This document discusses various pulmonary infections including lobar pneumonia, round pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, atypical pneumonia, tuberculosis, and lung abscess. It provides definitions, etiologies, clinical presentations, and radiographic features of each condition. For tuberculosis specifically, it describes features of primary tuberculosis, post-primary tuberculosis, and miliary tuberculosis. It also discusses complications of pneumonia and differential diagnoses for various pulmonary findings.
In this presentation our agenda is
Brief introduction
Radiological Modalities
Radiological Features
Radiological Imaging Of Complications of lung cancer.
I followed Dahnert and try to describe all findings in lung cancer.
Hope it will prove an atlas in Lung cancer imaging.
In this presentation our agenda is
Brief introduction
Radiological Modalities
Radiological Features
Radiological Imaging Of Complications of lung cancer.
I followed Dahnert and try to describe all findings in lung cancer.
Hope it will prove an atlas in Lung cancer imaging.
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli. Typically symptoms include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and trouble breathing. Severity is variable.
Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly by other microorganisms, certain medications and conditions such as autoimmune diseases. Risk factors include cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, diabetes, heart failure, a history of smoking, a poor ability to cough such as following a stroke, and a weak immune system. Diagnosis is often based on the symptoms and physical examination. Chest X-ray, blood tests, and culture of the sputum may help confirm the diagnosis. The disease may be classified by where it was acquired with community, hospital, or health care associated pneumonia.
Vaccines to prevent certain types of pneumonia are available. Other methods of prevention include handwashing and not smoking. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Pneumonia believed to be due to bacteria is treated with antibiotics. If the pneumonia is severe, the affected person is generally hospitalized. Oxygen therapy may be used if oxygen levels are low.
Pneumonia affects approximately 450 million people globally (7% of the population) and results in about four million deaths per year. Pneumonia was regarded by William Osler in the 19th century as "the captain of the men of death". With the introduction of antibiotics and vaccines in the 20th century, survival improved. Nevertheless, in developing countries, and among the very old, the very young, and the chronically ill, pneumonia remains a leading cause of death. Pneumonia often shortens suffering among those already close to death and has thus been called "the old man's friend"
Cranial Anastomoses and Dangerous Vascular Connections. Important for Neuroradiologists and Neurointerventionalists. You should know before embolization.
Embryology of the cranial circulation. Important to understand the anatomy of the cerebral circulation. Important for Neuroradiologists and Neurointerventionalists.
Cerebral Venous anatomy from the neuroradiology point of view. Anatomy of the cerebral veins and venous sinuses. Important for Neuroradiologists and Neurointerventionalists.
Anatomy of the posterior cerebral circulation from the neuroradiology point of view. Anatomy of the vertebral artery. Anatomy of the basilar artery. Important for Neuroradiologists and Neurointerventionalists.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
7. 1-Lobar Pneumonia :
a) Definition
b) Etiology
c) Pathology
d) Clinical Picture
e) Radiographic Features
f) Complications of Pneumonia
8. a) Definition :
-A radiological pattern associated with
homogenous fibrinosuppurative
consolidation of one or more lobes of a
lung in response to a bacterial pneumonia
-Also known as a non-segmental
pneumonia or focal non-segmental
pneumonia
9. b) Etiology :
-The most common cause of lobar
pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae
-Other causative organisms that may cause
a lobar pattern include :
1-Klebsiella Pneumoniae
2-Legionella Pneumophila
3-Haemophilus Influenzae
4-Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
10. c) Pathology :
-Consolidation in lobar pneumonia mainly affect
the alveolar air spaces , there is characteristic
relative sparing of the bronchi creating the
appearance of air bronchograms
-The lobar distribution of consolidation occurs
because of spread of infection across segmental
boundaries , this is facilitated by the pores of
Kohn and the canals of Lambert
16. e) Radiographic Features :
1-Plain Radiography :
-Homogenous opacification in a lobar pattern
-The opacification can be sharply defined at the
fissures although more commonly there is
segmental consolidation
-There may be presence of air bronchograms and
volume loss in the affected areas
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22. **N.B. :
D.D. of acute consolidation :
1-Pneumona (by fat the most common cause of acute
consolidation)
2-Pulmonary hemorrhage
3-ARDS (noncardiogenic pulmonary edema seen in
critically ill patients and thought to be due to increased
capillary permeability)
4-Pulmonary edema (may cause consolidation , although
this is an uncommon manifestation)
D.D. of chronic consolidation :
1-BAC
2-Organizing pneumonia
3-Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia
23. 2-CT :
-Lobar pneumonia can have has a pattern of
focal ground-glass opacity in a lobar or
segmental pattern , this is due to
incomplete filling of alveoli and
consolidation
-At other times there can be dense
opacification of the entire lobe
24.
25.
26.
27.
28. f) Complications of Pneumonia :
1-Pulmonary abscess
2-Empyema
3-Pneumatocele
4-Bronchopleural fistula :
-Abnormal communication between communication
between the airway & the pleural space
-It is caused by rupture of the visceral pleura
-By far the most common cause of BPF is surgery ,
however , other etiologies include lung abscess ,
empyema & trauma
-On imaging , new or increasing gas is present in a pleural
effusion
5-Empyema necessitans :
-Empyema necessitans is extension of an empyema to the
chest wall , most commonly secondary to T.B.
29. 2-Round Pneumonia :
a) Definition
b) Etiology
c) Clinical Picture
d) Radiographic Features
30. a) Definition :
-Is a type of pneumonia usually only seen in
pediatric patients
-They are well defined rounded opacities that
represent regions of infected consolidation
-The mean age of patients with round pneumonia
is 5 years and 90% of patients who present with
round pneumonia are younger than twelve
31. b) Etiology :
-The infective agent in round pneumonia is
bacterial (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
c) Clinical Picture :
-Fever , sweats and cough
32. d) Radiographic Features :
-They most commonly occur in superior
segments of lower lobes and in the
majority of cases (98%) , they are solitary
-Round pneumonias are round well
circumscribed parenchymal opacities ,
they tend to have irregular margins
-Air bronchograms are often present
41. a) Definition :
-Is the acute inflammation of the walls of
the bronchioles
-It is a type of pneumonia characterized by
multiple foci of isolated acute
consolidation affecting one or
more pulmonary lobules
42.
43. b) Etiology :
-Causative organisms include :
1-Staphylococcus Aureus
2-Klebsiella (often in debilitated patients and/or
alcoholics)
3-E.Coli
4-Pseudomonas (hospital acquired)
5-Haemophilus influenza (in children ,
immunocompromised adults)
-Common hospital acquired infection
44. c) Clinical Picture :
1-Productive cough
2-Dyspnea
3-Low Grade Fever
4-Rigors
5-Malaise
6-Pleuritic pain and occasionally hemoptysis
45. d) Radiographic Features :
1-Plain Radiography :
-Bronchopneumonia is characterized by multiple
small nodular or reticunodular opacities which
tend to be patchy and confluent
-This represents areas of lung where there are
patches of inflammation seperated by normal
lung parenchyma
-The distribution is often bilateral and asymmetric
and predominantly involves the lung bases
49. 2-CT :
-Multiple foci of opacity can be seen in a
lobular pattern centered at centrilobular
bronchioles
-These foci of consolidation can overlap to
create a larger hetrogenous confluent
area of consolidation
-Exudates fill airways = no air
bronchograms
50. Bilateral extended and exclusively peribronchial dense infiltrations in
the right upper lobe and lower lobe as well as in the left lower lobe
51.
52. Centrilobular nodules in a
patient with
bronchopneumonia
A: Scattered ill-defined
nodules represent
peribronchiolar
consolidation and may
contain a visible
bronchiole (arrow)
B: At the lung bases ,
consolidated lobules
surround air-filled
bronchioles in several
locations
55. a) Definition :
-Refers to the radiological pattern
associated with patchy inflammatory
changes, often confined to the pulmonary
interstitium most commonly associated
with atypical bacterial etiologies :
1-Mycoplasma Pneumoniae (most common)
2-Chlamydophila Pneumoniae
3-Legionella Pneumophila
56. b) Etiology :
1-Mycoplasma Pneumoniae :
-In pediatric populations and in young adults
2-Chlamydophila Pneumoniae :
-In pediatric populations and in young adults
3-Legionella Pneumophilia : (Legionnaires
Disease)
-Associated with immunocompromised patients
and exposure to contaminated aerosolised water
(for example , from air conditioning system)
57. c) Clinical Picture :
-The presentation of atypical pneumonia is
often similar to the presentation of more
typical bacterial pneumonias
58. d) Radiographic Findings :
1-Plain Radiography :
-Because the inflammation is often limited to
the pulmonary interstitium and the
interlobular septa , atypical pneumonia
has the radiographic features of patchy
reticular opacities , these opacities are
especially seen in the perihilar lung
59.
60. A 38 year old patient with Mycoplasma pneumonia , Chest
radiograph shows a vague ill-defined opacity in the left
lower lobe
61. A 40 year old patient with Chlamydia pneumonia , Chest
radiograph shows multifocal patchy consolidation in the
right upper , middle and lower lobes
65. 2-CT :
-Focal ground glass opacity in a lobular distribution
, involvement is often diffuse and bilateral
-There may also be evidence of pleural effusion
-Bronchial wall thickening
-Diffuse ground glass nodules in a centrilobular
pattern are often present although they progress
to a soft tissue density as the infection and
inflammation progresses
66. -In Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection ,
airspace consolidation is common , HRCT
is sensitive for nodules which are seen in
89% of patients
-In Legionella Pneumophila infection ,
residual scarring may persist after
resolution of the infection
67. CT in a 45 year old patient with Chlamydia
pneumonia shows a right upper lobe infiltrate
68. A 66 year old patient with Legionella pneumonia , CT shows dense alveolar
consolidations in both lower lobe
69. Atypical pneumonia with widespread ill-defined centrilobular nodules
with lobular ground glass (hazy) attenuation
71. a) Location :
-Primary infection can be anywhere in the
lung in children whereas there is a
predilection for the upper or lower zone in
adults
-Post primary infections have a strong
predilection for the upper zones
-Miliary tuberculosis is evenly distributed
throughout both lungs
72. b) Radiographic Features :
1-Primary Tuberculosis
2-Post Primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis
3-Miliary Pulmonary Tuberculosis
73. 1-Primary Tuberculosis :
-Patchy areas or consolidation or even lobar
consolidation (lower lobe (60%) > upper lobes)
-Cavitation is uncommon in primary TB
-In most cases the infection becomes localized
and a caseating granuloma forms (tuberculoma)
which usually eventually calcifies and is then
known as a Ghon lesion
74. Consolidation in primary tuberculosis, frontal chest radiograph
demonstrates consolidation in the right middle lobe (straight arrow)
with right hilar adenopathy (curved arrow)
76. Pulmonary parenchymal changes and lymphadenopathy in primary
tuberculosis, T1+C shows a parenchymal lung cavity in the lingula (solid
white arrow) with enlarged necrotic subcarinal lymph nodes (black arrows),
there is accompanying collapse of the left lower lobe (open arrow)
77. Tuberculomas in primary tuberculosis, frontal radiograph of the right
lung demonstrates well-defined nodules (arrows), findings that are
consistent with tuberculomas
78. -The more striking finding especially in children is
that of ipsilateral hilar and contiguous
mediastinal (paratracheal) lymphadenopathy ,
usually right sided , this pattern is seen in over
90% of cases of childhood primary TB but only
10-30% of adults
-Pleural effusions are more frequent in adults
-Calcification of nodes is seen in 35% of cases ,
when a calcified node and a Ghon lesion are
present , the combination is known as a Ranke
complex
79. There is a well defined round lesion in left midzone, the lesion shows
flecks of calcific foci, the two small white arrows point to the well
defined borders with no evidence of malignancy
80.
81. Mediastinal tuberculous adenopathy, CT+C shows multiple enlarged
mediastinal lymph nodes with central areas of low attenuation and
peripheral enhancement (arrows)
82. Pleural effusion, CT+C shows a large, right-sided pleural collection, the
enhancing parietal pleura is uniformly thickened (arrows)
83. 2-Post Primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis :
-Post-primary TB also known as reactivation
TB or secondary TB occurs years later
frequently in the setting of a decreased
immune status
-In the majority of cases , post-primary TB
within the lungs develops in either :
a) Posterior segments of the upper lobes
b) Superior segments of the lower lobes
84. -Typical appearance of post primary TB is
that of patchy consolidation or poorly
defined linear & nodular opacities
-Cavitation is seen in 40% of cases
-Endobronchial spread along nearby
airways is a relatively common finding
resulting in a relatively well-defined 2-4
mm nodules or branching lesions (tree-in-
bud appearance) on CT
85. Cavitary postprimary tuberculosis, frontal radiograph demonstrates a
thick-walled cavity with smooth inner margins in the left upper lobe
(arrow)
86. Cavitary postprimary tuberculosis, (a) CT+C obtained with mediastinal
windowing demonstrates an enlarged mediastinal lymph node with a central
area of low attenuation (arrow), (b) Axial CT scan obtained with lung
windowing demonstrates ill-defined cavities (black arrows) accompanied by
endobronchial spread in the right upper lobe (white arrow)
87.
88. Lobar pneumonia in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection , there is an
extensive consolidation involving the right upper lobe with large
areas of cavitation
89. Postprimary tuberculosis , A nodular area of consolidation with a small area of central
cavitation is visible in the superior segment of the left lower lobe
90.
91.
92.
93.
94. Centrilobular nodules and rosettes in a patient with endobronchial
spread of tuberculosis , multiple small nodules occurring in clusters
(arrows) are common in patients with this disease , the nodules
being centrilobular , spare the pleural surfaces
99. 3-Miliary Pulmonary Tuberculosis :
-It represents hematogenous dissemination
of an uncontrolled tuberculous infection
-It is seen both in primary and post-primary
tuberculosis
-Miliary deposits appear as 1-3 mm
diameter nodules which are uniform in
size and uniformly distributed (no
calcification)
101. Miliary tuberculosis, HRCT obtained with lung windowing demonstrates
numerous fine, discrete nodules bilaterally in a random distribution
102.
103.
104.
105.
106. c) Differential Diagnosis :
From pulmonary calcification
a) Localized :
1-Tuberculosis
2-Histoplasmosis
3-Coccidioidmycosis
4-Blastomycosis
107. b) Calcification in a solitary nodule :
1-Hamartoma
2-Lung cancer (engulfing a pre-existing calcified
granuloma , eccentric calcification)
3-Solitary calcified metastasis (osteosarcoma ,
chondrosarcoma , mucinous adenocarcinoma of
the colon or breast , papillary carcinoma of the
thyroid)
4-Primary peripheral squamous cell or papillary
adenocarcinoma
108. c) Diffuse or multiple calcifications :
1-Infections :
-T.B. (healed miliary)
-Histoplasmosis
-Varicella
2-Chronic pulmonary venous hypertension (especially
mitral stenosis)
3-Silicosis
4-Metastases
5-Alveolar microlithiasis
6-Metastatic due to hypercalcaemia (CRF , secondary HPT
and multiple myeloma
7-Lymphoma following radiotherapy
110. 6-Abscess :
a) Etiology
b) Clinical Picture
c) Location
d) Radiographic Features
e) Differential Diagnosis
111. a) Etiology :
1-Primary abscess :
-Is one which develops as a result of primary
infection of the lung
-They most commonly arise from aspiration ,
necrotizing pneumonia or chronic pneumonia
e.g. pulmonary tuberculosis
-More with staphylococcus , Klebsiella
-In immunocompromised more with Candida
albicans , Legionella Pneumophilia
112. 2-Secondary abscess :
-Is one which develops as a result of another
condition
-Examples include :
a) Bronchial obstruction : Bronchogenic carcinoma
, inhaled foreign body
b) Hematogeneous spread : bacterial
endocarditis , IVDU
c) Direct extension from adjacent infection :
mediastinum , subphrenic
113. b) Clinical Picture :
1-Acute (< 6 weeks) :
-Fever , cough and shortness of breath ,
peripheral abscesses may also cause
pleuritic chest pain
2-Chronic (> 6 weeks) :
-Symptoms are more indolent and include
weight loss and constitutional symptoms
114. c) Location :
-Superior segment of the right lower lobe is
the most common site of infection
115. d) Radiographic Features :
1-Plain Radiography :
-The classical appearance of a pulmonary
abscess is a cavity containing an air-fluid level
-Round in shape and appear similar in both frontal
and lateral projections
-3 phases :
Acute : more pus less air
Subacute : less pus & more air
Chronic : air only
121. 2-CT :
-The wall of the abscess is typically thick and the
luminal surface irregular , enhance with contrast
-Abscesses vary in size and are generally rounded
in shape
-May contain only fluid or have an air-fluid level
-Typically there is surrounding consolidation
although with treatment the cavity will persist
longer than consolidation
128. 7-Fungal Infections :
-Two broad categories :
a) Endemic human mycoses (prevalent
only in certain geographic areas) :
1-Histoplasmosis
2-Coccidioidomycosis
3-Blastomycosis
129. b) Opportunistic mycoses (worldwide in
distribution) occur primarily in
immunocompromised patients (aspergillosis and
cryptococcosis may also occur in
immunocompetent hosts)
1-Aspergillosis
2-Candidiasis
3-Cryptococcosis
4-Mucormycosis
131. a) Definition :
-Is a collective term used to refer to a
number of conditions caused by infection
with a fungus of the Aspergillus species ,
usually Aspergillus Fumigatus
132. b) Types :
-According to immune status :
1-Hypersensitivity : ABPA
2-Normal : Aspergilloma
3-Mild Suppression : Semi-invasive
4-Severe Suppression : Invasive form
134. a) Etiology :
-ABPA represents a complex hypersensitivity
reaction (type 1) to Aspergillus occurring almost
exclusively in patients with asthma and
occasionally cystic fibrosis
-The hypersensitivity initially causes
bronchospasm and bronchial wall edema (IgE
mediated) , ultimately there is bronchial wall
damage , bronchiectasis and pulmonary fibrosis
135. b) Clinical Picture :
-Patients have atopic symptoms (especially
asthma) and present with recurrent chest
infection
-They may expectorate orange-coloured
mucous plug
136. c) Radiographic Features :
1-Plain Radiography :
Early in the disease chest x-rays will appear
normal or only demonstrate changes of asthma
-Transient patchy areas of consolidation may be
evident representing eosinophilic pneumonia
-Eventually bronchiectasis may be evident
-Mucoid impaction in dilated bronchi can appear
mass-like or sausage shaped or branching
opacities
137. Right lower and right middle lobe nodular infiltrations ,
minimal involvement is also present in the left lower lobe
138. Glove finger shadow (arrow) and nodular opacities in the
right middle third
139. Glove finger sign , finger like projections from hilum from bronchial mucoid
impaction
147. a) Definition :
-Mass like fungus balls that are typically composed
of Aspergillus fumigatus
-Aspergillomas occur in patients with normal
immunity but structurally abnormal lungs with
pre-existing cavities such as :
1-T.B.
2-Sarcoidosis
3-Bronchiectasis
4-Other pulmonary cavities (bronchogenic cyst ,
pulmonary sequestration)
148. b) Clinical Picture :
-Most aspergillomas are asymptomatic
-Occasionally due to surrounding reactive
vascular granulation tissue , hemoptysis
may be present
149. c) Location :
-Aspergillomas typically occur in the cavities
of post-primary pulmonary tuberculosis
Therefore they most frequently are found
in the posterior segments of the upper
lobes and the superior segments of the
lower lobes
150. d) Radiographic Features :
1-Plain Radiography :
-Rounded or ovoid soft tissue attenuating
masses located in a surrounding cavity
and outlined by a crescent of air
-Altering the position of the patient usually
demonstrates that the mass is mobile
thus confirming the diagnosis
151.
152.
153.
154.
155. 2-CT :
-Well-formed cavity with a central soft tissue
attenuating rounded mass surrounded by
an air crescent sign or a Monod sign
-Small area of consolidation around cavity is
typical
-Adjacent pleural thickening common
161. a) Definition :
-This form of aspergillosis occurs in mildly
immunocompromised patients and has a
pathophysiology similar to that of invasive
aspergillosis except that the disease
progresses more chronically over months
-Mortality : 30%
-Risk factors : Diabetes , alcoholism ,
pneumoconioses , malnutrition and COPD
162. b) Radiographic Features :
-Appearance similar to that of invasive
aspergillosis
-Cavitation occurs at 6 months after
infection
165. a) Definition :
-High mortality (70%-90%) and occurs
mainly in severely immunocompromised
patients (bone marrow transplants &
leukemia)
-The infection starts with endobronchial
fungal proliferation and then leads to
vascular invasion with thrombosis and
infarction of lung (angioinvasive infection)
166. b) Radiographic Features :
1-Plain Radiography :
-Typical appearances are those of solitary
or multiple pulmonary nodules
-Wedge-like areas of ill-defined opacity may also
be seen most likely representing infarcts due to
invasion of proximal pulmonary vessels
-An air crescent may be visible when recovery
is beginning although it is seen earlier on CT
169. 2-CT :
-Solitary or multiple pulmonary nodules
-A halo of hemorrhage may be seen around the nodule
as a result of invasion into pulmonary vessels and is
seen as an area of ground glass opacity
-Peripheral wedge-like areas of consolidation representing
hemorrhagic infarcts
-Within 2 weeks , 50% of nodules undergo cavitation which
results in the air crescent sign , the appearance of the air
crescent sign indicates the recovery phase (increased
granulocytic response)
176. a) Incidence :
The lung is the second most common site of
involvement with echinococcosis
granulosus in adults after the liver
b) Location :
-Predominantly in lower lobes , unilateral or
bilateral
177. c) Radiographic Features :
1-Uncomplicated Cysts :
-Multiple or solitary cystic lesion (most
common) , water density
-Diameter of 1-20 cm
-Round or oval mass with well-defined
borders
-Enhancement after contrast injection
-Hypodense content relative to the capsule
178. a) Posteroanterior and
b) lateral chest
radiography showing
well-defined rounded
opacities in the right
lung of a patient with
unruptured cystic
echinococcosis
179.
180.
181.
182. Fluid containing giant cyst measuring 14.4 × 9.3 cm (white arrows) with
a thick-enhancing wall (1.29 cm), (red arrow)
183.
184.
185.
186. 2-Complicated Cysts :
-Meniscus sign or air crescent sign (rupture between the
layers of the cyst)
-Cumbo sign or onion peel sign (air lining between the
endocyst and pericyst has the appearance of an onion
peel)
-Water-lily sign (Rupture in a bronchus = wavy fluid level)
-Serpent sign (internal rupture of the cyst with collapse of
membranes of parasite into the cyst )
-Rupture in a pleura = hydropneumothorax
-Consolidation adjacent to the cyst (ruptured cyst)
187.
188. The perivesicular air meniscus between the host adventitia and the parasitic
endocyst (the so-called "sign of detachment") (1) is clearly seen, as is a
"cyst within a cyst" or "sign of the double arch“ , Cumbo sign (2). The
irregular wavy nature of the fluid level produced by the collapsed hydatid
membranes floating on top of the residual hydatid fluid produces the
pathognomonic "floating water lily sign" or "sign of the camalote" (3)
189. Air meniscus in the superior aspect of the lesion as a result of the enlarging
cyst communicating with an adjacent bronchiole
197. a) Posteroanterior and
b) lateral chest
radiography showing
a hydropneumothorax
in a patient with
ruptured cystic
hydatidosis with
discharge of contents
into the pleural space
198. Ruptured hydatid cyst : floated membrane within the cyst (serpent signs) and
pulmonary consolidation adjacent to the cyst
199. 9-Infections in the Immunocompromised :
-50% of all AIDS patients have pulmonary
manifestations of infection or tumor
-A normal CXR does not exclude the diagnosis of
PCP
-CMV is common at autopsy but does not cause
significant morbidity or mortality; CMV antibody
titers are present in virtually all patients with
AIDS
-Use of chest CT in AIDS patients :
*Symptomatic patient with normal CXR; however,
patients will commonly first undergo induced
sputum or bronchoscopy or be put on empirical
treatment for PCP
*To clarify confusing CXR
*Work-up of focal opacities, adenopathy, nodules
206. 2-PCP Infection : (Pneumocystits Carinii
Pneumonia)
-Interstitial pattern, 80% :
CXR: bilateral perihilar or diffuse
HRCT: ground-glass appearance predominantly in
upper lobe with cysts
-Progression to diffuse consolidation within days
-Normal CXR in the presence of pulmonary PCP
infection, 10%
-Multiple upper lobe air-filled cysts or
pneumatoceles (10%) causing : Pneumothorax
& Bronchopleural fistulas
207. 38-year-old man with AIDS and Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia,
HRCT image shows patchy but extensive ground-glass opacity
throughout both lungs
208. 58-year-old woman with Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia and dermatomyositis
and undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, transverse (A) and coronal (B)
high-resolution CT images show patchy ground-glass opacity with mid and
lower lung predominance
209. 29-year-old man with AIDS and Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia,
ransverse (A) and coronal (B) high-resolution CT images show
patchy ground-glass opacity and smooth interlobular septal
thickening (arrows)
210. 37-year-old man with AIDS and Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia,
HRCT shows numerous thin-walled cysts (arrows) on background of
patchy ground-glass opacity, mild focal consolidation (arrowhead) is
present in left lower lobe
211. 37-year-old man with AIDS and Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia.
High-resolution CT image shows multiple cysts of varying size,
scattered nodules (arrowheads), and mild patchy ground-glass
opacity, left pneumothorax (arrow) has developed
212. 3-Mycobacterial Infection :
-M. tuberculosis > M. avium-intracellulare (this pathogen
usually causes extrathoracic disease), CD4 cell count
usually <50 cells/mm
-Hilar and mediastinal adenopathy common, necrotic lymph
nodes (TB) have a low attenuation center and only rim
enhance with contrast, adenopathy in Kaposi sarcoma or
lymphoma enhances uniformly
-Pleural effusion
-Other findings are similar to non-AIDS TB (upper lobe
consolidations, cavitations)
213. Mediastinal tuberculous adenopathy, CT+C shows multiple enlarged
mediastinal lymph nodes with central areas of low attenuation and
peripheral enhancement (arrows)
214. Pleural effusion, CT+C shows a large, right-sided pleural collection, the
enhancing parietal pleura is uniformly thickened (arrows)
215. Consolidation in primary tuberculosis, frontal chest radiograph
demonstrates consolidation in the right middle lobe (straight arrow)
with right hilar adenopathy (curved arrow)
216. Cavitary postprimary tuberculosis, frontal radiograph demonstrates a
thick-walled cavity with smooth inner margins in the left upper lobe
(arrow)
217. 4-Fungal Infections :
-Fungal infections in AIDS are uncommon (<5% of
patients)
-Cryptococcosis (most common); 90% have CNS
involvement
-Histoplasmosis: nodular or miliary pattern most
common; 35% have normal CXR
-Coccidioidomycosis: diffuse interstitial pattern,
thin-walled cavities
218. 5-Kaposi Sarcoma :
-The most common tumors in AIDS are :
a) Kaposi sarcoma (15% of patients); incidence declining;
M:F = 50:1
b) Lymphoma (<5% of patients)
-Pulmonary manifestations of Kaposi sarcoma (almost
always preceded by cutaneous/visceral involvement) :
1-Nodules :
-1 to 3 cm
-Single or multiple
-Virtually always associated with skin lesions
2-Coarse linear opacities emanating from hilum
3-Pleural effusions (serosanguineous), 40%
4-Adenopathy
5-Lymphangitic tumor spread
219. Pulmonary KS in a 45-year-old man, (a) Chest radiograph shows multiple bilateral ill-
defined nodules (arrowheads indicate nodules on the right side), two indistinct
masses (arrows) are identified in the left hemithorax, (b) HRCT shows two irregular
flame-shaped nodules (white arrows) in the right apex and an ill-defined mass (black
arrows) in the left apex, the diagnosis was confirmed with fine-needle aspiration
biopsy of the left upper lobe mass
220. Thoracic AIDS-related KS in a 45-year-old man, (a) Chest radiograph demonstrates
multiple bilateral 3–5-mm micronodules in a peribronchovascular distribution,
(b) High-resolution lung CT scan shows innumerable bilateral, poorly defined
peribronchovascular micronodules, some of which exhibit coalescence, (c) CT scan
(soft-tissue windowing) depicts enlarged lymph nodes in the axillae and mediastinum
(thin arrows), note also the bilateral pleural fluid collections as well as some
nodularity (thick arrows), skin compromise is also identified in the left hemithorax
(arrowhead)
221. Disseminated AIDS-related KS in a 36-year-old man with thoracic involvement, (a) Chest
radiograph shows ill-defined nodular confluent opacities in the left upper lobe,
(b) Chest CT scan demonstrates multiple nodules around the bronchus for the
apicoposterior segment of the left upper lobe (black arrow), other small nodules are
also identified in the posterior segment of the right upper lobe (white arrows), (c) CT
scan (soft-tissue windowing) demonstrates enlarged enhancing lymph nodes (arrows)
in the left hilum and occupying the azygoesophageal recess
222. KS in a 40-year-old man with AIDS who presented with weight loss and fever,
abdominal CT scan shows a pleural mass (black arrow) with soft-tissue
enhancement in the left pleural space associated with bilateral pleural fluid
(white arrows), imaging-guided biopsy revealed KS
223. 6-AIDS-Related Lymphoma :
-Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (usually aggressive B-
cell type) > Hodgkin's lymphoma
-Poor prognosis
-Spectrum includes :
1-Solitary or multiple pulmonary masses, air
bronchogram, 25%
2-AIDS-related lymphoma is typically an
extranodal disease (CNS, GI tract, liver, bone
marrow): adenopathy not very prominent
3-Pleural effusions are common