Family health services are the central point of health services.
It is an important component of “Health for All” goal.
Health of each individual affects the health of other member of family.
Unit -I : Community Health IntroductionSMVDCoN ,J&K
Special field of nursing that combines the skill of nursing, public health and same phase of social assistance and function as part of the total public health program for the promotion of health, the improvement of the condition in the social & physical environment, rehabilitation of illness & Disability.
Family health services are the central point of health services.
It is an important component of “Health for All” goal.
Health of each individual affects the health of other member of family.
Unit -I : Community Health IntroductionSMVDCoN ,J&K
Special field of nursing that combines the skill of nursing, public health and same phase of social assistance and function as part of the total public health program for the promotion of health, the improvement of the condition in the social & physical environment, rehabilitation of illness & Disability.
This presentation contains ;-
1. Definition of community
2. Definition of health
3. definition of nursing
4. Causes of poor health
5. Definition of community health nursing
6. Types of communities
7. community health
8. Public health
9. Aims of public health
10. Aims of community health nurse
11. Objectives of community health nursing
12. Principles of community health nursing
13. Function of community health nurse
14. The mission of community health nursing
15. concepts of health
16. components of community health nursing
17. Scope of community health nursing
18. Community health nursing roles
A home visit is one of the essential parts of the community health services because most of the people are found in a home.
Home visit fulfils the needs of individual, family and community in general for nursing service and health counseling.
This presentation contains ;-
1. Definition of community
2. Definition of health
3. definition of nursing
4. Causes of poor health
5. Definition of community health nursing
6. Types of communities
7. community health
8. Public health
9. Aims of public health
10. Aims of community health nurse
11. Objectives of community health nursing
12. Principles of community health nursing
13. Function of community health nurse
14. The mission of community health nursing
15. concepts of health
16. components of community health nursing
17. Scope of community health nursing
18. Community health nursing roles
A home visit is one of the essential parts of the community health services because most of the people are found in a home.
Home visit fulfils the needs of individual, family and community in general for nursing service and health counseling.
Unit-IV introduction to CHN m.sc I year.pptxanjalatchi
Community health nursing is a synthesis of nursing practice applied in promoting and preserving the health of the population. Community health implies integration of curative, preventive and promotional health services. The aim of community diagnosis is the identification of community health problems
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
1. CHAPTER-II
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING-I
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
UNIT TOTAL HOURS: 14
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
“Community health nursing is a synthesis of nursing practice and public health practice
applied in promoting and preserving the health of populations. The nature of this practice is
general and comprehensive. It is not limited to a particular age or diagnostic group. It is
continuous and not episodic. The dominant responsibility is to the population as a whole.
Therefore Nursing directed to individuals, families or groups contributes to the health of the
total population. Health promotion, health maintenance, health education, coordination and
continuity of care are utilized in a holistic approach to the management of the individual, family
group and community. The nurse’s actions acknowledge the need for comprehensive health
planning, recognize the influences of social and ecological issues, give attention to populations
at risk and utilize dynamic forces which influence change.”
PHILOSOPHY
1) Philosophy of individual’s right of being healthy
Health is believed to be one of the rights of all human beings nationally and
internationally according to the WHO charter.
Goal of health for all is based on the philosophy of individual’s right of being healthy.
This philosophy encompasses all the aspects of the society i.e sociocultural, economic
aspects, so that there is no hindrance of any kind to attain these rights.
2) Philosophy of working together under a competent leader for the common good
primitive ages of human ages, man has learnt to live together to meet
Their needs.
Each other.
ople
Working through the community groups/people with the people,for the people for
Their mutual benefit,change in behavior and health practices.
Services.
3)Philosophy that people in the community have the potential for continual
development and are capable of dealing with their own problems if educated and
helped
2. o
o Modify his/her lifestyles adjust to his or her changing enviournment i.e he can learn
to solve his or her problems.
o
Towards individuals in home, health centre, place of work, school, and community
places or hospital.
o behaviours respective to health
4)Philosophy of Socialism
o Socialism as one of the social system in the community has control over production
And distribution eg:food, housing, material production of all kinds, education,
Transportation,etc. Should be shared with all people.
GOALS
1. To increase the capacity of families, groups and communities to cope with health
and illness problems
2. To support and supplement the effort of other professional restoration and
preservation of health.
3. To control or counteract as much as possible physical and social environmental
conditions that threaten health or decrease the enjoyment of life.
4. To contribute to the reinforcement and improvement of nursing practice and
public health practice and services.
OBJECTIVES
1. To increase the capability of community to deal with their own health problems.
Provision of adequate information pertaining to their health problems,health issues
Can increase the community’s capability to deal with the health problems in a
Effective manner
People can be taught “how to care for themselves” through education, guidance
And supervision.
Eg: Helping young mothers to give care to the children in meeting their physiological,
Safety, love and security needs so as to have normal growth and development of
Children.
Continuous need based health education not only improves health knowledge and
Skills but also helps in developing positive attitude which brings change in health
Behavior.
3. 2.To strengthen community resources
Community resources include manpower,money material their development,
Distribution their utilization.
Resources need to be strengthened,distributed and utilized properly.
For this purpose an intersectoral approach is regarded, wherein, there is need for a
strong political, legal and administrative support.
3. To control and counteract environment
It includes environment protection measures and changing reaction to environment
When some protection measures are not feasible.
Protection measures are as follows:
I. Safe drinking water
ii. Clean air and soil
iii. Safe disposal of refuse and excreta
iv. Good social security and safety
Changing reactions
i. Mass Immunizations
ii. Mass screening
iii. Mass prophylactic treatment
4. To prevent and control communicable and non-communicable diseases
This includes application all the three levels of preventive measures i.e:
1) Primary level
2) Secondary level
3) Tertiary level
5.To provide specialized services
It provides specialized services for mothers,children,workers,elderly, handicapped and
eligible couples,etc
6. To conduct research
To conduct research to build up knowledge and contribute to further refinement and
improvement of community health practice.
7. To prepare Health personnel
To prepare health personnel in the community for community health care services.
4. Ultimate aim of community health care services is to reduce morbidity, mortality and
disability, improve nutritional status and increase life-expectancy at birth.
Principles of community Health Nursing
1) Community health nursing is an established based on recognized needs and
functioning within the total health programme.
2) The community health nursing agency has clearly defined objectives and purposes
For its services
3) An active organized citizens group of the community group is an integral part of the
Community health programme.
4) Community health nursing services are available to the entire community regardless
Of origin, culture or social and economic resources, and age, sex, creed, nationality,
Political affiliation
5) Community health nursing recognized the family and community as units of service.
6) Health education and counseling for the individual, family and community are the
Integral part of community health nursing.
7) Recipients of health care should participate in planning relating to goals for the
Attainment of health
8) The community health nurse should qualify as a full-fledged nurse.
9) The community health nursing service should be based on the needs of the patient
And there should be proper continuity of services to patients.
10) Periodic and continuous appraisal and evaluation of health situation of the patients are basic
to community health nursing.
11) The community health nurse should function/serve as an important member of the
5. Health team.
12) There should be provision for qualified nurse to make supervision for community health
Services.
13) The community health nurse does not provide material relief to patients, but directs
The patient to appropriate community resources for necessary financial and social
Assistance.
14) The community health nurse should not accept gifts or bribes from the patients
15) The community health nurse should not belong to one particular section or political
Group.
16) Community health agency should provide a continuing education programme forNurse
17) The nurses assume responsibilities of their own continuing professional development
Through acquiring higher and higher education and forming and strengthening the Professional
associations
18) The community health nursing services should develop proper guidelines, in Maintaining
records and reports.
19) There should be proper facilities and job conditions.
20) The community health nurse should maintain professional relationship with all leaders
In the community and maintain ethics at all time.
CONCEPT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
• Community has influence on the health status of people. Nurses need to understand the
structure of community, so that appropriate planned section can be taken by them to achieve the
health of the community.
6. • Before understanding the concept of community health nursing, it is necessary to
understand the community and community health.
• Then there will be discussion on the services provided by the medical and paramedical
personnel to achieve the overall health of people of community.
The term "community health nursing" is composed of three major concepts:
Community - Client
Health - Goal
Nursing -The means
Two Major Fields of Nursing in that:
1. Hospital Nursing
2. Community Health Nursing
We generally use the terms community health nursing and public health nursing, and
community health nurse and public health nurse interchangeably.
The community is a social system, where interactions among individual occurs.it is
composes of subsustems such as socio cultural, political, educational, environmental and
religious. All these factors influences the health of community.so within the community there is
need to understand these subsystem to promote the health of community.
THE COMMUNITY HAS THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS:
group of people
Common place
Interaction among members
common culture
common language
7. same feeling
common attitude
more or less same type of life style
common values and interest
• CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNITY
1. Distinctiveness
2. Homogeneity
3. Closeness
4. Sense of belongingness
5. Sense of togetherness
6. Self-sufficiency`
A. Distinctiveness
Each community has defined as geographical boundaries having its beginning and end.
These boundaries are more remarkable in smalller communities than in larger
communities.
B. Homogeneity
There is similarity in psychological charecteristics of people living in the defined boundaries
of the community
Example-similarity in language life style, customs, tradition etc..
C. Closeness
The people in the community have face to face interaction and free communication.
The extent of closeness varies.
The community people frequently participate in common activities etc.
8. D. Sense of belongingness
The degree and intensity of this feeling may vary among members in the community.
E. Sense of togetherness
There is unity and cohesiveness among the members in the community which is based on
their interactions and sense of belongingness to community.
F. Self-sufficiency
The community provides all such means and facilities which help in meeting the basic needs
of its people i.e.-space to live, education, protection and security etc..
CHARACTERISTICS OF HEALTHY COMMUNITY
Awareness that we are community
Conservation of natural resources
Recognition of and natural resources
Participation of subgroups in community affairs.
Preparation to meet crisis
Ability to solve problems
Communication through open channels
Resources available to all
Setting of disputes through legitimate mechanisms.
Participation by citizens in decision making.
Wellness of high degree among its members.
FUNCTIONS OF HEALTHY COMMUNITY
It provides space for housing,shelter,for socialization and recreation
It provides safety and security by protecting the community members.
9. Linkage with social system outside the community for meeting needs of its members.
Provides opportunity for employment and sustenance.
Protection, distribution and consumption of goods and services.
Socialization and education for its members.
Provides opportunities for interaction amongst members, transmits information, ideas and
belief and provides support system.
THREE TYPES OF COMMUNITIES
1. common place- means geographical location
2. social system-social units and systems with the pattern of interactions
3. group of people
Community
WHO Define
“Community as social group determined by geographical boundaries, common values and
interest”
Health
WHO
"Health is a state of complete physical mental and social well-being, and not merely an absence of
disease or infirmity"
Community Health
WHO’s
“Community health refers to the health status of the community, to the problems, affecting their
health & to the totally health care provided to the community.
Acc. To AAPH
10. “The art and science of maintaining, protecting and improving health of the people through
organized efforts.”
Acc. To CEA. Winslow
“Community health is the science and arts of preventing diseases, prolonging life and
promoting health and efficiency through organized efforts”
Community health Nursing
ANA’s
“It is field of practice that synthesizes knowledge & skill from nursing & public health & applied
them toward preventing, promoting, curative & rehabilitative care to family & community.”
Acc. To AAPH
“Public health Nursing synthesizes the body of knowledge from public health sciences and
professional nursing theories for the purpose of improving the health of entire community.”
Acc. to WHO Expert Committee of Nursing
Special field of nursing that combines the skills of nursing, public health and some phases of
social assistance and functions as part of the total public health program for the promotion of
health, the improvement of the conditions in the social and physical environment, rehabilitation
of illness and disability.”
OBJECTIVE OF C.H. NURSING
1) To participate in the development of an over all health plan for the community.
2) To provide quality nursing services to individuals, families & communities.
3) To coordinate nursing services with various members of health team.
4) To participate in and/or conduct researches relevant to community health and community
health nursing services and disseminate their results for improvement of health.
PURPOSE OF C.H. NURSING
11. 1. To ascertain the nature & extent of disease & disability in the community.
2. To take suitable measures to….
-Promote healthful living.
-Prevent Disabilities.
-Correct re-medical defects.
-Treat illness & Rehabilitate those and handicaps.
3. To evaluate the progress and success of current programmes.
4. To conduct research in community causes and diseases.
5. To provide the medical & nursing care to common ill health.
6. To educate the public in prevention of health hazards.
IMPORTANCE OF COOMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
Community health nursing is concerned with the people who are sick as well as the
healthy,young and old,male and female.
At the same time community health nurse is responsible for family centred care rather
than an individual oriented one.
The community health nurse job is not only limited to the sick but has equal
responsibility to prevent the disease and to preserve and promote the health of the people.
1. Home care
2. Nursing homes
3. Mch and family planning
4. School health nursing
5. Health care services
6. Industrial nursing services
7. Domiciliary nursing services
8. Geriatric nursing services
9. Mental health nursing services
10.Rehabilitation centers
11.
I. HOME CARE
Nursing practices is applied in meeting the health needs of communities,
families and individual in their normal environment such as at home.
II. NURSING HOMES
12. The community health team which provides nursingcare, treatment to the
sick and health counseling given in nursing homes.
III. Mch and family planning
The public health nurse plays a major role in the mch and family planning
services.
It comprises antenatal,postnatal and child care services.
IV. School health nursing
The school health nurse provides services to promote and protect the health
of the school children.
She provides services like early detection of disease,immunisation,first
aid,dentalhealth,school sanitation,maintainance of health records,health
education,follow up and referral services.
V. Health care services
The purpose of health care services to improve the health status of the
population.it aims at mortality and morbidity reduction,increse in
expectation of life,decreased in population growth rate,improvements
innutritional status,provision of basic sanitation,health.manpower
requirements and resources development and certain other parameters such
as food production,literacy rate,levels of poverty etc…
VI. Industrial nursing services
The nursing service at industrial area includes periodic health check up,care
of the sick,first aid,health counselling,industrial sanitation and
safety,organisation of services to women and children ,rehablitation of the ill
and disabled workers and administration.
VII. Domiciliary nursing services
Community health nurse focused at domiciliary nursing services include
maternity services health supervision,and disease prevention services and
services for illness and accidents.
VIII. Geriatric nursing services
13. Community health nurse should take care of old people in the community.
The need of the geriatric nursing care is different and they need more care
than the younger age groups.
IX. Mental health nursing service
Mental health nursing services of a community health nurse include early
diagnosis and treatment rehabilitation,psychotherapy,use of modern
psychotropic drugs and after care services.
X. Rehabilitation centers
The community health nurese provide care in rehabilitation units.
Nursing is an important component in the rehabilitation of the disabled.
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE
Community health nurse is a personnel, serving at the community level provides basic
promotive, preventive curative and rehabilitative services directly to the community.
The specific nursing activities which are performed by the nurse will vary according to
community needs and the structure of the primary health care system.
Qualities of community health nurse
1. A qualified community health nurse is one who has undergone basic general nursing,
midwifery training and postbasic education in community health nursing.
2. A community health nurse must have interest in people and in understanding human
behavour.
3. Sincerity and ability to empathize are basic qualities required for a nurse.
4. A well poised nurse has a friendly disposition,honest,charitable,resourdeful,and
cooperative and takes responsibilities with initiative.
5. Minimum essential skills of a nurse are observation,communication,interviewing,and
bedside supportive and technical skills.
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE
A. Client-oriented Roles
1. Caregiver
14. Uses the nursing process to provide direct nursing intervention to
individuals, families, or population groups
2. Educator
Facilitates learning for positive health behavior change
3. Counselor
Teaches and assists clients in the use of the problem solving process
4. Referral Resource
Links clients to services to meet identified health needs
5. Role Model
Demonstrates desired health-related behaviors
6. Advocate
Speaks or acts on behalf of clients who cannot do so for themselves
7. Primary Care Provider
Provides essential health services to promote health, prevent illness,
and deal with existing health problems
8. Case Manager
Coordinates and directs the selection and use of health care services to meet
client needs, maximize resource utilization, and minimize the expense of care
B. Delivery-oriented Roles
1. Coordinator/Care Manager
Organizes and integrates services to best meet client needs in the most
efficient manner possible
2. Collaborator
Engages in shared decision making regarding the nature of health
problems and potential solutions to them
3. Liaison
Provides and maintains connections and communication between clients
and health care providers or among providers
C. Population-oriented Roles
1. Case Finder
15. Identifies clients with specific health problems or
conditions
Geared toward awareness of population-level problems
2. Leader
Influences clients and others to take action regarding identified
health problems
3. Change Agent
Initiates and facilitates change in individual or client
behaviors or conditions or those affecting population groups
4. Community Developer
Mobilizes residents and other segments of the population to take
action regarding identified community health problems or issues
5. Coalition Builder
Promotes the development and maintenance of alliances of
individuals or groups of people to address a specific health issue
6. Researcher
Conducts studies to explain health-related phenomena and to
evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to control them
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING PROCESS
INTRODUCTION
Nursing process is orderly, systematic manner of determining the
patient’s problem, making plan to solve them, initiating the plan and
evaluating the extent to which the plan was effective in resolving the
problems identified
Community nursing process is an orderly, systematic process to solve
the problems of community.
DEFINITION:
16. Nursing process has traditionally been defined as a systematic method
for assessing health status ,diagnosing health care needs, formulating
plan of care,initiating plan & evaluating the effectiveness of the plan.”
“Nursing process is orderly, systematic manner of determining the
clients health status,/ specifies the problems defined as “alterations in
human need fulfillment”,/ making plans to solve them, /initiating and
implementing the plans, /and evaluating the extent to which plan was
effective in promoting the optimum wellness and resolving the problems
identified.”
- Yura And Walsh, 1988.
Characteristics of community nursing process
It is the framework for providing nursing care to
client/family/community.
It is orderly and systematic.
It is interdependent (nursing care depends on decisions made by other
health care professional).
It provides individualized care, client centered, uses the client strengths
(make use of positive aspects / strengths). For eg., exercise in improving
the health status of the client, client cooperation.
It is appropriate for use throughout the life span.
It can be used in all settings. (hospital, community, ambulatory and
home health care settings)
Complements current role of customers in health care
PURPOSES
To maintain optimal wellness.
To provide quality care.
To provide quality of life.
To achieve purposes of nursing
COMPONENTS OF NURSING PROCESS
17. ASSESSMENT
It is continuous, systematic critical, orderly& precise method of
collecting, validating,analysing and interpreting information about
physical, psychological &social needs of an individual nature of self
care deficit and other factors influencing .
DETAILS OF INFORMATION
- Geographical
- Demographical
- Environmental
- Knowledge, attitude &Practice of Health.
- Health Problem &Influencing Factors.
GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION
Name of locality or area
18. Physical structure
Important landmarks
Seasonal variation &month
Map of the area
DEMOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION
Total population
Total families
Vital health events
Specific vulnerable groups
ENVIRONMENTAL:
Physical environment
Social environment
Environmental communication
Environmental resources
House Water supply Sanitation
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT:
Social organization
Community organization
Voluntary welfare organization
Trade unions statutory bodies
Leadership structure
ENVIRONMENTAL COMMUNICATION:
Official &non official channels
Common meeting places
Events of communication
Media of communication
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES:
Economic resources
Institutional resources
Human resources
Natural resources
COMMUNITY NURSING DIAGNOSIS
It is a statement of a potential or actual altered status of a patient
which is derived from nursing assessment and which requires
intervention from the domain of nursing practices.
A nursing diagnosis is a clinical judgment about individual,
family, or community responses to actual or potential health
problems/life processes. Nursing diagnoses provide the basis for
19. selection of nursing interventions to achieve outcomes for which the
nurse is accountable.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DIAGNOSIS
Nursing diagnosis is unique in that it focuses on a client’s response to
a health problem, rather than on the problem itself, and it provides the
structure through which nursing care can be delivered.
Nursing diagnosis also provides a means for effective communication.
- Holistic client, family, and community-focused care are facilitated
with the use of nursing diagnosis.
- Nursing diagnosis has an important impact on the health care
delivery system
COMMUNITY HEALTH DIAGNOSIS
- It may be defined as “determining the pattern of health problems
in a community , including factors which influences this pattern.
Community health diagnosis has the aspects of social medicine.
ASPECTS OF SOCIAL MEDICINE:
Social Anatomy
Social Physiology
Social Pathology
Social Diagnosis
Social Therapy
SOCIAL ANATOMY
It deals with the structure & stratification of society according to :
Socioeconomic group, Professional group, Religions & castes ,Rural and
urban communities
SOCIAL PHYSIOLOGY :
It refers to the function of society, growth of society depends upon
birth rate, food supply.
SOCIAL PATHOLOGY:
it is pathology of families , group, societies or communities. Indicators
of health services- Doctors: patients, Nurse: patients, patients :bed
SOCIAL DIAGNOSIS
The of community health diagnosis is to identify the basic health needs and
current problem of the community By conducting the surveys whole
community is examined
20. SOCIAL THERAPY:
Refers to a community treatment or community health action as the of
step decided upon to meet the health needs of the community taking into
account the resources available & the wishes of the people , as revealed
by community health diagnosis.
COMPONENTS OF NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Basic two-part statements
The basic two-part statement includes the following:
Problem (P): statement of the client’s/community response.
Etiology (E): factors contributing to or probable cause of the
responses.
Eg: Activity Intolerance RT decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of cells.
Basic three-part statements
The basic three-part nursing diagnosis statement is called the PES
format and includes the following:
Problem (P): statement of the client’s/community response.
Etiology (E): factors contributing to or probable cause of the
responses.
Signs and Symptoms (S): defining characteristics manifested by the
client.
Eg: Potential for health hazards r/t to breeding of mosquitoes as evidenced
by presence of stagnant water
21. Example of some nsg diagnosis which can be used in community field
Knowledge deficit r/t to small family norms as evidenced by large
family .
Health seeking behavior regarding immunization.
Ineffective health maintenance
Impaired social interaction
Infant Feeding Pattern, ineffective
Growth & Development, delayed
Family Processes: alcoholism, dysfunctional
Communication, impaired verbal
Blood Glucose, risk for unstable
Impaired home maintenance
Impaired parenting
Anxiety
Activity intolerance
PLANNING
It is a systematic approach in developing a plan of action based on careful
assessment. Planning phase consist of :
Establishing priorities for the problems diagnosed.
Setting objective
22. Writing nursing intervention that will lead to achievement of
proposed objective.
Recording nursing diagnosis, reasons, objectives, and nursing
interventions.
The community health nurse plans the activities to render the
comprehensive, preventive, promotive nursing care to individual, famly and
community in various settings. These setting include anganwadi, college,
health centre etc
IMPLEMENTATION/INTERVENTION
Putting the plan into action and doing all the activities included in the plan
Collaborative implementation by nurse, other professionals or
clients.
Nurse is a catalyst and facilitator
Ultimate goal is to help people to help themselves toward their
optimal level of health
TYPES OF NURSING INTERVENTION
DEPENDENT INTERVENTION :
It is related to implementation of medical orders. Eg: discuss
about the medicine regimen with the patient as prescribed by doctor.
INTERDEPENDENT INTERVENTION:
Describe the activities that nurse carries out in cooperation with
other health team members. eg:sterile instruments to be used Takes out
the record Gets the clinic personnel to arrange the clinic
INDEPENDENT INTERVENTION :
These are the activities performed by the nurse without direct
doctor’s order. Eg: Community health nurse will Give group teaching and
health education Assist the patient to identify potential hazards at home
Evaluation
The last phase of the nursing process, follows implementation of the plan of
care, it’s the judgment of the effectiveness of nursing care to meet client
goals based on the client’s behavioral responses.
Process of Evaluating Client Responses
Collecting data related to the desired outcomes
Comparing the data with outcomes
Relating nursing activities to outcomes
Drawing conclusions about problem status
Continuing, modifying, or terminating the nursing care plan.
Relationship of Evaluation to Nursing Process