism.
4. Plantar warts. Caused by virus papova-virus hominis . They appear on the sole
of the foot and are moderately contagious. They are painful and make walking
difficult.
5. Fissures. Caused by dryness and cracking of the skin.
6. Tinea pedis. Characterized by scaling and cracking of the skin, particularly
between the toes, caused by a fungus. There may be blisters. (also Athlete’s
foot, ringworm of the foot.)
7. Ingrown Toenail. Inward growth of the nail, causing trauma into soft tissues. It
is usually due to trimming the lateral edges of the toenails.
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Nail Care
Trim nails straight across, or follow the contour of the fingers.
File nails to have smooth edges.
Do not trim nails at the lateral corners to prevent ingrowns.
Diabetic clients are advised against cutting hangnails or cuticles.
Ingrown is also called unguis incarnate.
Separation of the nail from the nail bed is onycholysis.
Inflammation of the skin fold at the nail margin is paronychia.
Perineal- Genital Care
Purposes of Perineal-Genital Care
1. To remove normal perineal secretions and odor.
2. To prevent infection.
3. To promote comfort.
Nursing Intervention during Perineal- Genital Care
Inform the client and explain purpose of the procedure.
Provide privacy. To maintain client dignity.
Position and drape the client as follows:
o Female: dorsal recumbent position; drape the client diagonally.
o Male: supine position
o For female clients, use forceps to hold cotton balls for cleansing the
perineum.
o For male clients, wear clean gloves.
For Female Clients
1. Use anterior to posterior (front to back) stroke to prevent contamination of
urethral meatus and vagina with microorganisms from the anus.
2. Use one cotton ball for each stroke.
3. Cleanse perineum with soap/ antiseptic solution. Include the inner thigh.
4. Rinse the area with copious amount of water. To remove soap adequately and
prevent irritation of the perineal area.
5. Dry perineum thoroughly. Moisture supports microbial growth.
For Male Clients
1. Wash and dry penis using firm strokes, to prevent erection of the penis.
2. Use circular motion, from the tip of glans penis towards the penile shaft.
3. If the client is uncircumcised, retract the prepuce (foreskin). This is to remove
smegma that collects under the foreskin and facilitates bacterial growth.
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4. Wash and dry the scrotum and buttocks.
For post-delivery or menstruating females, apply a perineal pad as needed
from front to back. This prevents contamination of urethra and vagina from
anal area.
Keep the client comfortable
Do the after-care of equipment and articles
Document relevant data