Alternator (AC Generator) Synchronizing Panel

PROJECT REPORT
On
Synchronizing Panel
Submitted By
ASWIN K P
(Reg. No: 15031367)
DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
2017 – 2018
DEPART OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
KMCT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
NITC (P.O.), KOZHIKODE
KERALA - PIN: 673601

KMCT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled “SYNCHRONIZING
PANEL” is the bonafide record of the work done by ASWIN KP (Reg. No:
15031367) of the sixth semester Diploma, towards the partial fulfilment of
the requirement for the award of Diploma in Electrical & Electronics
Engineering under the Technical Education Department, Government of
Kerala during the academic year 2017-2018.
Mr. ANOOP.M Mr. DANEESH.K
Staff in-charge Head of section
Dept. of EEE Dept. of EEE
KMCT Polytechnic College KMCT Polytechnic College
Place: Kozhikode
Date: March, 2018
Internal Examiner External Examiner

ABSTRACT
Often electrical generators or alternators are removed from the service and
connected back to the power system during variations of the load, emergency outages,
maintenance, etc. Before reconnecting these AC generators to the system in each time, it
must be synchronized with parameters of the power system network.
An improper synchronization can affect the healthy power system and results in
electrical and mechanical transients that can damage the prime mover, generator,
transformers and other power system components. So, synchronizing panels play a very
crucial part during the paralleling of alternators.
The process of matching parameters such as voltage, frequency, phase angle, phase
sequence and waveform of alternator (generator) or other source with a healthy or
running power system is called synchronization. Generator cannot deliver power to
electric power system unless its voltage, frequency and other parameters are exactly
matched with the network. Synchronization is accomplished by controlling the exciter
current and the engine speed of the generator.
There are different techniques being available for the synchronization of alternators. The
primary purpose of these techniques is to check all four conditions discussed above. The
common methods used for synchronizing the alternators are given below;
1) Synchronization using incandescent lamp.
2) Synchronization using synchroscope.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I hereby express my sincere gratitude to all who have cooperated with me to
make my Project work a success.
First of all I would like to thank Almighty God. I convey my sincere thanks
to our respected principal Mr. UDAYAN.C, for providing us with all the support we
needed.
I am grateful to Mr. DANEESH.K, Head of Dept. of Electrical &
Electronics Engineering, for his valuable suggestions and inspiration throughout the
preparation and working of the project.
I would like to extent my sincere appreciation to Mr. ANOOP.M, Lecturer
in Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering for his guidance. Finally I am thankful to
my fellow classmates, friends, all other teachers & college staffs and parents for their
wholehearted cooperation.
-- ASWIN KP

CONTENT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Introduction
History of Electricity
Generation of Electricity
Parallel operation of Alternators
Synchronization
Conditions for Synchronization
Synchronization using Incandescent lamps
Synchronization using Synchroscope
Load Despatch Centre
Synchronizing Panel
Wiring Layout
Components on a Synchronizing panel
Details of the Components
Layout of the Panel
Materials Required
Consequences of Faulty Synchronization
Theory of Operation
Operating Instructions
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2
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Sl. No. Topic Page No.
I. Alternator
II. Prime mover
I. Voltmeter
II. Frequency meter
III.Synchroscope
IV.Bulb sets
V. Switches
VI.Transformer
a) Dark lamp method
b) 3 bright lamp method
c) 2 bright 1 dark lamp method

19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Synchronising Generators
Synchronizing Generator to the Grid
Images
Field Report
Conclusion
Reference
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Project Report 2017-2018 Synchronizing Panel
KMCT Polytechnic College, Kozhikode Page|1 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg.
1. INTRODUCTION
Electricity is one of the most important blessings that science has given to mankind. It
has also become a part of modern life and one cannot think of a world without it.
Electricity has many uses in our day to day life. It is used for lighting rooms, working
fans and domestic appliances like using electric stoves, A/C and more. All these provide
comfort to people. In factories, large machines are worked with the help of electricity.
Essential items like food, cloth, paper and many other things are the product of
electricity.
Modern means of transportation and communication have been revolutionized by it.
Electric trains and battery cars are quick means of travel. Electricity also provides means
of amusement, radio, television and cinema, which are the most popular forms of
entertainment, are the result of electricity. Modern equipment like computers and robots
has also been developed because of electricity. Electricity plays a pivotal role in the fields
of medicines and surgery too — such as X-ray, ECG. The use of electricity is increasing
day by day.
So, let’s take a moment to think about how the electricity is generated. The electric
current is available to be utilized in two different types; they are direct current (D.C.) and
alternating current (A.C.). The most widespread used type being the Alternating Current.
The machine or device used to generate electricity is known as the alternator. It is an
electrical generator that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy in the form of
alternating current and the place where these machines are placed is known as the power
house or power plant.
A power plant generally has more than one alternator in them. One among them is
always in operation and connected to the power-grid to meet the general electricity
demand. So, as the demand for electricity increases i.e. the load increases and reaches the
maximum capacity of the running alternator, the other alternators and started up and
before connecting to the grid, these alternators need to be paralleled with each other,
because connecting them without matching the parameters such as voltage, frequency,
phase angle, phase sequence and waveform of alternator can lead to severe damage to the
machine and unstabilized electricity generation effecting the entire network.
So, the process of matching the speed and frequency of a generator or other source to a
running network known as Synchronization is a very essential process and there is an
electrical system consisting of a panel and is known as the synchronizing panel, that
comes in handy for the operator with synchronizing two alternators or two power
networks.

2. HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion
of electric charge. Although initially considered a phenomenon separate from magnetism,
since the development of Maxwell's equations, both are recognized as part of a single
phenomenon: electromagnetism. Various common phenomena are related to electricity,
including lightning, static electricity, electric heating, electric discharges and many
others.
The presence of an electric charge, which can be either positive or negative, produces
an electric field. The movement of electric charges is an electric current and produces a
magnetic field.
Electricity is at the heart of many modern technologies, being used for:
 Electric power where electric current is used to energize equipment;
 Electronics which deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical
components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and
associated passive interconnection technologies.
Long before any knowledge of electricity existed, people were aware of shocks from
electric fish. Ancient Egyptian texts dating from 2750 BCE referred to these fish as the
"Thunderer of the Nile", and described them as the "protectors" of all other fish. Electric
fish were again reported millennia later by ancient Greek, Roman and Arabic naturalists
and physicians.[2]
Several ancient writers, such as Pliny the Elder and Scribonius Largus,
attested to the numbing effect of electric shocks delivered by catfish and electric rays,
and knew that such shocks could travel along conducting objects.
Ancient cultures around the Mediterranean knew that certain objects, such as rods of
amber, could be rubbed with cat's fur to attract light objects like feathers. Thales of
Miletus made a series of observations on static electricity around 600 BCE, from which
he believed that friction rendered amber magnetic, in contrast to minerals such as
magnetite, which needed no rubbing. Electricity would remain little more than an
intellectual curiosity for millennia until 1600, when the English scientist William Gilbert
made a careful study of electricity and magnetism, distinguishing the lodestone effect
from static electricity produced by rubbing amber. He coined the New Latin word
electricus to refer to the property of attracting small objects after being rubbed. This
association gave rise to the English words "electric" and "electricity", which made their
first appearance in print in Thomas Browne's Pseudodoxia Epidemica of 1646.
Further work was conducted by Otto von Guericke, Robert Boyle, Stephen Gray and
C. F. du Fay. In the 18th century, Benjamin Franklin conducted extensive research in
electricity. In June 1752 he is reputed to have attached a metal key to the bottom of a
dampened kite string and flown the kite in a storm-threatened sky. A succession of sparks

jumping from the key to the back of his hand showed that lightning was indeed electrical
in nature. He also explained the apparently paradoxical behavior of the Leyden jar as a
device for storing large amounts of electrical charge in terms of electricity consisting of
both positive and negative charges.
Many more people spent their life studying electricity but the person widely
considered the "Father of Electricity" is Sir William Gilbert.
While the early 19th century had seen rapid progress in electrical science, the late
19th century would see the greatest progress in electrical engineering. Through such
people as Alexander Graham Bell, Ottó Bláthy, Thomas Edison, Galileo Ferraris, Oliver
Heaviside, Ányos Jedlik, William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, Charles Algernon
Parsons, Werner von Siemens, Joseph Swan, Reginald Fessenden, Nikola Tesla and
George Westinghouse, electricity turned from a scientific curiosity into an essential tool
for modern life, becoming a driving force of the Second Industrial Revolution.
Later on electricity got distributed into two different paths; named as the Direct
Current (D.C.) and Alternating Current (A.C.) which lead to the war of the currents
(sometimes called battle of the currents) and was a series of events surrounding the
introduction of competing electric power transmission systems in the late 1880s and early
1890s. It included commercial competition, a debate over electrical safety, and a media
campaign that grew out of it, with the main players being the direct current (D.C.) based
Edison Electric Light Company owned by Thomas Alva Edison and the alternating
current (A.C.) based Westinghouse Electric Company supported by Nikola Tesla.
By extensive use and research it was realized that the direct current wasn’t an
efficient form of electricity and also found that the alternating current was easy to be
generated and handled and lead to the widespread use of it.
 Notable persons behind the electricity
Thales of Miletus, a Greek philosopher is
the earliest known researcher into
electricity around 600 BCE. He made a
series of observations on static electricity.

William Gilbert is widely
considered as the "Father of
Electricity" and made a careful
study of electricity and magnetism,
distinguishing the lodestone effect
from static electricity. He also
coined the word electricus
which gave rise to the word
electricity.
Benjamin Franklin conducted
extensive research in electricity
during 18th
century.
Thomas Alva Edison is one of the
world’s greatest inventor and
invented world’s first long-lasting,
practical electric light bulb. He
made a very large contribution
towards direct current (DC)
power delivery system.
Nikola Tesla a great inventor and
electrical engineer, who is best
known for his contributions to
the design of the modern
alternating current (AC)
electricity supply system.

There are many more great people who shaped the modern electrical system that we
see today; mentioning each and every one of them is a really challenging task.
George Westinghouse Jr. was an
entrepreneur and engineer who was a
pioneer of the electrical industry
made large contribution towards
development of the alternating
current system.

3. GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
Electrical power is usually generated by electro-mechanical generators driven by
steam produced from fossil fuel combustion, or the heat released from nuclear reactions;
or from other sources such as kinetic energy extracted from wind or flowing water. The
modern steam turbine invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884 today generates about 80
percent of the electric power in the world using a variety of heat sources. Such generators
bear no resemblance to Faraday's homopolar disc generator of 1831, but they still rely on
his electromagnetic principle that a conductor linking a changing magnetic field induces a
potential difference across its ends.
The invention in the late nineteenth century of the transformer meant that electrical
power could be transmitted more efficiently at a higher voltage but lower current.
Efficient electrical transmission meant in turn that electricity could be generated at
centralized power stations, where it benefited from economies of scale, and then be
dispatched relatively long distances to where it was needed. Since electrical energy
cannot easily be stored in quantities large enough to meet demands on a national scale, at
all times exactly as much must be produced as is required. This requires electricity
utilities to make careful predictions of their electrical loads, and maintain constant co-
ordination with their power stations. A certain amount of generation must always be held
in reserve to cushion an electrical grid against inevitable disturbances and losses.
Demand for electricity grows with great rapidity as a nation modernizes and its economy
develops. Environmental concerns with electricity generation have led to an increased
focus on generation from renewable sources, in particular from wind and hydropower.
While debate can be expected to continue over the environmental impact of different
means of electricity production, its final form is relatively clean.
The two major components required to generate electricity is;
1. Alternator
2. Prime mover.
I. ALTERNATOR
Alternator being the most important component as it is the A.C. Generator
or in other words alternator is the device that generates electricity. It operates on
the same fundamental principle of electromagnetic induction as that of D.C.
Generator. It consists of an armature winding and a magnetic field. Its standard
construction consists of armature winding mounted on a stationary element called
Stator and field winding is housed on a rotating element called Rotor.

The stator consists of a cast-iron frame, which supports the armature core, having
slots in its inner periphery for housing the armature conductors. The rotor is like a
flywheel having alternate N and S poles fixed to its outer rim. The magnetic poles
are excited from a direct current supplied by a D.C. source, which is known as the
exciter at 125V to 600V. In most of the cases, necessary exciting current is
obtained from a small D.C. Shunt Generator which is belted or mounted on the
shaft of the alternator itself. Since the field magnets are rotating, this current is
supplied through slip-rings. As the exciting voltage is relatively small, the slip-
rings and brush gear are of light construction. Recently, brushless excitation
systems have been developed in which a 3 phase A.C. exciter and a group of
rectifiers supply D.C. to the alternator. Hence, bushes, slip-rings and commutators
are eliminated. When the rotor rotates, the stator conductors are cut by the
magnetic flux, hence they have induced e.m.f. produced in them. Because the
magnetic poles are alternately N and S, they induce an e.m.f. and hence current in
armature conductors, which flows in one direction and then in the other. Hence,
an alternating e.m.f. is produced in the stator conductors, whose frequency
depends on the number of poles moving past a conductor in one second and
whose direction is given by Fleming’s Right-hand rule.
Fig. The cross-section of an Alternator.

II. PRIME-MOVER
Prime-mover is the machine that provides the required mechanical force to
drive the alternator. The prime-mover could be an Internal Combustion (IC)
engine running on Diesel or Petrol, Water Turbine, Steam Turbine, etc.
The alternator driven by IC engine or Water turbine generally have Salient-pole
type rotor and they are low speed alternators and have operating speed ranging
between 125 rpm to 500 rpm, whereas the alternators driven by the steam turbines
have smooth cylindrical type rotor and they are high speed alternators with
operating speed between 1500 rpm and 3000 rpm.
For running water turbine, dams are constructed across the river in order to attain
high head of water for continuous running of the turbines. For steam turbines,
high pressure steam is produced using boilers by boiling water either by burning
coal, diesel or natural gas and in nuclear power plants also steam turbines are
used, but here steam is not produced from natural water, since the heat is obtained
from the fission of Uranium-235. So, heavy water or liquid sodium chloride is
used to produce steam. Finally is diesel power station, huge diesel engines are
used to drive the alternator.
Fig. A 12-cylinder diesel engine used for electricity generation.

Fig. Cross-section of the steam turbine.
Fig. A water-turbine connected to the Alternator.

4. PARALLEL OPERATION OF ALTERNATORS
The operation of connecting an alternator in parallel with another alternator or with
common bus-bars is known as synchronizing. Generally, alternators are used in a power
system where they are in parallel with many other alternators. It means that the alternator
is connected to a live system of constant voltage and constant frequency. Often the
electrical system, to which the alternator is connected, has already so many alternators
and load connected to it that no matter what power is delivered by the incoming
alternator, the voltage and frequency of the system remains the same. In that case, the
alternator is said to be connected to infinite bus-bars.
It is never advised to connect a stationary alternator to live bus-bars, because stator
induced e.m.f. being zero, short-circuit will result. For proper synchronization of
alternators, the following three conditions must be satisfied;
1. The terminal voltage (effective) of the incoming alternator must be the same as bus-
bar voltage.
2. The speed of the incoming machine must be such that its frequency equals bus-bar
frequency.
3. The phase of the alternator voltage must be identical with the phase of the bus-bar
voltage. It means that the switch must be closed at (or very near) the instant the two
voltages have correct phase relationship.
Condition (1) is indicate by voltmeter, condition (2) and (3) are indicated by
synchronizing lamps or synchroscope.
Fig. Two diesel generators running parallely

5. SYNCHRONIZATION
In the early time electricity generating stations were small and had capacity to
provide electricity within an area of few sq. km. having small load, but with rapid
expansion of electricity, the need for bigger generating stations with higher load capacity
arise and then came a time when there were many generators in a same station and these
generators were connected and disconnected from the grid depending upon the demand.
So, with that arise the problem of parallel running of the generators and the method of
synchronization was developed.
Synchronization using incandescent lamps was the very first efficient developed
method and for decades this method was used for paralleling the alternators. Then as the
systems develop synchroscope was later invented and it eased the process of
synchronization. Moving coil type synchroscope was first made and later with the
modernization Digital type synchroscope was developed and with the arrival of PLC
complete automation of this system was finally possible with a widow available for semi-
automatic operation.
Fundamentally the problem of paralleling two A.C. generators is the same as
paralleling two D.C. generators, i.e. that the two voltages must be the same and remains
the same after paralleling, but the practical operation is vastly difficult. The voltage is
alternating and the voltmeter registers the R.M.S. value of the voltage and not the
instantaneous value, whereas for synchronizing purposes the instantaneous voltages must
match both in magnitude and polarity. Furthermore, they must remain matched, i.e. the
frequencies must be identical. Prior to synchronization slight variations within narrow
limits are permissible.
The vectors most also rotate in the same direction, but this is a condition which must
be established when the sets are first installed and connected. It is therefore essential in a
new installation or when reconnecting a machine after repair to check phase rotation, i.e.
that the phase voltages rise to their maximum in the same order for all machines which
are to run in parallel.
When paralleling an A.C. generator with other sets already on load the following
operations are necessary:
(i) The speed of the incoming machine must be adjusted until its frequency is
approximately equal to that of the generators already connected to the bus-
bars. Ordinarily engine tachometers are not suitable for this purpose.
(ii) The voltage must be adjusted to correspond with that of the bus-bars.

(iii) The paralleling switch must be closed as nearly as possible at the moment
when the two instantaneous voltages are in phase (i.e. phase angle zero) and
equal in magnitude.
In practice these operations are just as simple as paralleling two D.C. supplies, but they
require a little more patience to get the right conditions, as closing the switch when the
two supplies are approaching 180° out-of-phase can have serious consequences.
To facilitate the operation a synchroscope is provided. This shows by the speed of
rotation of the synchroscope pointer the difference between the two frequencies and
together with a set of lamps, indicated when the voltage are in phase. When the
conditions are right the circuit breaker must be closed immediately.
There may be a current surge after closing the circuit breaker, the magnitude of
which will depend on the difference of voltage and frequency and the angle of phase
displacement. With equal frequencies and with phases coinciding, small differences in the
voltage are not important. A difference of 5% in the voltage with machines of average
leakage reactance, would cause a transient surge of approximately 25% of full load
current to circulate, and this would settle down to about 5%.
A difference of frequency results in a surge which after reaching a maximum
gradually fades out. It is important however to remember that difference of frequency
means that phase coincidence is continuously altering, and any delay in closing the circuit
breaker may result in incorrect conditions. A frequency difference of 1% will correspond
roughly with one revolution of the synchroscope in 1 second and this would generally be
found tolerable for synchronizing. Movement of the synchroscope pointer clockwise
indicates that the speed of the incoming machine is faster than that of the connected
machine and vice versa.
It is the moment when the circuit breaker contacts touch, which is important. If, for
example, closing a circuit breaker takes one third of a second from commencement of the
operation, in that time the phase angle will have changed roughly 90° with a frequency
difference of 1.5%.
It is preferable that, before synchronizing, the generator voltage and frequency
should be not less than those already on the bus-bar so that the incoming machine
immediately assumes a certain load (i.e. the synchroscope pointer should be moving
clockwise).
An A.C. generator cannot deliver power to an electrical grid unless it is running at the
same frequency as the network. If two segments of a grid are disconnected, they cannot
exchange A.C. power again until they are brought back into exact synchronization.

A direct current (D.C.) generator can be connected to a power network by adjusting its
open-circuit terminal voltage to match the network voltage, by either adjusting its speed
or its field excitation. The exact engine speed is not critical. However, an A.C. generator
must match both the amplitude and the timing of the network voltage, which requires
both speed and excitation to be systematically controlled for synchronization. This extra
complexity was one of the arguments against AC operation during the War of Currents in
the 1880s. In modern grids, synchronization of generators is carried out by automatic
systems.
Fig. Internal connection diagram of a moving-iron Synchroscope.

6. CONDITIONS FOR SYNCHRONIZATION
Synchronization of alternator means connecting an alternator into grid in parallel
with many other alternators, which is in a live system of constant voltage and constant
frequency. Many alternators and loads are connected into a grid, and all the alternators in
grid are having same output voltage and frequency. It is also said that the alternator is
connected to infinite bus-bars.
A stationary alternator is never connected to live bus-bars, because it will result in
short circuit in the stator winding (since there is no generated e.m.f. yet). Before
connecting an alternator into grid, following conditions must be satisfied:
a) Equal voltage: The terminal voltage of incoming alternator must be equal to the
bus-bar voltage.
b) Similar frequency: The frequency of generated voltage must be equal to the
frequency of the bus-bar voltage.
c) Phase sequence: The phase sequence of the three phases of alternator must be
similar to that of the grid or bus-bars.
d) Phase angle: The phase angle between the generated voltage and the voltage of grid
must be zero.
The first condition of voltage equality can be satisfied by a voltmeter. To satisfy the
conditions of equal frequency and identical phases, one of the following two methods can
be used:
1) Synchronization using incandescent lamp.
2) Synchronization using synchroscope.

7. SYNCHRONIZATION USING INCANDESCENT LAMPS
(a) Dark lamp method
A dark lamp method along with a voltmeter can be used for synchronizing; this
method is used for low power machine.
The prime mover of the incoming machine is started and brought nearer to its rated
speed. A field current of the incoming machine is adjusted in such a way so that it
becomes equal to the bus voltage. The flicker of the three lamps occurs at a rate
which is equal to the difference in the frequencies of the incoming machine and the
bus. All the lamps will glow and off at the same time if the phases are properly
connected. If this condition does not satisfy, then the phase sequence is not
connected correctly.
Fig. The connection diagram of dark lamp method.
Thus, in order to connect the machine in the correct phase sequence, two leads to
the line of the incoming machine should be interchanged. The frequency of the
incoming machine is adjusted until the lamp flicker at a slow rate. The flicker rate

should be less than one dark period per second. After finally adjusting the incoming
voltage, the synchronizing switch is closed in the middle of their dark period.
(b) 3 bright lamp method
In this method, the lamps are connected across the phases such as A1 is connected to
B2, B1 is connected to C2 and C1 is connected to A2. If all the three lamps get bright
and dark together, this means that the phase sequence is correct. The correct instant
of closing the synchronizing switch is in the middle of the bright period.
(c) 2 bright 1 dark lamp method
In this method, one lamp is connected between corresponding phases while the two
others are cross-connected between the other two phases as shown in the figure
below.
Here, A1 is connected to A2, B1 to C2 and C1 to B2. The prime mover of the
incoming machine is started and brought up to its rated speed. The excitation of the
incoming machine is adjusted in such a way that the incoming machine induces the
voltage EA1, EB2, EC3, which is equal to the bus-bar voltages VA1, VB1 and VC1. The
diagram is shown below.

The correct moment to close the switch is obtained at the instant when the straight
connected lamp is dark, and the connected cross lamps are equally bright. If the
phase sequence is incorrect, no such instant will take place, and all the lamps will
be dark simultaneously.
The direction of rotation of the incoming machine is changed by interchanging the
two lines of the machine. Since the dark range of the lamp extends to a considerable
voltage range, a voltmeter V1 is connected across the straight lamp. The
synchronizing switch is closed when the voltmeter reading is zero.
Thus, the incoming machine is now floating on the bus-bar and is ready to take up
the load as a generator. If the prime mover is disconnected, it behaves as a motor.
Remark: For paralleling small machines in power stations, three lamps along with the
synchroscope are used. For synchronizing very large machine in power stations, the
whole procedure is performed automatically by the computer (PLC).
8. SYNCHRONIZATION USING SYNCHROSCOPE
As it is already being explained that for synchronization the lamp method is not
applicable because it depends on operator decision and experience. And although the
three lamp method is cheap but it cannot tell us that either the frequency of incoming
generator is higher or lower.
In order to parallel alternators in right way a device named Synchroscope is used. In
larger systems lamp method is not applicable so Synchroscope method is used. It consists
of three coils and one moving vane. A pointer is connected to moving vane. The coils are
connected to the bus bar and the alternator which is to be synchronized. The potential
transformer is used to measure the voltage difference, the pointer move in clockwise and
antic clockwise manner and when speed of incoming machine is same to that of bus-bar
then pointer will stop at vertical point and relays are closed that connect the alternator to
the bus-bar.
Assume the voltage difference, the pointer move in clock-wise or anti clockwise
manner and when speed of incoming machine is same to that of bus.
If the phase angle between the two voltages is different than the pointer of
Synchroscope will move, it will move to slower point when the incoming machine is
slower and move towards the faster point if then incoming machine is faster and pointer
will stop when the incoming generator frequency is same to that of bus bar if this
situation is attained then the switch is closed.

9. LOAD DESPATCH CENTRE
The Load Despatch Department is the nerve center for the operation, planning,
monitoring and control of the power system. Electricity cannot be stored and has to be
produced when it is needed. It is therefore essential that power system is planned and
operated optimally & economically. This is the main objective of Load Despatch Centre.
In India Load Despatching is carried out by Power System Operation Corporation
Limited (POSOCO) which was a wholly owned subsidiary of Power Grid Corporation
of India Limited (PGCIL) till 2 January 2017. It was formed in March 2010 to handle the
power management functions of PGCIL. It is responsible to ensure the integrated
operation of the Grid in a reliable, efficient and secure manner. The subsidiary was
eventually made a separate company, leaving the parent firm with only the task of setting
up transmission links. The load dispatch functions, earlier handled by PGCIL, are now
handled by POSOCO. Now POSOCO is fully Govt. Company because on 3 January 2017
it was separated from Power Grid Corporation.
POSOCO now commands a National Load Despatch Centres (NLDC) and 5 Regional
Load Dispatch Centres.
 POSOCO & NLDC are located in New Delhi.
The Regional Load Despatch Centers are as follows:
 Northern Regional Load Despatch Centre (NRLDC) – New Delhi
 Western Regional Load Despatch Centre (WRLDC) – Mumbai, Maharashtra
 Eastern Regional Load Despatch Centre (ERLDC) – Kolkata, West Bengal
 Southern Regional Load Despatch Centre (SRLDC) – Bangalore, Karnataka
 North-Eastern Regional Load Despatch Centre (NERLDC) – Shilling, Meghalaya
The main functions assigned to NLDC are:
 Supervision over the Regional Load Despatch Centres.
 Scheduling and dispatch of electricity over the inter-regional links in accordance
with grid standards specified by the authority and grid code specified by Central
Commission in coordination with Regional Load Despatch Centres.
 Coordination with Regional Load Despatch Centres for achieving maximum
economy and efficiency in the operation of National Grid.
 Monitoring of operations and grid security of the National Grid.
 Supervision and control over the inter-regional links as may be required for
ensuring stability of the power system under its control.

 Coordination with Regional Power Committees for regional outage schedule in the
national perspective to ensure optimal utilization of power resources.
 Coordination with Regional Load Despatch Centres for the energy accounting of
inter-regional exchange of power.
 Coordination for restoration of synchronous operation of national grid with
Regional Load Despatch Centres.
 Coordination for trans-national exchange of power.
 Providing Operational feedback for national grid planning to the Authority and
Central Transmission Utility.
 Levy and collection of such fee and charges from the generating companies or
licensees involved in the power system, as may be specified by the Central
Commission.
 Dissemination of information relating to operations of transmission system in
accordance with directions or regulations issued by Central Government from time
to time.
The main functions of Regional Load Despatch Centres are:
1. The Regional Load Despatch Centre shall be the apex body to ensure integrated
operation of the power system in the concerned region.
2. Supervision over the State Load Despatch Centres.
3. They shall comply with such principles, guidelines and methodologies in respect of
the wheeling and optimum scheduling and despatch of electricity as the Central
Commission may specify in the Grid Code.
4. The Regional Load Despatch Centre shall –
 Be responsible for optimum scheduling and despatch of electricity within the
region, in accordance with the contracts entered into with the licensees or the
generating companies operating in the region;
 Monitor grid operations;
 Keep accounts of the quantity of electricity transmitted through the regional
grid, compliance of directions.
 Transmission within a State regional grid;
 Exercise supervision and control over the inter-State transmission system; and
 Be responsible for carrying out real time operations for grid control and
despatch of electricity within the region through secure and economic operation
of the regional grid in accordance with the Grid Standards and the Grid Code.
5. The Regional Load Despatch Centre may levy and collect such fee and charges
from the generating companies or licensees engaged in inter-State transmission of
electricity as may be specified by the Central Commission.

Responsibilities of State Load Despatch Centres:
 Demand Estimation for operational purpose.
 Scheduling for Merit Order Despatch.
 Regulating Generation Load Balance.
 Schedule for Central Sector Drawl & Regulate it.
 Monitor bilateral power supply agreement.
 Maintain system frequency in 49.0 Hz to 50.5 Hz range.
 Outage planning and monitoring.
 Restoration procedure planning and implementation.
 Reactive power management and voltage control.
 Load Shedding Implementation.
 Coordination with RLDC and other constituents.

10. SYNCHRONIZING PANEL
In an electrical power station the process of synchronization can be monitored on an
electrical panel known as the synchronizing panel. The modern systems are based of
Programmable Logic Circuits (PLS) which helps in complete automation of the system
and reduces the chances of human error, but in olden days all these process were carried
out my human hands and at that time all these mechanisms were much larger and
complicated.
Fig. A modern synchronizing panel controlled by PLC.
Modern synchronization panels are a very small device with a digital display, indicating
all the parameters of the system, whereas the older systems which are still in use
consisted of separate meters for measuring frequency, voltage, speed of machines, also
has 2 sets of 3 bulbs for synchronizing using lamp and a whole lot of switches.
Fig. A traditional synchronizing panel with an optional 3 lamps method.

11. WIRING LAYOUT

12. COMPONENTS ON A SYNCHRONIZING PANEL
(I) Voltmeter
A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electrical potential difference
between two points in an electric circuit. Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale
in proportion to the voltage of the circuit; digital voltmeters give a numerical display of
voltage by use of an analog to digital converter.
A voltmeter in a circuit diagram is represented by the letter V in a circle.
Separate voltmeters are used for Direct Current (D.C.) & Alternating Current (A.C.)
systems.
Voltmeters used in A.C. connections are of Moving Iron type and they operate on the
principle of magnetization of the core.
Voltmeters are made in a wide range of styles. Instruments permanently mounted in a
panel are used to monitor generators or other fixed apparatus. Portable instruments,
usually equipped to also measure current and resistance in the form of a Multimeter, are
standard test instruments used in electrical and electronics work.
There are some places where voltages of two devices or circuits are to be measured at the
same time, in such places two separate voltmeters can be used or we can use a dual
indication voltmeter, which has two separate scales and pointers.
Fig. A traditional voltmeter with a capacity to measure up to 500 V.

Fig. A dual indication voltmeter.
Fig. A voltmeter for D.C. voltage measurement.

(II) Frequency meter
A frequency meter is an instrument that displays the frequency of a periodic
electrical signal.
Various types of frequency meters are used. Many are instruments of the deflection type,
ordinarily used for measuring low frequencies but capable of being used for frequencies
as high as 900 Hz. These operate by balancing two opposing forces. Changes in the
frequency to be measured cause a change in this balance that can be measured by the
deflection of a pointer on a scale. Deflection-type meters are of two types, electrically
resonant circuits and ratio-meters.
An example of a simple electrically resonant circuit is a moving-coil meter. In one
version, this device has two coils tuned to different frequencies and connected at right
angles to one another in such a way that the whole element, with attached pointer, can
move. Frequencies in the middle of the meter’s range cause the currents in the two coils
to be approximately equal and the pointer to indicate the midpoint of a scale. Changes in
frequency cause an imbalance in the currents in the two coils, causing them, and the
pointer, to move. Another type of frequency meter, not of the deflection type, is the
resonant reed type, ordinarily used in ranges from 10 to 1,000 Hz, although special
designs can operate at lower or higher frequencies. These work by means of tuned steel
reeds that vibrate like a tuning fork, under the effect of electric current through a coil;
only those reeds that are in resonance vibrate visibly.
Fig. A frequency meter with pointer to indicate the frequency of an electrical signal.

Fig. A vibrating reed type frequency meter.
(III) Synchroscope
In A.C. electrical power systems, a synchroscope is a device that indicates the
degree to which two systems (generators or power networks) are synchronized with each
other.
Fig. An analog synchroscope that can be seen on a synchronizing panel.

Fig. A synchroscope with LED indication.
Fig. A pointer indication type synchroscope.
For two electrical systems to be synchronized, both systems must operate at the same
frequency, and the phase angle between the systems must be zero (and two polyphase
systems must have the same phase sequence). Synchroscope measure and display the
frequency difference and phase angle between two power systems. Only when these two
quantities are zero is it safe to connect the two systems together. Connecting two
unsynchronized A.C. power systems together is likely to cause high currents to flow,
which will severely damage any equipment not protected by fuses or circuit breakers.

The synchroscope has two windings, one of which is connected to the bus-bars or
running machine, and the other to the incoming machine i.e. on the machine side of the
appropriate circuit breaker. Where there are several machines, the synchroscope winding
intended to monitor the incoming machine is connected to each machine via a selector
switch. A pointer rotates freely in either direction and indicates the phase angle between
the two voltage supplies. When the voltages are in phase the pointer remains in 12
o’clock. The dial is marked ‘Fast’ and ‘Slow’ with appropriate arrows to indicate,
according to the direction in which the pointer is rotating, whether the incoming machine
is running too fast or too slow.
Fig. A connection diagram showing the synchroscope and voltmeters connected between
a generator and the grid system.
The synchroscope movement consists of a stator winding in which a rotating field is set
up and a soft-iron rotor which is magnetized by a fixed coil. The rotor is supported in
jewel bearings and its shaft carries the pointer. There are thus no moving coils, contacts,
or control springs. When the frequencies are the same the pointer takes up a position
showing the angular phase difference between the two circuits, and when in synchronism
the pointer is at 12 o’clock. To avoid false indication the pointer is made to fall away
from the central position as soon as the windings are de-energized. The synchroscope
should not be left in circuit for more than 20 minutes as it not continuously rated.
(IV) Bulb sets
To assist in synchronizing, external lamps can be fitted to the panel. There are three
possible set-ups for lamps operation, i.e. dark lamp method, 3 bright lamp method and 2
bright 1 dark lamp method.

(V) Switches
Switches on a synchronizing panel include rotary switches, control switches, etc.
A rotary switch consists of a spindle or "rotor" that has a contact arm or "spoke"
which projects from its surface like a cam. It has an array of terminals, arranged in a
circle around the rotor, each of which serves as a contact for the "spoke" through which
any one of a number of different electrical circuits can be connected to the rotor. The
switch is layered to allow the use of multiple poles; each layer is equivalent to one pole.
Usually such a switch has a decent mechanism so it "clicks" from one active position to
another rather than stalls in an intermediate position. Thus a rotary switch provides
greater pole and throw capabilities than simpler switches do. Control switches are used
for paralleling the generators when they reach synchronism and also for connecting the
alternators to the grid system.
Fig. An ON-OFF Rotary switch.
(VI) Transformer
As we know synchroscope works on the instantaneous voltage, and in order to get
that voltage we need a step-down transformer to step-down the line voltage.
The transformer used for the synchronizing panel is a very small rating step-down
transformer, which has 4 terminals; 2 terminals for incoming supply from the machine or
grid and goes to the primary of the transformer and 2 terminals for getting the
instantaneous line voltage for the synchroscope, which is connected to the secondary of
the transformer.

13. DETAILS OF THE COMPONENTS
Voltmeter
Maker: BEEMET
Model: SM-96
Dimension: 96x96 mm
Panel cut-out: 92x92+0.8
mm
Type: Analog Pointer
Frequency: 50/60 Hz ± 5%
Dielectric Strength: 2kV for 1 min.
Operating Temperature: -10°C - 55°C
Humidity: Up to 95%
Accuracy: ± 2%
Weight: 380 gms.
Synchroscope
Maker: AE
Model: SYN 96 E
Dimension: 96x96x75 mm
mm
Type: Electronic
Operating Voltage: 110V ± 2%
Frequency: 50/60 Hz ± 5%
Synchronizing condition: Green LED Glow
Humidity: Up to 95%
Accuracy: ± 2%
Indication: Rotating LEDs
Angle of Rotation: 360°
Weight: 450 gms.
Frequency-meter
Maker: AE
Model: RFS 96
Dimension: 96x96x70 mm
mm
Type: Vibrating Reed
Operating Voltage:
110V~125V, 220V~250V, 380V~440V
(4 Terminals)
Humidity: Up to 95%
Scale: 45 – 55 Hz
Accuracy: ± 1%
Weight: 360 gms.
Transformer
Type: Step-down
Rating: 25VA
Input voltage: 440V
Output Voltage: 110V
No. of Terminals: 4

14. LAYOUT OF THE PANEL
15. MATERIALS REQUIRED
Estimation table
Sl. No. Name & Specification of Material Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
AC moving iron voltmeter (0-500 V)
Electronic type synchroscope (110 V)
25 VA Step-down transformer (400/110 V)
Vibrating reed type frequency meter (45-55 Hz)
10 A 1-Pole rotary switch (ON & OFF)
Bulb holder
Incandescent lamp (100 W)
1.5 mm2
Single core aluminum wire
Binding post (Red, Yellow & Blue)
Ring type socket
8’’ Cable tie
MS Panel box
Nuts & bolts
2
1
2
2
3
6
6
1 coil
3 each
1 pack
1 pack
1 unit
1 pack

16. CONSEQUENCES OF FAULTY SYNCHRONIZATION
 Potential Damage to Generator and Prime Mover
Prior to closing the generator breaker during synchronizing, the angular
velocity of the rotating magnetic field and therefore the frequency of the voltage
induced in the stator are governed by the rotor speed. Once the generator breaker
is closed, the angular velocity of the rotating magnetic field is governed by the
power system frequency. The rotor and prime mover rotating masses have to
change speed and position nearly immediately to match the power system. If the
speed and position of the rotor are closely matched at the instant the generator is
connected to the power system, the transient torque required bringing the rotor
and prime mover into synchronism is acceptable. If the position, as measured by
the angular difference between the incoming and running voltages, is close but
the angular velocity (frequency) is significantly off, as measured by the slip
between the incoming and running voltages, there will be a large transient torque
on the mechanical systems to accelerate or decelerate the rotating masses to
match the power system angular velocity. If the rotor position is also off
(voltage phase angle difference is large), there can be an even higher transient
torque required to snap the rotor and prime mover position into phase with the
power system. These transient torques can cause instantaneous and/or
cumulative fatigue damage to the generator and prime mover over the life of the
system.
 System Problem
Along with the transient torques to the mechanical system, there will be
electrical power oscillations. If the generator is synchronizing to a weak system,
these oscillations can be relatively large.
On the other hand, the generator constitutes a large dynamic source/sink
for reactive power. If the exciter is in manual mode during synchronization and
the generator voltage is lower than the system voltage, it can cause a voltage dip
to the local power. The situation can actually be worse if the exciter is in voltage
regulation mode during synchronization. As soon as the unit is synchronized to
the system, the voltage regulator could immediately back off excitation to try to
bring the voltage down to its set point, resulting in an extreme under excited
condition. The weak magnetic field can result in the machine not pulling into
synchronism or pulling back out of synchronism shortly after synchronization.

 Generator Protection Issues
Generator protection includes many elements to detect abnormal operating
conditions so that the generator and mechanical systems can be tripped before
damage can occur. Two of the abnormal operating condition protective elements
associated with synchronizing problems are reverse power/anti-motoring and under-
excitation/loss-of-field protection.
Reverse power is used to detect motoring of the generator. If the prime
mover stops producing mechanical energy (for example, loss of steam flow or fuel),
the generator will continue to turn at synchronous speed, drawing power from the
system as a motor. This can be damaging to the prime mover, which is typically not
designed to be driven by the generator. The reverse power protection setting is
dependent upon the type of prime mover. Some prime movers require extremely
sensitive settings below 0.2 to 0.5 percent of unit rating. If the generator frequency
is less than the system frequency, the initial power flow direction is into the
generator to accelerate it to synchronous speed, which can cause the unit to
immediately trip back out on reverse power.
Under-excitation protection safeguards a generator from going out of step
when the field is too weak to keep it in synchronism with the power system. Round-
rotor generators have an end-iron heating limit in the under-excited operating region
that will damage the generator if the condition persists. Under-excitation is
generally detected by impedance relays that detect the apparent impedance when
the generator is sinking VARs. If the generator voltage is lower than the system
voltage at the point of initial synchronization, a very sensitive loss-of-field relay
may cause the unit to immediately trip back out.

17. THEORY OF OPERATION
The operation of connecting an Alternator in Parallel with another Alternator ow
with common bus-bar is known as Synchronizing. It means that the Alternator is
connected to a live system of Constant Voltage and Constant Frequency.
It is never advisable to connect a stationary Alternator to live bus-bars, because stator
induced e.m.f. being zero, a short circuit will result. For proper synchronization of
Alternators, the following three conditions must be satisfied.
1. The terminal voltage (effective) or the incoming Alternator must be the same as
bus-bar voltage.
2. The speed of the incoming machine must be such that its frequency equals bus-
bar frequency. The incoming machine frequency can be found by (f =
PN/120). Where ‘f’ is the frequency, ‘P’ is the number of poles in the machine;
‘N’ is the synchronous speed of the machine.
3. The phase of the Alternator voltage must be identical with the phase of the bus-
bar voltage. It means that the (load) switch must be closed at the instant the two
outages have correct phase relationship.
 Condition (1) is indicated by a voltmeter.
 Condition (2) is indicated by a frequency meter.
 Condition (3) is indicated by synchronizing lamps or a synchroscope. (A phase
sequence indicator is useful).

18. OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
Switch off all the switches in the synchronizing panel.
 Ist Step: Switch on the (Bus) Rotary switch which is connected to E.B. supply.
Check the voltage and frequency, note it down. Now switch off the bus switch.
 IInd Step: Now start, the D.C. shunt motor coupled with Alternator before
connecting to machine terminal in synchronizing panel. Check the speed
alternator output and frequency.
The voltage and frequency must be the same as voltage and frequency noted earlier from
the E.B. supply. If necessary adjust the frequency of the output to get the same reading.
Also check the Phase sequence with phase sequence indicator. Now connect this to the
synchronizing panel terminals and switch on the machine switch in the panel.
After connecting switch on the bus switch also which is connected to E.B. supply. You,
notice in the synchroscope the pointer moves to vertically up or green LEDs in the top
will start glowing. When bus and machine where connected independently to the
synchronizing panel, the pointer or red LEDs of the synchroscope moves to one side of
the other from is vertical position depending on whether the incoming is too fast or slow.
Once the synchroscope is vertically stationary, switch on the load switch in
synchronizing panel which is to be connected to 3-phase load. Now you will find both the
systems are taking equal load current. (Both E.B. supply and Alternator supply sharing
the load equally).

19. SYNCHRONISING GENERATORS
The synchronizing panel that we made has two modes of operation; i.e. using dark
lamp method or using synchroscope.
Here are the steps to be done for synchronizing 2 alternators using dark lamp method:
(i) Connections are made.
(ii) Keep the rheostat of the prime-mover i.e. the D.C. shunt motor at minimum
resistance position and keep the rheostat of alternator field in maximum resistance
position.
(iii) Switch ON the 220 V D.C. supply.
(iv) Start-up the prime-mover of the first alternator (G1).
(v) Now put the rotary switch on the synchronizing panel corresponding to the first
alternator to ON position.
(vi) Bring the alternator to its rated speed.
(vii) By varying the rheostat bring the generator to the rated voltage, i.e. 415 V and then
bring the frequency of the machine to the standard frequency, i.e. 55 Hz.
(viii) Now, repeat the above procedures for the second alternator (G2).
(ix) As the method used is the dark lamp method. So, the bulbs start blinking.
(x) When both the alternators are connected to the synchronizing panel, the rheostats of
both the machines are to be adjusted simultaneously and when the voltage and
frequency matches, the incandescent lamps will stop glowing, at that moment the
synchronizing switch has to be changed to ON position.

The steps to be done for synchronizing 2 alternators using synchroscope method:
(i) Connections are made.
(ii) Keep the rheostat of the prime-mover i.e. the D.C. shunt motor at minimum
position.
(iii) Switch ON the 220 V D.C. supply.
(iv) Start-up the prime-mover of the first alternator (G1).
(v) Now put the rotary switch on the synchronizing panel corresponding to the first
(vi) Bring the alternator to its rated speed.
(vii) By varying the rheostat bring the generator to the rated voltage, i.e. 415 V and then
bring the frequency of the machine to the standard frequency, i.e. 55 Hz.
(viii) Now, repeat the above procedures for the second alternator (G2).
(ix) As the method used is the synchroscope method. So, the LED indicator of the
synchroscope will start glowing in accordance to the speed difference of two
machines.
(x) When both the alternators are connected to the synchronizing panel, the rheostats of
both the machines are to be adjusted simultaneously and when the voltage and
frequency matches, the RED LED’s will stop glowing and the GREEN LED will
start glowing, at that moment the synchronizing switch has to be changed to ON
position.

20. SYNCHRONISING GENERATOR TO THE GRID
Here are the steps to be done for synchronizing an alternator to the Grid using dark lamp
method:
1) Connections are made.
2) Connect the grid system to one side of the synchronizing panel.
3) Now put the rotary switch on the synchronizing panel corresponding to the grid to
ON position.
4) Note the voltage and frequency of the grid.
5) As the method used is the dark lamp method. So, the bulbs start blinking.
6) Connections are made accordingly for the alternator.
7) Keep the rheostat of the prime-mover i.e. the D.C. shunt motor at minimum
position.
8) Switch ON the 220 V D.C. supply.
9) Start-up the prime-mover of the first alternator (G1).
10) Now put the rotary switch on the synchronizing panel corresponding to the first
11) Bring the alternator to its rated speed.
12) By varying the rheostat bring the generator to the voltage corresponding to the grid
and then bring the frequency of the machine to match the frequency of the grid.
13) As the voltage and frequency of the grid is steady, adjust the rheostats connected to
the alternator to match the parameters of the grid, the incandescent lamps will stop
glowing as the voltage and frequency of the alternator and the grid becomes equal,
at that moment the synchronizing switch has to be changed to ON position.

21. IMAGES
Fig. Front view of our Synchronizing Panel.
Fig. Internal view of our Synchronizing Panel.

22. FIELD REPORT
As a part of our project work we had 2 field trips in order to get in-depth knowledge
about the process of synchronization and to know more about synchronizing panel.
 For our first field trip we went to the 110 KV Diesel Power Plant at Nallalam,
Kozhikode. As the name suggests it’s an Electricity generating station using Diesel
engines as prime-movers to rotate Alternators. The plant has an installed capacity of
8 diesel engines out of which only 7 are in operation. The synchronizing panels
used for synchronizing the alternators connected to these diesel engines are fully
computerized and doesn’t require any human attention while synchronizing. As we
know synchronizing the alternator to the grid becomes very challenging while
dealing with huge machines at very high voltage, also the slightest difference while
syncing the machines can have severe outcome. So, the computers take the
responsibility for perfect synchronization.
We also got an opportunity to see the manual synchronization also. We witnessed
the manual synchronization using dark lamp method and synchroscope of the
backup generator to the incoming supply system.
This visit not only helped us with the knowledge of automatic and manual
synchronization but also gave us the understating of various processes taking place
in an electricity generating station.
 Secondly we went to a hospital named MVR Caner center, which has an on-grid
solar electric system with installed capacity of 300 kW and expansion being carried
out for 1MW and has back-up generators of 1510 kVA.
As mention above the solar power system is grid connected system that means there
is no battery storage of the generated DC being done. The advantage of this system
is that there will be an uninterrupted stream of electric supply to the system.
The solar panels start to generate electricity at about 6 A.M. and continue the
production till about 6 P.M. As we all know that the production of electricity
depends on the how much the sunlight is falling on the panels, and it vary according
to the climatic condition. So, in an on-grid system first of all the electricity
generated from solar energy is utilized and the additional demand is met from the
conventional electric grid. Also if the electricity produced by the solar panels is not
being used then the generated electricity can be sold to the electricity supplier
without any hardship as the system is already connected to the grid.
As a hospital with life supporting equipments is a very crucial load, the interruption
in electric supply for a matter of seconds can cause major problems to the patients.

So, as back-up system diesel generators are there, which will automatically start if
the voltage goes down or the electric supply is out, but the generator will take about
45 seconds to start and connect to the system therefore all the critical equipments
are also connected to UPS, which will give back-up to the equipments till the
generator comes online. In this way there will be a continuous flow of electricity
with-in the system.
Synchronizing panels used here are PLC based digital system with an optical fully
automatic or semi-automatic synchronization of the back-up generators. First of all
the generator is stared and brought to the rated voltage and frequency of the grid
and then connected to the hospital electric supply network. All these work takes
place within 45 seconds and if the generator shows any malfunction then the second
generator automatically startup and connects to the system. Also if the first has
reached up to the 70% of its rated capacity, in such case the second generator is
brought up and synchronized to the operation generator and the load is shared.
These field visits were very helpful to us in understating different types synchronizing
panels and various precautionary measures to be taken care with synchronizing
generators and also synchronizing alternators to the grid.

23. CONCLUSION
I selected this project because without electricity human beings will still be
living in Stone Age. Electricity means everything in our life and we can’t imagine
a day without electricity. So, in electricity generation stations depending up on the
demand of electricity alternators have to be connected and dis-connected from the
grid system accordingly. Therefore synchronizing panel is must in each and every
power station, which helps in paralleling the alternators and connecting them to
the electricity grid.
Since its first development, there have been sever modifications made to
the synchronizing panel from its initial design and as we know development and
modernization is a never ending process. Therefore in future we might be able to
see even much smaller and way more efficient synchronizing devices.

24. REFERENCE
 Books
o A textbook of Electrical Technology – Volume II by B.L. Theraja &
A.K. Theraja.
o Marine Engineering Series – Marine Electrical Practice - 5th
Edition
by G.O. Watson.
o Principles of Power System by V.K. Mehta & Rohit Mehta
o Electrical Machines – II by U.A. Bakshi & M.V. Bakshi
 Websites
o https://cdn.selinc.com/assets/Literature/Publications/Technical%20Pap
ers/6459_FundamentalsAdvancements_MT_20120402_Web.pdf?v=20
170303-090008
o https://www.electronicshub.org/synchronization-of-generators/
o http://www.aksapowergen.com/pdf/other/Parallel+Generators+Synchr
onization.pdf
o https://circuitglobe.com/generator-synchronization.html
o https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current
o https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternator
o https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Synchroscope
o https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Electricity
o https://www.google.co.in
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Alternator (AC Generator) Synchronizing Panel

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