The document discusses personal hygiene and the integumentary system. It describes the components of the integumentary system including skin, mucous membranes, hair, nails, and teeth. It then provides details on proper hygiene practices like bathing, oral hygiene, hair care, nail care, and use of visual/hearing devices. It concludes with general gerontologic considerations for hygiene in older adults.

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Fundamental of Nursing
Personal Hygiene
Dr; mosa alfageh

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 Hygiene: practices that promote health through personal
cleanliness
 Activities that foster hygiene:
1. Bathing; cleaning and maintaining fingernails and
toenails
2. Performing oral care
3. Shampooing and grooming hair
4. Maintaining hearing aids and eyeglasses
Hygiene

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 Most hygiene practices are based on maintaining
or restoring a healthy intguementary system.
 Integumentary System Components
1. Skin
2. Mucous membrane
3. Hair
4. Fingernails, toenails
5. Teeth
Integumentary System

4. Skin
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Subcutaneous
layer
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 Line body passages such as the digestive,
respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems
 Mucous membrane also lines the conjunctiva of the
eye
 Goblet cells in the mucous membranes secrete
mucus, a slimy substance that keeps the membranes
soft and moist
Mucous Membrane

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 Made up of keratin
 Forms from cells at the base of a single follicle
 Helps to prevent heat loss
 Sebaceous glands in the hair follicles release sebum,
an oily secretion
Hair

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 Fingernails and toenails are made of keratin, which
in concentrated amounts gives them their tough
texture
 Normal nails are thin, pink, and smooth
 Fingernails and toenails provide some protection to
the digits
Nails

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 Present beneath the gums at birth
 Contain the outer covering, enamel, a keratin
structure
 Exposed portion of each tooth: crown
 Portion within the gum: root
 Adults: 28 to 32 permanent teeth
 Saliva: keeps the teeth clean and inhibits bacterial
growth
Teeth

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 Sugar, plaque, and bacteria may eventually erode the
tooth enamel, causing caries
 Gingivitis: gum inflammation
Common Dental Problems

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 Uses a cleansing agent such as soap and water to
remove sweat, oil, dirt, and microorganisms from
the skin
 Advantages of bathing
1. Eliminates body odor.
2. reduces the potential for infection
3. Stimulates circulation.
4. provides a refreshed and relaxed feeling.
5. improves self-image
Hygiene practices
Bathing

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1. Tub bath or shower: There is no contraindication
2. Partial bathing: washing only those body areas subject to
greatest soiling or that are sources of body odor.
3. For those who are dependent persons
Bed bath( washing with a basin of water at the bedside)
Types of Bathing according to hygiene purposes

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1. Sitz bath: Immersion of buttocks and perineum in a
small basin of continuously circulating water (as in case of
piles or episiotomy )
purposes:
1. Remove blood , serum, stool or urine
2. Reduce local swelling.
3. Relieves discomfort.
Types of Bathing according to function

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2. Sponge bath: application of tipped water to the skin.
purposes:
1. Reduces a fever.
3. Medicated bath: soaking or immersing in a mixture of
water and another substance, such as (sodium bicarbonate)
purposes:
1. Relieve itching or rashes
Types of Bathing according to function (cont’d)

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4. Whirlpool bath: warm water that is continuously
agitated within a tub or tank
purposes:
1. Improve circulation.
2. Increase joint mobility.
3. Remove dead tissue
4. Relieve discomfort.
Types of Bathing according to function (cont’d)

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 Removes unwanted body hair
 Accomplished with an electric or a safety razor
 Surgery sites
Shaving

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 Brushing and flossing the teeth
 Dentures and bridges require special cleaning and
care
 Oral hygiene in unconscious clients whom need oral
care more frequently than conscious clients
 Prevents aspiration of oral hygiene products and
water
Oral Hygiene

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 Apply a conditioner to loosen tangles
 Use oil on the hair if it is dry
 Brush the hair slowly to increase circulation of
sebum
 Use a wide-toothed comb, combing from end to
crown
 Use shampoo to clean hair
Hair Care

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 Keeping the fingernails and toenails clean and
trimmed
 Nail care should be provided with extreme caution
for the following clients:
 Clients with diabetes
 Clients with impaired circulation
 Client with thick nails
Nail Care

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 Eyeglasses and hearing aids improve communication and
socialization
 Eyeglasses
 Contact lenses
 Artificial eyes
 Hearing aids
Examples of Hearing Aids
 In the ear
 Behind the ear
Visual and Hearing Devices

20. General Gerontologic Considerations
 Poor hygiene and grooming in older adults: signs of
visual impairments, functional changes, dementia,
depression, abuse, or neglect
 Older adults do not need to bathe as frequently as
younger adults
 Use mild, nonperfumed soap
 Oils are not used in showers or bathtubs due to
increased risk for falls

21. General Gerontologic Considerations
 For older adults with limited range of motion or
mobility, provide:
 Long-handled bath sponges
 Nonskid strips on the floor of bathtubs
 Showers with strategically placed handles and grab
‫ممسك‬ bars; a tub/shower seat

22. General Gerontologic Considerations
 Due to increased susceptibility to dry skin, tears and
scratches:
 Avoid skin care products containing alcohol,
perfumes that aggravate dry skin
 Nails: keep trimmed and smooth
 Feet: regularly inspect condition
 Modify clothing to promote independence
 Tooth loss

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Fundamental of Nursing
Health Promotion

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