The document discusses circuit breakers, which are devices that automatically or manually open and close electrical circuits under varying conditions. It outlines their functions, operation mechanisms, types (such as oil, air blast, SF6, and vacuum circuit breakers), and the pros and cons of each type. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of choosing the right circuit breaker for specific voltage levels to protect electrical equipment from faults.

2. Circuit Breaker:
It is a device designed to close/make or open/break the electrical circuit under
abnormal and normal conditions automatically and also manually.
Duties of a circuit breaker are:
 It carries the full load current continuously without overheating and damage.
 It opens and closes the circuit on load.
 It makes and breaks the normal operating current of magnitude up to which it
is designed for (automatically).
 It makes and breaks the circuit the normal operating current (manually for
switching purpose).
Moving
Contact
Fixed
Contact
Moving
Contact
Fixed
Contact

3. How does a circuit breaker operate automatically?

4. Fixed
Contact
Moving
Contact
Arc
Insulating Fluids commonly used for circuit breakers are:
Air at atmospheric pressure
Compressed Air
Oil producing Hydrogen for Arc Extinction
Ultra high Vacuum
Sulphur Hexa Floride

5. Arc Resistance depends on factors like:
Degree of Ionization
Length of the arc
Cross section of arc
Methods of Arc Quenching:
1) High Resistance Method:
Arc resistance is made to increase with time so that current is
reduced to a value insufficient to maintain the arc.
2) Low Resistance Method:
Dielectric Medium between the contacts is built up more rapidly
so that the arc fails to restrike and the current will be
interrupted.

6. High Resistance Method:
 Lengthening of arc
 Reducing the cross section of the arc
 Splitting the arc
Low resistance Method:
 Lengthening the gap
 High pressure in the vicinity of the arc
 Cooling the dielectric medium
 Blast Effect
Significant Terms associated with Circuit Breakers:
 Arc Voltage
 Restriking Voltage
 Recovery Voltage
 Breaking Capacity
 Making Capacity
 Short Time Capacity

8. Pros of Oil Circuit Breakers:
It absorbs the arc energy to decompose the oil into gasses which
have excellent cooling properties.
It acts as an insulator and permits smaller clearance between live
conductors and earthed components.
Cons of Oil Circuit Breakers:
Oil is inflammable there is a risk of fire.
Oil may form an explosive mixture when it comes in contact with
air.
Arcing products like carbon remain in the oil and its quality
deteriorates with successive operations. This requires periodic
checking and replacement of oil.
Rating: Bulk Oil CB= Up to 12 KV
Minimum Oil CB= 13.6 KV to 146 KV

10. Pros of Air Blast Circuit Breakers:
Risk of fire is totally eliminated.
The size of the circuit breaker is reduced.
High speed operation and suitable for frequent operation.
Negligible maintenance.
Cons of Air Blast Circuit Breakers:
Air insulation is lesser than other medium like as oil etc.
Considerable Maintenance required for the compressor plant
which supplies air blast.
Rating: 110 KV & above

13. Pros of SF6 Circuit Breakers:
Very Sort Arcing Time
Can Interrupt very large currents due to high dielectric strength.
Noiseless Operation due to its closed/sealed gas circuit.
No problem of moisture.
No risk of fire as SF6 is inflammable.
Low Maintenance Cost.
Cons of SF6 Circuit Breakers:
SF6 Circuit Breakers are costly due to high cost of SF6.
Since SF6 gas has to be reconditioned after every operation of the
breaker additional equipment is needed for this purpose.
Rating: 3.6 KV to 760 KV

15. Advantages of VCB:
Compact & reliable.
Less Maintenance and quite in
operation.
Withstand Lightning Surges.
Small Power for control
mechanism.
Perfect breaking of any heavy
fault current.
No risk of Fire.
Routine tests conducted on VCB:
 Voltage Test with different
frequencies.
 High Voltage Test
 Timing Test
 Penetration Test
 Insulation Test

16. Conclusion:
Therefore by using appropriate circuit breaker for appropriate
operating voltages we can provide protection for busbar and
electrical equipments like Power transformers, generators, C.T.’s ,
P.T.’s, wave traps etc. from different faults that occur in power system.