Learn the basic operating principles of circuit breakers as well as the different types. Review the range of operating mechanisms with a focus on pneumatics and compressors.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/hv-circuit-breaker-operating-mechanisms-pneumatic-compressor-systems-24
Learn the basic operating principles of circuit breakers as well as the different types. Review the range of operating mechanisms with a focus on pneumatics and compressors.
MORE INFORMATION - http://www.idc-online.com/content/hv-circuit-breaker-operating-mechanisms-pneumatic-compressor-systems-25
This document contains the Report for a Synchronizing Panel that I made for Diploma main project. It carries the complete detail about parallel operation AC Generators aka Alternators.
DON'T MISS THIS DEAL!!!
Get the Ultrasonic Testing level 1 training for only $5 and save 83%. use this link to get the discount
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The course provides you with Level 1 training in the fundamentals of Ultrasonic Testing methods. It will introduce you to the basic concepts and principles and includes hands-on training using Ultrasonic Testing
equipment settings and functions.The Ultrasonic theories presented will provide the knowledge of Ultrasonic Testing required and enable you to work with individuals qualified and certified to gain needed experience for qualification as Level 1. While the practicle manipulations will give you the essential steps that you will need to calibrate the ultrasonic testing equipment, perform the inspection, collect and interpret the data.This course consists of two handbooks: The first handbook made by the instructor is the official of the training. It covers all the topics presented through the 39 lectures. While the second one (offered as bonus) is the official one of the TWI (International Institute of Welding) training.In addition to that, the course includes 39 lectures alternating between the different lecture types, with regular quizzes and exams to enable you to check that your are following the topics covered.
Learn the basic operating principles of circuit breakers as well as the different types. Review the range of operating mechanisms with a focus on pneumatics and compressors.
MORE INFORMATION - http://www.idc-online.com/content/hv-circuit-breaker-operating-mechanisms-pneumatic-compressor-systems-25
This document contains the Report for a Synchronizing Panel that I made for Diploma main project. It carries the complete detail about parallel operation AC Generators aka Alternators.
DON'T MISS THIS DEAL!!!
Get the Ultrasonic Testing level 1 training for only $5 and save 83%. use this link to get the discount
https://www.udemy.com/ultrasonic-testing/?couponCode=PROEmailPromo
The course provides you with Level 1 training in the fundamentals of Ultrasonic Testing methods. It will introduce you to the basic concepts and principles and includes hands-on training using Ultrasonic Testing
equipment settings and functions.The Ultrasonic theories presented will provide the knowledge of Ultrasonic Testing required and enable you to work with individuals qualified and certified to gain needed experience for qualification as Level 1. While the practicle manipulations will give you the essential steps that you will need to calibrate the ultrasonic testing equipment, perform the inspection, collect and interpret the data.This course consists of two handbooks: The first handbook made by the instructor is the official of the training. It covers all the topics presented through the 39 lectures. While the second one (offered as bonus) is the official one of the TWI (International Institute of Welding) training.In addition to that, the course includes 39 lectures alternating between the different lecture types, with regular quizzes and exams to enable you to check that your are following the topics covered.
The 7SD610 relay is a differential protection relay suitable for all types of applications and incorporating all those functions required for differential protection of lines, cables and transformers. Transformers and compensation coils within the differential protection zone are protected by means of integrated functions, which were previously to be found only in transformer differential protection. It is also well-suited for complex applications such as series and parallel compensation of lines and cables.
In view of Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics, the slides give a insight off the effects of the Creep and Fatigue Crack growth.
As both the fatigue and creep phenomenon is dynamic in nature due to the involvement of parameter w.r.t time.
Thereby the J contour Integral parameter is replaced by C-Integral by adopting Hoff's Analogy and Power's Law.
The 7SD610 relay is a differential protection relay suitable for all types of applications and incorporating all those functions required for differential protection of lines, cables and transformers. Transformers and compensation coils within the differential protection zone are protected by means of integrated functions, which were previously to be found only in transformer differential protection. It is also well-suited for complex applications such as series and parallel compensation of lines and cables.
In view of Fatigue & Fracture Mechanics, the slides give a insight off the effects of the Creep and Fatigue Crack growth.
As both the fatigue and creep phenomenon is dynamic in nature due to the involvement of parameter w.r.t time.
Thereby the J contour Integral parameter is replaced by C-Integral by adopting Hoff's Analogy and Power's Law.
Operational description of 400kv switchyard NTPC Ramagundam RSTPSPradeep Avanigadda
400 KV Switchyard of Ramagundam Super Thermal Power Station is the most vital switching station in the southern Grid. 2600 MW of Bulk Power generated by three 200 MW Units and four 500 MW Units of NTPC Ramagundam is evacuated for supplying to the southern states.
Switchyard consists of four 400 KV busbars fed by 7 Nos. of generators, 10 Nos. of 400 KV feeders, 3 Nos of 220 KV feeders and two nos. of 132 Kv feeders as shown in the single line diagram of 400 Kv switch yard.
In addition to the above, four nos. of Tie Transformers, five nos. of Auto transformers, two nos. of Shunt Reactors and one Bus reactor are provided.
Hydraulics today has become a way of life as most applications have some form of system ingrained. This paper is an endevor to present the very basics of hydraulics and overcome its basic fear.
Ideal gas law, Charles' Law, Boyles' Law, Avogadro's Law, Dalton's law of partial pressures, the kinetic molecular theory of gases, gas diffusion and effusion
This is my presentation of a baseband processor, which I have developed as a major project in masters, This presentation, gives you an overview of results and effectiveness, of the processor in respect of FPGA and ASIC level.
Installation, Testing and Troubleshooting of TransformersLiving Online
This will provide you with practical knowledge (including tips, tricks and tools) covering the fundamentals of power transformers and their testing. It will greatly assist you in communicating more effectively with your electrical engineering colleagues. At the end of this workshop, participants will be familiar with the importance of transformer testing and their purpose, the different kinds of transformer tests and their procedures and the practical applications of principals applied in transformer operation and maintenance.
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
This workshop will be appropriate for the following professionals:
Electrical engineers
Maintenance engineers
Maintenance supervisors
Power electricians
Power engineers
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/installation-testing-and-troubleshooting-transformers-24
Practical Medium and High voltage Testing of Electrical Equipment for Enginee...Living Online
Testing is an essential activity in any engineer’s career. Whatever your role in industry (electrical designer, purchase engineer, manufacturer, installation contractor or maintenance engineer) a solid knowledge of tests to be carried out on a given piece of electrical equipment and interpretation of results obtained is a necessity. This workshop is designed to familiarise you with various aspects of testing general electrical equipment and high voltage testing in particular.
Examples will be cited from various international standards regarding the procedure for conducting of tests and interpreting the test results. The need for keeping proper records of tests conducted both in the initial stages and later during routine maintenance will be discussed. Some of the tests are too complex to be performed on a routine basis or may require specialised equipment which may not be normally available to user industries or even manufacturers. This is where the services of an independent and accredited test lab is useful. The role of such labs will be briefly discussed.
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
Building service designers
Consulting engineers
Control engineers
Data systems planners and managers
Electrical engineers
Electrical technicians
Instrumentation engineers
Instrumentation technicians
Maintenance engineers
Power system protection engineers
Project engineers
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-medium-high-voltage-testing-electrical-equipment-engineers-and-technicians-48
For Most Data Centers, Liquid and Air Cooling Will Not be Mutually ExclusiveUpsite Technologies
A recent report from Technavio indicates that the adoption of liquid-based cooling is high, as it is considered more efficient than air-based cooling. Globally liquid-based cooling is expected to grow at a remarkable rate through 2020, posting a CAGR of almost 16% during the forecast period. So, why is this level of adoption happening? Increasing rack densities lead by high performance computing (HPC) and the quest to improve efficiency are driving an increase in liquid cooling design strategies and deployment. While still relatively sparse, liquid cooling will become more prevalent, but this does not mean the end of air cooling. In this session, we’ll discuss how to implement liquid cooling while maintaining appropriate air-cooling conditions and fully realize efficiency gains. Lastly, we’ll discuss how to get started and get ahead of the market when it comes to improving cooling efficiency.
A look a fluid mechanics in lifting devices.
References
Images
http://www.superstock.com
http://www.lovelybike.blogspot.com.au
http://www.ustudy.in/node/3432
http://www.motoristpassion.com/2011/05/braking-system-enhancer-producing.html
http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aero/hydr02.htm
http://www.talktalk.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0016531.html
http://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-photography-royalty-free-stock-photography-motorbike-disc-brake-image11518937
http://www.advancedhandling.com/overhead_lifting_equipment/overhead_handling_equipment.ht http://www.bristol-business.net/bristols-sharklets-make-their-first-flight/m
Websites
http://www.maritime.org/fleetsub/hydr/chap1.htm
http://www.atzonline.com/index.php;do=show/site=a4e/sid=15216829664fcada747c79e679887491/alloc=1/id=34
http://auto.howstuffworks.com
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UuK3ESGgbqk
http://www.rohitbhargava.com/2011/07/the-wingtip-vortex.html
Printed text
Learning Materials Production Open Training and Education Network-Distance Education
NSW Department of Education and Training 2000. 51 Wentworth Rd. Strathfield NSW 2135.
Revised 2003.
Electrical and Instrumentation (E&I) Engineering for Oil and Gas FacilitiesLiving Online
There is a growing shortage, and hence opportunity, for Electrical and Instrumentation (E&I) technicians, technologists and engineers in the oil and gas industry. This is due to an increasing need for higher technology methods of obtaining and processing oil and gas as it is a finite declining resource. The price of oil is heading upwards steadily, thus making personnel and their associated oil and gas expertise in these industries even more valuable. The technical challenges of extracting oil and gas are becoming ever more demanding, with increasing emphasis on more marginal fields and previously inaccessible zones such as deep oceans, Polar regions, Falkland Islands and Greenland. The aim program is to provide you with core E&I engineering skills to enhance your career, and to benefit your firm.
This course provides a whole spectrum of activities ranging from basic electrical and instrumentation engineering to advanced practice including hazardous areas, data communications along with a vast array of E&I equipment utilised in an oil and gas environment as well as practical treatment of electrical power systems and instrumentation within the oil, gas, petrochemical and offshore industries. Whilst there is some theory this is used in a practical context giving you the necessary tools to ensure that the E&I hardware is delivering the results intended. No matter whether you are a new electrical, instrumentation or control technician/technologist/graduate engineer or indeed, even a practising facilities engineer, you will find this course beneficial in improving your understanding, skills and knowledge.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/electrical-and-instrumentation-ei-engineering-oil-and-gas-facilities-5
Similar to HV Circuit Breaker Operating Mechanisms - Hydraulic Systems (20)
THE WORKSHOP:
This practical workshop covers all the essentials of process control and tools to optimise the operation of your plant and process, including the ability to perform effective loop tuning.
Practical process control is aimed at engineers and technicians who wish to have a clear, practical understanding of the essentials of process control and loop tuning, as well as how to optimise the operation of their particular plant or process. These persons would typically be primarily involved in the design, implementation and upgrading of industrial control systems. Mathematical theory has been kept to a minimum with the emphasis throughout on practical applications and useful information.
Inspection, Testing and Commissioning of Electrical Switchboards, Circuit Bre...Living Online
THE WORKSHOP:
Whether you are designing, specifying, installing, testing or commissioning electrical equipment from small to large commercial and industrial installations, you need to have a thorough understanding of switchboards, switchgear, circuit breakers and associated protective relays.
The overall focus of this workshop is on electrical inspection, testing and commissioning and will commence with a detailed examination of switchgear (and circuit breakers). Circuit breakers are critical components in electrical distribution systems and their operation significantly affects the overall operation of the system. Protection relays are then discussed. These are used in power systems to maximise continuity of supply and are found in both small and large power systems from generation, through transmission, distribution and utilisation of power in plant, industrial and commercial equipment.
We cover commissioning and periodic inspection of cables and their various failure modes and how to detect these faults. The often neglected topic of switchboards will be detailed next, followed by the interesting topic of interfacing to the control system (either PLC’s or other control devices).
Case studies and practical sessions are used throughout to illustrate key practical principles.
This workshop covers key elements in a practical and project focused way. Many people assume (wrongly) that inspecting, testing and commissioning is a fairly straightforward process and is simply a rubber stamp confirmation of a so-called outstanding design. Our experience in the field demonstrates quite the opposite; where the litany of problems ranges from design and installation errors to equipment manufacturing defects. It is best that these problems are identified and corrected before the inevitable downtime comes in an operational installation where many thousands of dollars are lost in correcting the faults. The situation today is made more challenging by the heightened safety requirements and interfacing to low powered electronic control and monitoring devices (such as PLC’s) using software that has to also be verified.
Hands on Data Communications, Networking & TCP/IP TroubleshootingLiving Online
THE WORKSHOP:
Data communication is given high priority in today’s industrial environment. This workshop is designed to be hands-on, providing the participants with essential knowledge and helping them to understand and troubleshoot systems.
This is a comprehensive two-day hands-on workshop that covers practical aspects of data communication such as serial communications, Ethernet networking, TCP/IP, Modbus, wireless communications and security.
This workshop is for enthusiastic engineers and technicians who wish to develop and enhance their practical knowledge in the field of data communications and networking. It will help them to understand the concepts behind data transmission, the various protocols involved, and the topologies that govern data exchange among various systems in industry. It will also equip them with the skills and tools to design and/or maintain these systems on an ongoing basis.
Fundamentals of Instrumentation, Process Control, PLCs and SCADA for Plant Op...Living Online
THE WORKSHOP:
This course represents a tremendous opportunity to gain expertise in all the key areas of the fast growing area of industrial automation in two days. Presented by an expert in the area but who is passionate with getting the key chunks of know-how and expertise across to you in a simple understandable manner which you can immediately apply to your job. This is most definitely not a boring lecture style presentation but an intensive learning experience where you will walk away with real skills as a result of the hands-on practical exercises, calculations, case studies and group sessions to ensure an understanding of the concepts and ideas discussed. You will undertake practical sessions at approximately 20 to 30 minute intervals to maximise the absorption rate.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
2. Topics
• What is hydraulics?
• Hydraulic circuits, symbols and units
• Mathematical relationships governing hydraulic machinery
• Main types of hydraulic systems and components
• Different types of valves used in hydraulic systems
• Hydraulic fluids
• Cavitation and aeration
• Safe handling of hydraulic fluids
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3. Power transmission
• Power transmission in machinery can be done through
various means such as:
– Electrical
– Mechanical
– Fluids
• Gas such as air (Pneumatic)
• Liquids such as water (Hydraulic)
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4. Hydraulics:
• Hydraulics is the transmission and control of
power, using a liquid as the flowing medium
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5. Hydraulic systems: Advantages
1) Infinite control of speed and pressure
2) Instant reaction to change of direction, including
stopping and starting
3) Self lubrication
4) Large forces can be easily transmitted
5) The pipelines can be relatively easily installed and
can be run at any angle
6) Leaks are easily detectable
7) The system is relatively compact and flexible
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6. General principle of a hydraulic system
Note: The numbers in the figure correspond to those in the previous slide
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7. Units used
• SI system of units is used as shown below
Quantity
Unit of
measurement
Symbol
Length Metre m
Mass Kilogram kg
Time Second s
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8. Derived unit-Force
• Force = Mass x Acceleration
• Units:
– Mass in kg
– Acceleration in meters/second/second
– Force in Newtons
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9. Derived unit-Pressure
• Pressure = Force/Area
• Units
– Force in Newtons
– Area in square meters
– Pressure in Pascals
• Pressure can be Atmospheric, Gauge or Absolute
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11. Relation between Pressure and flow
• Pressure and flow in a hydraulic circuit are interrelated
• Any hydraulic circuit has a definite resistance to the flow of
hydraulic medium caused by
– Fluid path (Pipes), sudden changes of flow path such as
sectional area or direction, changes in level (elevation)
• A pump is needed to build up pressure to overcome the resistance
and cause fluid flow
• More the flow, greater the pressure developed
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12. Relation between Pressure and flow
A pump moves a liquid. Observe the development of pressure from the point of
constrained flow path (Red).
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13. Ways of expressing pressure
• Pressure can be expressed as:
– Absolute pressure
– Gauge pressure
• A pressure gauge reads the pressure with respect to the
atmosphere
• This value is called gauge pressure
• Absolute pressure=Gauge pressure + Atmospheric pressure
• When Absolute pressure < Atmospheric pressure the gauge
pressure becomes negative
• In this case, the pressure is termed as vacuum pressure
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14. Relationship explained
• Pa is the atmospheric pressure
• Pgauge is the gauge pressure
• Pab is the absolute pressure
• Pvacuum is the vacuum pressure
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15. Differential pressure
• Pressure difference between two specific points
• Does not depend on atmospheric pressure
• Useful to detect excessive pressures at a given section
– Example: A filter with clogged filter element will have
a high differential pressure (between input and exit)
compared to a healthy filter
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17. Pascal's Law
• Pressure applied to a confined static fluid is
transmitted equally and undiminished in all
directions throughout that fluid and acts with equal
force on equal areas
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18. Force multiplication
• Force = Pressure x Area
• Force applied at one point in a hydraulic system
can be multiplied by several orders of magnitude
• Force is applied to a cylinder with a small cross
section
• A cylinder of larger section in the same system
will multiply this force
• The factor of multiplication = The ratio of cross-sectional
areas
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20. Energy
• Energy is the ability to do work
• A body can store energy and release it in the form of work
• Stored energy can be of the following types
– Potential energy
– Kinetic energy
• A body can store potential energy by work done on it
– Example: A mass at a height, a compressed spring
• Kinetic energy is stored by a body which has been set in
motion
– Example: A mass moving at a constant velocity
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21. Hydraulic Fluid-Purpose
• To transmit force and motion between hydraulic system
components
• To lubricate the moving parts in the system like valve
spools, cylinder rods, etc.
• To achieve sealing where required
• To help flush the contaminants back to the reservoir
• To help disperse heat from the system
• To minimize corrosion by forming a protective coating
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22. Example of energy transmission
• Energy and motion transmission uses the property of
incompressibility of hydraulic fluids
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23. Lubrication by hydraulic fluids
• A necessary property to prevent wear of hydraulic
system components
• Formation of a lubricating film of hydraulic fluid
prevents direct contact
• This prevents wear since metal-to-metal contact is
avoided
• Susceptible components are: pump vanes, valve spools,
rings and rod bearings
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24. Lubrication by hydraulic fluids
• Figure shows formation of a thin film of fluid on
the metal surface
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26. Sealing action
Arrow marks indicate locations where the hydraulic fluid
forms a seal between high pressure (RED) and low pressure
zones
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27. Heat dissipation
• Hydraulic fluid transfers the heat from one part of the system
to another
• Conduction and convection mechanisms come into play for
heat transfer
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28. Properties of hydraulic fluid
• Good lubricity
• Ideal viscosity
• Chemical and environmental stability
• Large bulk modulus
• Fire resistance
• Good heat transfer capability
• Low density
• Foam resistance and demulsibility
• Non toxicity
• Low volatility
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29. Viscosity
• A measure of internal friction in a fluid
• Measured by the rate at which the fluid resists
deformation
• Thicker the fluid, higher the viscosity
• High viscosity fluid flows with greater difficulty
• Hydraulic fluids should have optimum viscosity
• Viscosity decreases as temperature increases
• Viscosity classification:
1. Absolute
2. Kinematic
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30. Absolute viscosity
• Definition:
The tangential force on a unit area of either one or two
parallel planes at a unit distance apart when the space is
filled with liquid and one of the planes moves relative to
the other at unit velocity
• Also called coefficient of dynamic viscosity
• Unit is centipoise
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31. Kinematic viscosity
• Definition:
A measure of the time required for a fixed amount of fluid to
flow through a capillary tube under the force of gravity.
• Used in most hydraulic calculations
• Unit of measurement: Centistokes
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32. Effect of high viscosity
• Higher resistance to flow causing sluggish operation
• Increase in power consumption due to frictional losses
• Increased pressure drop through valves and lines
• High fluid temperature due to friction
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33. Effect of low viscosity
• Increased losses in the form of seal leakage
• Excessive wear and tear of the moving parts
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34. Viscosity index
• A measure of the rate at which the viscosity changes
with temperature
• Usually viscosity reduces as the temperature increases
• A fluid with a high rate of change has a low viscosity
index
• A fluid with a low rate of change has a high viscosity
index
• Expressed as a number (without unit)
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35. Oxidation resistance
• Represents the resistance of the oil for chemical
breakdown
• Oxidation occurs when the fluid comes into contact
with air
• Deterioration resulting from oxidation can lead to:
– Formation of acids, varnishes and sludge which can block the
system
– Increase in viscosity of the fluid
– Corrosion as a result of the contaminants
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36. Foam resistance and Demulsibility
• Foaming occurs when air mixes with
hydraulic fluid
• Ability of the fluid to resist the
formation of foam is called foam
resistance
• Demulsibililty is the ability of the fluid
to separate from or resist mixing with
water
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37. Cavitation
• Cavitation is the formation of vapor in a working
fluid
• Symptoms of Cavitation are:
– Overheating of the fluid
– Excessive pump wear
– Excessive pump noise
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38. Countermeasures for Cavitation
Cause Countermeasures
• Fluid viscosity too high
• Fluid head too high
• Pump speed too high
• Inlet pipe line bore too
small
• Blocked inlet strainer
• Tank breather is blocked
• Collapsed inlet line
• Too many bends,
restrictions in the inlet line
Use the right viscosity grade
fluid
Correct the height of Fluid head
Use the recommended speed
Change the bore of the pipe line
Clean the strainer
Clean the breather
Rectify the inlet line
Ease the bends, clear the
restrictions
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39. Aeration
• Aeration is the phenomena of mixing of air with
fluid
• Symptoms are similar to those of Cavitation
• Causes are:
– Low oil level in the reservoir
– Leaky pump shaft seals
– Loose oil intake fittings
– Broken oil intake fittings
– Using fluid with low foam resistance
– Return line above the fluid level
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40. Aeration countermeasures
Causes Countermeasures
• Low oil level in the reservoir
• Leaky pump shaft seals
• Loose oil intake fittings
• Broken oil intake fittings
• Using fluid with low foam
resistance
• Return line above the fluid
level
Top up oil level in the reservoir
Replace the defective pump seals
Tighten the loose intake fittings
Replace the broken intake fittings
Use a high foam resistance fluid
or add anti foaming agent to the
fluid
Ensure that return line is
terminated below the fluid level
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41. Representation of hydraulic schemes
• By symbols and diagrams similar to electrical circuit
diagrams
• Schematic diagrams to show the operation of the system
• Standard symbols show:
– Components of the circuit
– Flow lines
– Circuit functioning
• Symbols follow national/ international standards
– Australia uses AS 1101
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42. Circuit Symbols for lines
Pressure Line
Control Line
Enclosing Line
Mechanical Connection
Drain and Bleed lines
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43. Component symbols-1
Mechanical Connection
Two Ports Closed
Hydraulic Pump
Gauge
Pneumatic Pump
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44. Component symbols-2
Linear Actuator
Pressure Switch
Pressure Relief
Accumulator
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45. Component symbols-3
Bleed
Check Valve
Restrictor
Shuttle Valve
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46. Recommendations for handling fluids
• Wear protective clothing
• If clothing becomes contaminated, remove and
clean it immediately
• Use clean tools and containers to avoid
contamination of fluid
• Use a pre-filter when filling up
• Use only the recommended fluid
• Do not mix different fluids when topping up a
system
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48. Safety issues
• Fluid and components may burn
• Spillage of hydraulic fluid can make floor slippery
• Some hydraulic fluids are inflammable
• Some hydraulic fluids can cause skin problems
• The pressures in hydraulic systems can be high enough to
penetrate the skin
• Heavy loads can be suspended in the air due to breakdown
of hydraulic system
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49. DO YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE?
If you are interested in further training or information, please
visit:
http://idc-online.com/slideshare
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