This document describes the design, simulation, and testing of two horn antenna designs (Antenna I and Antenna II) with ridges for broadband operation between 1.5-6.5 GHz. Antenna I has a T-shaped dual ridge design that improves the return loss, bandwidth, gain and efficiency compared to a simple horn design. Antenna II has a triangular ridge design but simulation results showed Antenna I performed better so it was chosen for fabrication. Measurement results of the fabricated Antenna I showed good agreement with simulations.
IRJET- Design of Mid-Band Frequency Patch Antenna for 5G ApplicationsIRJET Journal
The document describes the design of a rectangular patch antenna array for 5G applications operating at 5.2GHz. A two element rectangular patch antenna array is designed using FR-4 substrate with a microstrip line feed. Simulations show the antenna array achieves a bandwidth of 1GHz and gain of around 6dBi. Key steps included calculating dimensions of a single rectangular patch, designing a two patch array with a quarter-wave transformer for impedance matching, and simulating the return loss and directivity.
IRJET- Design of Miniature Antenna for Ultra Wide Band ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a miniature antenna for ultra-wideband applications. The antenna is an "n" shaped "c" slotted microstrip patch antenna designed to operate in the frequency band from 5 GHz to 10.5 GHz. The antenna is fabricated on an FR-4 substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm. Simulation results show the antenna has a return loss of -24 dB at 6.15 GHz, a VSWR of 1.14, a gain of 2.11 dB, and a radiation pattern broadside to the patch. The designed antenna is compact in size at 15mm, easy to fabricate, and suitable for applications requiring ultra-wideband performance such as wireless communications systems.
IRJET- 5.8 Ghz Semi Slotted Patch Antennas for ISM Band ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of single patch antennas and antenna arrays operating at 5.8 GHz for ISM band applications. Three antennas were designed using IE3D software: a single rectangular patch antenna, a 2x1 antenna array, and a 2x2 antenna array. The single antenna showed a return loss of -13.9 dB, gain of 4.1 dB, and VSWR of 1.01. The 2x1 array had a return loss of -19.9 dB, gain of 7.2 dB, and VSWR of 1.08. The 2x2 array performed best with a return loss of -39 dB, gain of 8.2 dB, and VSWR of 1.
IRJET - An Overview of Design and Simulation of Microstrip Rectangular Pa...IRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of microstrip patch antennas. It discusses the basic design and operation of rectangular patch antennas, including the shape of the patch, feeding methods, and design methodology. Microstrip patch antennas are low profile, lightweight, inexpensive to manufacture and compatible with integrated circuits. They have limitations of narrow bandwidth and low efficiency. The document reviews techniques used to improve bandwidth and efficiency, such as defected ground structures. It also outlines applications of antennas in wireless communications and concludes with a discussion of microstrip patch antenna characteristics.
Designing large-scale antenna array using sub-arrayjournalBEEI
Antenna array of large scale have been examined for different applications including 5G technology. To get better data rate or a reliable link substantial number of antenna arrays have been utilized to provide high multiplexing gains as well as array gains with high directivity. In this paper a simple but efficient implementation technique of using sub-arrays for the improvement of large-sized uniform arrays. By repeating a small sub-array multiple times large arrays can be designed. This implication of utilizing small array simplifies the design of a larger array which allows the designer to concentrate on the smaller sub-array before assembling larger arrays. So, by investigating the sub arrays the performance and radiation characteristics of large arrays can be anticipated. The array-factor for a planar sub-array of 2x2 (4 elements) is analyzed using Mat-lab software and then a large array is formed by placing the 2x2 sub-array indifferent configurations in a rectangular arrangements up to 8x8 planar array. And then the results are validated with CST (Computer simulation technology) simulation results.In this way the array-factors, directivities, HPBWs, and side lobes of the constructed large arrays are analyzed and associated with the small sub-array.
A Slotted Elliptical Patch Antenna with a Shorting Pin for C-band ApplicationsIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and simulation of a slotted elliptical patch antenna with a shorting pin for C-band applications. Key aspects of the design include:
- An elliptical patch antenna with a slot and shorting pin designed to resonate at 4.4897 GHz and 6.6938 GHz on an FR4 substrate.
- Simulation using HFSS software found return losses of -12.37 dB and -20.21 dB at the respective frequencies, with omnidirectional radiation patterns.
- The compact 30mm x 30mm design achieved gains of 0.91 dBi and 5.77 dBi and was found to be suitable for C-band wireless applications due to its simple
5G Fixed Beam Switching on Microstrip Patch Antenna IJECEIAES
5G technology is using millimeter-wave band to improve the wireless communication system. However, narrow transmitter and receiver beams have caused the beam coverage area to be limited. Due to propagation limitations of mm wave band, beam forming technology with multi-beam based communication system, has been focused to overcome the problem. In this letter, a fixed beam switching method is introduced. By changing the switches, four different configurations of patch array antennas are designed to investigate their performances in terms of radiation patterns, beam forming angle, gain, half-power bandwidth and impedance bandwidth at 28 GHz operating frequency for 5G application. Mircostrip antenna is preferred due to its low profile, easy in feeding and array configurations. Three different beam directions had been formed at -15°, 0°, and 15° with half-power bandwidth of range 45˚ to 50˚.
IRJET- Design and Simulation of Mm Wave Sierpinski Antenna Loaded with Unipla...IRJET Journal
The document describes the design and simulation of a Sierpinski fractal antenna loaded with an electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure for 5G applications in the millimeter wave bands. The Sierpinski fractal antenna achieves multi-band operation at 29.05 GHz, 35.75 GHz, and 41 GHz but has low gain. An optimized unipolar EBG unit cell is proposed to load onto the antenna for gain enhancement. Simulation results show the EBG-loaded antenna achieves peak gains of 5.37 dBi at 28 GHz and 14.37 dBi at 68 GHz, improving on the low gain of the unloaded antenna. The compact, multi-band antenna design makes it a suitable
IRJET- Design of Mid-Band Frequency Patch Antenna for 5G ApplicationsIRJET Journal
The document describes the design of a rectangular patch antenna array for 5G applications operating at 5.2GHz. A two element rectangular patch antenna array is designed using FR-4 substrate with a microstrip line feed. Simulations show the antenna array achieves a bandwidth of 1GHz and gain of around 6dBi. Key steps included calculating dimensions of a single rectangular patch, designing a two patch array with a quarter-wave transformer for impedance matching, and simulating the return loss and directivity.
IRJET- Design of Miniature Antenna for Ultra Wide Band ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a miniature antenna for ultra-wideband applications. The antenna is an "n" shaped "c" slotted microstrip patch antenna designed to operate in the frequency band from 5 GHz to 10.5 GHz. The antenna is fabricated on an FR-4 substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm. Simulation results show the antenna has a return loss of -24 dB at 6.15 GHz, a VSWR of 1.14, a gain of 2.11 dB, and a radiation pattern broadside to the patch. The designed antenna is compact in size at 15mm, easy to fabricate, and suitable for applications requiring ultra-wideband performance such as wireless communications systems.
IRJET- 5.8 Ghz Semi Slotted Patch Antennas for ISM Band ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of single patch antennas and antenna arrays operating at 5.8 GHz for ISM band applications. Three antennas were designed using IE3D software: a single rectangular patch antenna, a 2x1 antenna array, and a 2x2 antenna array. The single antenna showed a return loss of -13.9 dB, gain of 4.1 dB, and VSWR of 1.01. The 2x1 array had a return loss of -19.9 dB, gain of 7.2 dB, and VSWR of 1.08. The 2x2 array performed best with a return loss of -39 dB, gain of 8.2 dB, and VSWR of 1.
IRJET - An Overview of Design and Simulation of Microstrip Rectangular Pa...IRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of microstrip patch antennas. It discusses the basic design and operation of rectangular patch antennas, including the shape of the patch, feeding methods, and design methodology. Microstrip patch antennas are low profile, lightweight, inexpensive to manufacture and compatible with integrated circuits. They have limitations of narrow bandwidth and low efficiency. The document reviews techniques used to improve bandwidth and efficiency, such as defected ground structures. It also outlines applications of antennas in wireless communications and concludes with a discussion of microstrip patch antenna characteristics.
Designing large-scale antenna array using sub-arrayjournalBEEI
Antenna array of large scale have been examined for different applications including 5G technology. To get better data rate or a reliable link substantial number of antenna arrays have been utilized to provide high multiplexing gains as well as array gains with high directivity. In this paper a simple but efficient implementation technique of using sub-arrays for the improvement of large-sized uniform arrays. By repeating a small sub-array multiple times large arrays can be designed. This implication of utilizing small array simplifies the design of a larger array which allows the designer to concentrate on the smaller sub-array before assembling larger arrays. So, by investigating the sub arrays the performance and radiation characteristics of large arrays can be anticipated. The array-factor for a planar sub-array of 2x2 (4 elements) is analyzed using Mat-lab software and then a large array is formed by placing the 2x2 sub-array indifferent configurations in a rectangular arrangements up to 8x8 planar array. And then the results are validated with CST (Computer simulation technology) simulation results.In this way the array-factors, directivities, HPBWs, and side lobes of the constructed large arrays are analyzed and associated with the small sub-array.
A Slotted Elliptical Patch Antenna with a Shorting Pin for C-band ApplicationsIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and simulation of a slotted elliptical patch antenna with a shorting pin for C-band applications. Key aspects of the design include:
- An elliptical patch antenna with a slot and shorting pin designed to resonate at 4.4897 GHz and 6.6938 GHz on an FR4 substrate.
- Simulation using HFSS software found return losses of -12.37 dB and -20.21 dB at the respective frequencies, with omnidirectional radiation patterns.
- The compact 30mm x 30mm design achieved gains of 0.91 dBi and 5.77 dBi and was found to be suitable for C-band wireless applications due to its simple
5G Fixed Beam Switching on Microstrip Patch Antenna IJECEIAES
5G technology is using millimeter-wave band to improve the wireless communication system. However, narrow transmitter and receiver beams have caused the beam coverage area to be limited. Due to propagation limitations of mm wave band, beam forming technology with multi-beam based communication system, has been focused to overcome the problem. In this letter, a fixed beam switching method is introduced. By changing the switches, four different configurations of patch array antennas are designed to investigate their performances in terms of radiation patterns, beam forming angle, gain, half-power bandwidth and impedance bandwidth at 28 GHz operating frequency for 5G application. Mircostrip antenna is preferred due to its low profile, easy in feeding and array configurations. Three different beam directions had been formed at -15°, 0°, and 15° with half-power bandwidth of range 45˚ to 50˚.
IRJET- Design and Simulation of Mm Wave Sierpinski Antenna Loaded with Unipla...IRJET Journal
The document describes the design and simulation of a Sierpinski fractal antenna loaded with an electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure for 5G applications in the millimeter wave bands. The Sierpinski fractal antenna achieves multi-band operation at 29.05 GHz, 35.75 GHz, and 41 GHz but has low gain. An optimized unipolar EBG unit cell is proposed to load onto the antenna for gain enhancement. Simulation results show the EBG-loaded antenna achieves peak gains of 5.37 dBi at 28 GHz and 14.37 dBi at 68 GHz, improving on the low gain of the unloaded antenna. The compact, multi-band antenna design makes it a suitable
This document summarizes a research paper on a two element U-slot loaded circular microstrip array antenna designed for dual band wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. The antenna was fabricated on a glass epoxy substrate measuring 9 x 5 x 0.16 cm3. Testing showed it achieved a maximum bandwidth of 44.9% between 4.37-6.9 GHz and was able to reduce the size of the antenna by 6.01% while maintaining a peak gain of 5.24 dB. Analysis of the radiation patterns found it exhibited broadside and linearly polarized radiation characteristics. The proposed antenna design was concluded to be simple, low-cost, and suitable for WLAN communication systems.
Ellipse Shaped Micro-Strip Patch Antenna for Ku, K and Ka Band ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document presents the design and simulation of an ellipse-shaped microstrip patch antenna for Ku, K, and Ka band applications (14-31GHz). The antenna is designed on an FR-4 substrate with dimensions of 24x24mm. Simulation results using CST software show the antenna has an impedance bandwidth of 13GHz with VSWR less than 2. Radiation patterns are isotropic across frequencies and maximum gain is 5.5dBi. The compact ellipse shape and use of slots in the ground plane contribute to the antenna's broad bandwidth performance in high frequency bands suitable for applications such as satellites and radars.
Design of Compact E-Shaped Slot Multiband Antenna Wireless SystemsIRJET Journal
The document describes the design of a compact E-shaped slot multiband antenna for wireless applications. The antenna is designed to resonate at 1.2 GHz, 2.5 GHz, 3.5 GHz and 6.75 GHz, covering applications such as WiFi/WLAN, WiMAX, LTE, and ISM. An E-shaped slot is etched in the patch and a circular patch is attached to the ground plane to achieve multiband operation. Simulation results show the antenna offers good return loss response below -10 dB at the four bands with a total bandwidth of 2990 MHz. Radiation patterns are omni-directional, making the antenna suitable for wireless communication systems. The compact design and multiband performance make
IRJET - Design and Optimize of Bow-Tie Patch Antenna with Shifting of Inner ...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and optimization of a bow-tie patch antenna with shifting inner width using HFSS simulation software. The authors varied parameters like patch arm length and outer width to analyze the S-parameters, operating frequency, directivity, gain and efficiency. They found that shifting the inner width to 1.7mm provided the best results, with a return loss of -18dB at an operating frequency of 10.6GHz. The voltage standing wave ratio was less than 2 over the antenna's operating bandwidth. The antenna exhibited a broadband characteristic and high gain, making it suitable for high frequency applications such as military communications.
IRJET- Microstrip Patch Antenna for C Band Satellite ApplicationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a microstrip patch antenna design for C-band satellite applications. Key points:
- The antenna was designed, simulated, and optimized using HFSS software to have an operating frequency bandwidth of 0.3GHz between 5.1-5.9GHz for uplink and downlink signals.
- Simulation results found the antenna achieved a maximum return loss of -24dB and radiation patterns were stable in the operating frequency range.
- A hardware prototype was constructed on an FR-4 substrate with dimensions of 40x40mm and tested to meet requirements for military satellite communications.
This document summarizes a research paper that designed and simulated a microstrip patch antenna with an H-shaped defected ground structure (DGS) for bandwidth improvement and miniaturization. Key findings include:
1) A conventional square patch antenna was designed to resonate at 2.36GHz.
2) An H-shaped DGS was embedded in the ground plane of the antenna to perturb the current distribution and affect the input impedance.
3) Simulations showed the DGS antennas resonated at lower frequencies than the conventional antenna, with impedance bandwidth improvements up to 500MHz and size reductions up to 65.51%.
4) Radiation patterns of the DGS antennas remained nearly omn
Designing a microstrip patch antenna - operating at 1.518Ghz.IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of a microstrip patch antenna operating at 1.518GHz. It discusses the key steps in designing the antenna, including calculating the length and width of the patch based on the operating frequency and dielectric substrate properties. The antenna design is then simulated using CST Microwave Studio software. The simulation results show a gain of 3.367dB, VSWR of 1.012, S11 parameter magnitude of -43.886dB indicating good impedance matching, and radiation patterns as expected for this type of antenna. The antenna is concluded to be successfully designed to operate at the target frequency of 1.518GHz.
Gain Enhancement of Series Feed Square Patch Microstrip Antenna Array for S b...ijsrd.com
Gain is the ability of an antenna to concentrate the radiated power in a desired direction. Only small gain can be achieved by single antenna that is why, antenna arrays are required to improve the gain by using different feed networks. This paper describes the design and performance of a series feed antenna array. The operating frequency of 2.4GHz is used. The aim of this paper is to improve the gain of a series feed antenna array. Line feed is used for designing single antenna, 2x1 & 4x1 microstrip antenna array. These series feed microstrip antenna arrays are useful for both S and C band. The proposed antenna is simulated by IE3D version 9.0 Zealand simulation software based on method of moments.
IRJET- A CPW Feed UWB Antenna with Quad Band NotchesIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of a coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed ultra-wideband antenna with four band rejections. The antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with dimensions of 30x30x1.6 mm3. Dual band notches at 3.9 GHz and 5.4 GHz for WiMAX and WLAN are achieved by etching two nested C-shaped slots on the circular patch. A U-shaped slot in the feedline produces a notch at 8.29 GHz for X-band satellite communication. Complementary split ring resonators (CSRR) on the ground plane generate a fourth notch at 7.27 GHz. Simulation results show the antenna has an impedance
This document describes a modified rectangular ultra-wideband (UWB) planar monopole antenna for frequencies between 3.15GHz to 18.8GHz. The antenna consists of a rectangular patch with round steps on the lower and upper corners along with a notched partial-circular ground plane. Simulation results show that the round steps and notched ground plane improve impedance matching and bandwidth. The antenna was designed and simulated using ANSOFT HFSS and shows omnidirectional radiation patterns, making it suitable for applications such as short-range, high-speed indoor data communication.
IRJET- Design of MIMO Antenna for KU Band Applications IRJET Journal
1) Researchers designed a MIMO antenna for Ku band applications using a rectangular microstrip patch with two circular structures.
2) The antenna was implemented on a single substrate using multiple antennas to increase signal throughput and link range.
3) Simulation results showed the MIMO antenna had a return loss of -39dB and bandwidth of 3GHz, meeting the goals of the research.
Design of a reconfigurable, multi frequency & circularly polarized microstrip...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes the design of a reconfigurable, multi-frequency circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna. The antenna is designed to operate at 1.9 GHz and 2.0 GHz. A rectangular patch shape is used with the correct feed position determined through impedance matching. Simulations are performed using IE3D software. The design achieves multi-frequency operation, reconfigurability, and circular polarization with efficiencies estimated to be around 70%.
Folded Shorted Patch Antenna with Slots for RF Energy Harvesting in Wireless ...ijtsrd
There are various types of microstrip antenna that can be used for many applications in communication systems. This paper presents the design of a folded shorted patch antenna FSPA for the application of Radio Frequency RF energy harvesting system capable of receiving radio frequency of GSM 900 band 860MHz to 960MHz . The antenna is designed using microstrip technology on an FR 4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and a thickness of 1.6. The antenna was designed and simulated using FEKO, the Electromagnetic solver software. One slot is incorporated into the upper patch of the FSPA. Simulated results show that this antenna can attain an impedance bandwidth of 32MHz from 884MHz to 916MHz at the center frequency of 900MHz with the slot. The results also reveal the good unidirectional radiation pattern and the stable gain over the operating frequency. This antenna is well compatible with using RF energy harvesting to receive the signal of the GSM 900 band. Aye Thet Mon | Chaw Myat Nwe "Folded Shorted Patch Antenna with Slots for RF Energy Harvesting in Wireless Sensor Network" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26476.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26476/folded-shorted-patch-antenna-with-slots-for-rf-energy-harvesting-in-wireless-sensor-network/aye-thet-mon
Design of rectangular patch antenna array using advanced design methodologyRamesh Patriotic
This document describes the design of rectangular patch antenna arrays. It discusses designing a single rectangular patch element, including selecting substrate properties and calculating patch dimensions. It then covers array design, including arranging elements with proper spacing and designing feed networks. Specifically, it presents the design of 1x2, 2x2, and 1x4 rectangular patch antenna arrays. Simulation results show the return loss and Smith charts for each array, indicating good impedance matching at the target frequency of 2.4GHz. Radiation patterns are also presented, demonstrating the increase in gain and directivity provided by antenna arrays.
IRJET- SAR Reduced Proximity Coupled Microstrip Array Antenna for 5G Cellular...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the design of a novel 1x5 proximity coupled microstrip array antenna intended for 5G cellular applications between 27-28 GHz. The antenna aims to provide low specific absorption rate (SAR) at millimeter wave frequencies for safety. A linear array of proximity coupled patches is designed with spacing to reduce path loss at high frequencies. Simulation results show a gain of 4.09 dB and low SAR of 1.01 W/kg, within acceptable limits. The antenna design is suitable for 5G applications while addressing health concerns of radiation absorption from phones.
IRJET- Multiple Band Microstrip Patch Antenna with DGS for X Band, Ku Band an...IRJET Journal
This document describes a multiple band microstrip patch antenna designed to operate in the X band, Ku band, and K band frequency ranges. The antenna is fabricated using an FR4 epoxy substrate with a thickness of 1.6mm. Rectangular slots are etched into the patch and ground plane to generate multiple resonances at 9.1 GHz, 10.1 GHz, 11 GHz, 16.7 GHz, and 19.1 GHz. A defected ground structure in the form of a circular ring slot is used to improve antenna performance. High frequency structural simulation software is used to analyze the antenna design. The proposed antenna is suitable for applications in X band, Ku band and K band radar and satellite communications.
Development of patch stack antenna for CP-SAR sensorjournalBEEI
This document describes the development of a left-hand circularly polarized (LHCP) array antenna consisting of two stacked triangular truncated microstrip patches for use in circularly polarized synthetic aperture radar (CP-SAR) sensors. The antenna was designed to operate at 5.2 GHz with a gain of 7.24 dBic, axial ratio of 1.99 dB, and return loss of -11.43 dB. It achieved an impedance bandwidth of 560 MHz (10.77%) and 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of 50 MHz (0.96%). The stacked patch configuration fed by a corporate microstrip feed network was found to provide improved bandwidth performance over previous single patch antenna designs.
Mimo and smart antennas july 2013 finalPraveen Kumar
The document discusses MIMO techniques and antenna configurations used in LTE networks. It describes how LTE supports 1-8 transmit antennas at the base station and 2-8 receive antennas at the UE. The most common configuration is 4x2 MIMO where the base station uses 4 transmit antennas and the UE uses 2 receive antennas. MIMO can increase peak data rates through spatial multiplexing but works best for users with high SINR close to the base station. Open loop MIMO is used for high mobility while closed loop MIMO relies on channel feedback for better performance but only works well in low mobility environments.
Antenna array design with rectangular ring slot for 5G technologyTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A patch antenna with rectangular-shaped ring slot that fed by a coaxial probe is proposed in this
article as the single element for planar patch array antenna design to meet the requirement of multiple
input multiple output (MIMO) in fifth generation (5G) technology. Initially, the single antenna element is
designed at three different center frequencies of 0.85, 1.9 and 2.6 GHz to cover the mobile operating
frequency of 0.8, 0.85, 0.9, 1.8, 2.1 and 2.6 GHz, which considering the proposed 5G spectrum below than
6 GHz. The rectangular-shaped ring slot is introduced to the patch antenna with the partial ground plane to
widen the bandwidth performance. The designed single element is then arranged to design planar arrays
of 2x2. Each of elements in the planar array is fed by a coaxial probe. The designs are utilizing a
high-performance substrate, Rogers 6010LM.
IRJET - Multiband Concentric Ring Circular Microstrip Patch AntennaIRJET Journal
This document describes a multiband circular microstrip patch antenna with concentric rings. The antenna is designed to operate in the X-band frequency of 10 GHz but provides high gain and bandwidth across other frequency bands as well. The antenna structure consists of a circular patch surrounded by concentric circular strips connected to each other. Simulation results show the antenna resonates at 6 frequencies between 7.6-12 GHz. The maximum gain is approximately 7.5 dBi and maximum bandwidth is around 500 MHz. The antenna design provides multiband capability with high gain using a simple, easy-to-fabricate structure.
IRJET- Design of Four Stack Millimeter Antenna for Medical ApplicationsIRJET Journal
The document describes the design of a four stacked millimeter wave microstrip antenna for medical applications. Microstrip antennas are commonly used due to their low profile and cost effectiveness. The proposed antenna is designed to operate in the 30-65GHz range using FR-4 epoxy as the dielectric substrate. It consists of four stacked 1.2mm x 1.2mm patches with a thickness of 0.08mm each. Simulation results using ANSYS HFSS show that stacking multiple patches improves gain, bandwidth, and directivity compared to a single or dual patch design. The four patch configuration is well suited for medical applications that require high frequency operation such as identifying cell growth rates.
This document summarizes a research paper on a two element U-slot loaded circular microstrip array antenna designed for dual band wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. The antenna was fabricated on a glass epoxy substrate measuring 9 x 5 x 0.16 cm3. Testing showed it achieved a maximum bandwidth of 44.9% between 4.37-6.9 GHz and was able to reduce the size of the antenna by 6.01% while maintaining a peak gain of 5.24 dB. Analysis of the radiation patterns found it exhibited broadside and linearly polarized radiation characteristics. The proposed antenna design was concluded to be simple, low-cost, and suitable for WLAN communication systems.
Ellipse Shaped Micro-Strip Patch Antenna for Ku, K and Ka Band ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document presents the design and simulation of an ellipse-shaped microstrip patch antenna for Ku, K, and Ka band applications (14-31GHz). The antenna is designed on an FR-4 substrate with dimensions of 24x24mm. Simulation results using CST software show the antenna has an impedance bandwidth of 13GHz with VSWR less than 2. Radiation patterns are isotropic across frequencies and maximum gain is 5.5dBi. The compact ellipse shape and use of slots in the ground plane contribute to the antenna's broad bandwidth performance in high frequency bands suitable for applications such as satellites and radars.
Design of Compact E-Shaped Slot Multiband Antenna Wireless SystemsIRJET Journal
The document describes the design of a compact E-shaped slot multiband antenna for wireless applications. The antenna is designed to resonate at 1.2 GHz, 2.5 GHz, 3.5 GHz and 6.75 GHz, covering applications such as WiFi/WLAN, WiMAX, LTE, and ISM. An E-shaped slot is etched in the patch and a circular patch is attached to the ground plane to achieve multiband operation. Simulation results show the antenna offers good return loss response below -10 dB at the four bands with a total bandwidth of 2990 MHz. Radiation patterns are omni-directional, making the antenna suitable for wireless communication systems. The compact design and multiband performance make
IRJET - Design and Optimize of Bow-Tie Patch Antenna with Shifting of Inner ...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and optimization of a bow-tie patch antenna with shifting inner width using HFSS simulation software. The authors varied parameters like patch arm length and outer width to analyze the S-parameters, operating frequency, directivity, gain and efficiency. They found that shifting the inner width to 1.7mm provided the best results, with a return loss of -18dB at an operating frequency of 10.6GHz. The voltage standing wave ratio was less than 2 over the antenna's operating bandwidth. The antenna exhibited a broadband characteristic and high gain, making it suitable for high frequency applications such as military communications.
IRJET- Microstrip Patch Antenna for C Band Satellite ApplicationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a microstrip patch antenna design for C-band satellite applications. Key points:
- The antenna was designed, simulated, and optimized using HFSS software to have an operating frequency bandwidth of 0.3GHz between 5.1-5.9GHz for uplink and downlink signals.
- Simulation results found the antenna achieved a maximum return loss of -24dB and radiation patterns were stable in the operating frequency range.
- A hardware prototype was constructed on an FR-4 substrate with dimensions of 40x40mm and tested to meet requirements for military satellite communications.
This document summarizes a research paper that designed and simulated a microstrip patch antenna with an H-shaped defected ground structure (DGS) for bandwidth improvement and miniaturization. Key findings include:
1) A conventional square patch antenna was designed to resonate at 2.36GHz.
2) An H-shaped DGS was embedded in the ground plane of the antenna to perturb the current distribution and affect the input impedance.
3) Simulations showed the DGS antennas resonated at lower frequencies than the conventional antenna, with impedance bandwidth improvements up to 500MHz and size reductions up to 65.51%.
4) Radiation patterns of the DGS antennas remained nearly omn
Designing a microstrip patch antenna - operating at 1.518Ghz.IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of a microstrip patch antenna operating at 1.518GHz. It discusses the key steps in designing the antenna, including calculating the length and width of the patch based on the operating frequency and dielectric substrate properties. The antenna design is then simulated using CST Microwave Studio software. The simulation results show a gain of 3.367dB, VSWR of 1.012, S11 parameter magnitude of -43.886dB indicating good impedance matching, and radiation patterns as expected for this type of antenna. The antenna is concluded to be successfully designed to operate at the target frequency of 1.518GHz.
Gain Enhancement of Series Feed Square Patch Microstrip Antenna Array for S b...ijsrd.com
Gain is the ability of an antenna to concentrate the radiated power in a desired direction. Only small gain can be achieved by single antenna that is why, antenna arrays are required to improve the gain by using different feed networks. This paper describes the design and performance of a series feed antenna array. The operating frequency of 2.4GHz is used. The aim of this paper is to improve the gain of a series feed antenna array. Line feed is used for designing single antenna, 2x1 & 4x1 microstrip antenna array. These series feed microstrip antenna arrays are useful for both S and C band. The proposed antenna is simulated by IE3D version 9.0 Zealand simulation software based on method of moments.
IRJET- A CPW Feed UWB Antenna with Quad Band NotchesIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of a coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed ultra-wideband antenna with four band rejections. The antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with dimensions of 30x30x1.6 mm3. Dual band notches at 3.9 GHz and 5.4 GHz for WiMAX and WLAN are achieved by etching two nested C-shaped slots on the circular patch. A U-shaped slot in the feedline produces a notch at 8.29 GHz for X-band satellite communication. Complementary split ring resonators (CSRR) on the ground plane generate a fourth notch at 7.27 GHz. Simulation results show the antenna has an impedance
This document describes a modified rectangular ultra-wideband (UWB) planar monopole antenna for frequencies between 3.15GHz to 18.8GHz. The antenna consists of a rectangular patch with round steps on the lower and upper corners along with a notched partial-circular ground plane. Simulation results show that the round steps and notched ground plane improve impedance matching and bandwidth. The antenna was designed and simulated using ANSOFT HFSS and shows omnidirectional radiation patterns, making it suitable for applications such as short-range, high-speed indoor data communication.
IRJET- Design of MIMO Antenna for KU Band Applications IRJET Journal
1) Researchers designed a MIMO antenna for Ku band applications using a rectangular microstrip patch with two circular structures.
2) The antenna was implemented on a single substrate using multiple antennas to increase signal throughput and link range.
3) Simulation results showed the MIMO antenna had a return loss of -39dB and bandwidth of 3GHz, meeting the goals of the research.
Design of a reconfigurable, multi frequency & circularly polarized microstrip...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes the design of a reconfigurable, multi-frequency circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna. The antenna is designed to operate at 1.9 GHz and 2.0 GHz. A rectangular patch shape is used with the correct feed position determined through impedance matching. Simulations are performed using IE3D software. The design achieves multi-frequency operation, reconfigurability, and circular polarization with efficiencies estimated to be around 70%.
Folded Shorted Patch Antenna with Slots for RF Energy Harvesting in Wireless ...ijtsrd
There are various types of microstrip antenna that can be used for many applications in communication systems. This paper presents the design of a folded shorted patch antenna FSPA for the application of Radio Frequency RF energy harvesting system capable of receiving radio frequency of GSM 900 band 860MHz to 960MHz . The antenna is designed using microstrip technology on an FR 4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and a thickness of 1.6. The antenna was designed and simulated using FEKO, the Electromagnetic solver software. One slot is incorporated into the upper patch of the FSPA. Simulated results show that this antenna can attain an impedance bandwidth of 32MHz from 884MHz to 916MHz at the center frequency of 900MHz with the slot. The results also reveal the good unidirectional radiation pattern and the stable gain over the operating frequency. This antenna is well compatible with using RF energy harvesting to receive the signal of the GSM 900 band. Aye Thet Mon | Chaw Myat Nwe "Folded Shorted Patch Antenna with Slots for RF Energy Harvesting in Wireless Sensor Network" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26476.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26476/folded-shorted-patch-antenna-with-slots-for-rf-energy-harvesting-in-wireless-sensor-network/aye-thet-mon
Design of rectangular patch antenna array using advanced design methodologyRamesh Patriotic
This document describes the design of rectangular patch antenna arrays. It discusses designing a single rectangular patch element, including selecting substrate properties and calculating patch dimensions. It then covers array design, including arranging elements with proper spacing and designing feed networks. Specifically, it presents the design of 1x2, 2x2, and 1x4 rectangular patch antenna arrays. Simulation results show the return loss and Smith charts for each array, indicating good impedance matching at the target frequency of 2.4GHz. Radiation patterns are also presented, demonstrating the increase in gain and directivity provided by antenna arrays.
IRJET- SAR Reduced Proximity Coupled Microstrip Array Antenna for 5G Cellular...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the design of a novel 1x5 proximity coupled microstrip array antenna intended for 5G cellular applications between 27-28 GHz. The antenna aims to provide low specific absorption rate (SAR) at millimeter wave frequencies for safety. A linear array of proximity coupled patches is designed with spacing to reduce path loss at high frequencies. Simulation results show a gain of 4.09 dB and low SAR of 1.01 W/kg, within acceptable limits. The antenna design is suitable for 5G applications while addressing health concerns of radiation absorption from phones.
IRJET- Multiple Band Microstrip Patch Antenna with DGS for X Band, Ku Band an...IRJET Journal
This document describes a multiple band microstrip patch antenna designed to operate in the X band, Ku band, and K band frequency ranges. The antenna is fabricated using an FR4 epoxy substrate with a thickness of 1.6mm. Rectangular slots are etched into the patch and ground plane to generate multiple resonances at 9.1 GHz, 10.1 GHz, 11 GHz, 16.7 GHz, and 19.1 GHz. A defected ground structure in the form of a circular ring slot is used to improve antenna performance. High frequency structural simulation software is used to analyze the antenna design. The proposed antenna is suitable for applications in X band, Ku band and K band radar and satellite communications.
Development of patch stack antenna for CP-SAR sensorjournalBEEI
This document describes the development of a left-hand circularly polarized (LHCP) array antenna consisting of two stacked triangular truncated microstrip patches for use in circularly polarized synthetic aperture radar (CP-SAR) sensors. The antenna was designed to operate at 5.2 GHz with a gain of 7.24 dBic, axial ratio of 1.99 dB, and return loss of -11.43 dB. It achieved an impedance bandwidth of 560 MHz (10.77%) and 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of 50 MHz (0.96%). The stacked patch configuration fed by a corporate microstrip feed network was found to provide improved bandwidth performance over previous single patch antenna designs.
Mimo and smart antennas july 2013 finalPraveen Kumar
The document discusses MIMO techniques and antenna configurations used in LTE networks. It describes how LTE supports 1-8 transmit antennas at the base station and 2-8 receive antennas at the UE. The most common configuration is 4x2 MIMO where the base station uses 4 transmit antennas and the UE uses 2 receive antennas. MIMO can increase peak data rates through spatial multiplexing but works best for users with high SINR close to the base station. Open loop MIMO is used for high mobility while closed loop MIMO relies on channel feedback for better performance but only works well in low mobility environments.
Antenna array design with rectangular ring slot for 5G technologyTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A patch antenna with rectangular-shaped ring slot that fed by a coaxial probe is proposed in this
article as the single element for planar patch array antenna design to meet the requirement of multiple
input multiple output (MIMO) in fifth generation (5G) technology. Initially, the single antenna element is
designed at three different center frequencies of 0.85, 1.9 and 2.6 GHz to cover the mobile operating
frequency of 0.8, 0.85, 0.9, 1.8, 2.1 and 2.6 GHz, which considering the proposed 5G spectrum below than
6 GHz. The rectangular-shaped ring slot is introduced to the patch antenna with the partial ground plane to
widen the bandwidth performance. The designed single element is then arranged to design planar arrays
of 2x2. Each of elements in the planar array is fed by a coaxial probe. The designs are utilizing a
high-performance substrate, Rogers 6010LM.
IRJET - Multiband Concentric Ring Circular Microstrip Patch AntennaIRJET Journal
This document describes a multiband circular microstrip patch antenna with concentric rings. The antenna is designed to operate in the X-band frequency of 10 GHz but provides high gain and bandwidth across other frequency bands as well. The antenna structure consists of a circular patch surrounded by concentric circular strips connected to each other. Simulation results show the antenna resonates at 6 frequencies between 7.6-12 GHz. The maximum gain is approximately 7.5 dBi and maximum bandwidth is around 500 MHz. The antenna design provides multiband capability with high gain using a simple, easy-to-fabricate structure.
IRJET- Design of Four Stack Millimeter Antenna for Medical ApplicationsIRJET Journal
The document describes the design of a four stacked millimeter wave microstrip antenna for medical applications. Microstrip antennas are commonly used due to their low profile and cost effectiveness. The proposed antenna is designed to operate in the 30-65GHz range using FR-4 epoxy as the dielectric substrate. It consists of four stacked 1.2mm x 1.2mm patches with a thickness of 0.08mm each. Simulation results using ANSYS HFSS show that stacking multiple patches improves gain, bandwidth, and directivity compared to a single or dual patch design. The four patch configuration is well suited for medical applications that require high frequency operation such as identifying cell growth rates.
Design and Analysis of Cylindrical Arc Array AntennaIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a cylindrical arc array antenna. It begins by discussing microstrip patch antennas and their limitations. Conformal antennas are introduced as a type of antenna that can overcome some of the limitations of planar and circular antennas. The design of a single patch antenna is described using equations to calculate the length and width. Then, an array of 8 single patch antennas conformed into a cylindrical arc shape is proposed. Simulation results using CST software show that the cylindrical arc array antenna achieves improved parameters like return loss, voltage standing wave ratio, gain, and directivity compared to a single patch antenna, making it useful for applications in the S-band frequency range.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of 5.5 GHz Rectangular Horn Antenna for Wifi Appli...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a rectangular horn antenna for WiFi applications at 5.5 GHz. The antenna was designed using CST simulation software. Simulation results showed the antenna had a return loss of -18 dB, a VSWR of 1.25, and a maximum gain of 12.1 dB at 5.5 GHz. The antenna's beamwidth was calculated to be 22.59 degrees vertically and 31.09 degrees horizontally. The rectangular horn antenna was found to effectively transmit signals for WiFi applications between 5.25-5.75 GHz with high gain and directivity.
IRJET - Design and Simulation of Multiband Microstrip AntennaIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and simulation of a multiband microstrip antenna. It begins with an abstract describing how fractal geometries have been used to improve antenna features like bandwidth. It then provides background on previous research using fractal shapes to design wideband and multiband antennas. This project aims to enhance bandwidth by combining different geometries into a hybrid fractal antenna. The antenna is analyzed using CST Microwave Studio software. Various feeding techniques and fractal geometries are tested to optimize parameters like efficiency and bandwidth. The document concludes the antenna has a wider bandwidth than regular antennas and further optimization of parameters could increase bandwidth for multiple applications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document describes the design and analysis of a two half-ring and half circular patch microstrip antenna for dual-band applications in the C-band frequencies. The antenna is designed to operate at 4.1 GHz and 6.5 GHz with moderate return loss and gain. Simulation results show the antenna achieves a peak gain of 3.08 dB at 4.1 GHz and 4.14 dB at 6.5 GHz when fabricated on FR4 epoxy substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and thickness of 3 mm. Current distribution and radiation patterns are also analyzed to understand the antenna performance at the resonant frequencies.
IRJET- Design of Circular Split Ring Resonator in Form of Dollar Symbol f...IRJET Journal
1) The document describes the design of a circular split ring resonator (CSRR) in the shape of a dollar symbol for a multiband microstrip patch antenna.
2) Three iterations of the antenna design are presented, with modifications made to the CSRR shape in each iteration to improve performance metrics like return loss.
3) In the final third iteration, the antenna resonates at five frequencies between 7.18GHz and 9.54GHz with return losses below -11dB, and gains between 3.7dBi and 9.4dBi, making it suitable for applications in the C and X bands.
IRJET- Array of Circular Microstrip Patch AntennaIRJET Journal
The document presents the design of a 1x4 circular microstrip patch antenna array operating at 3.5GHz. Circular patch antennas were chosen for their improved gain, return loss, and bandwidth. The antenna array was designed and simulated using IE3D software, and was found to have a return loss of -22.5dB and a gain of 4.52dBi, demonstrating an improvement over a single circular patch antenna.
1. The document presents a novel rectangular planar ultra-wide band antenna with band-notched characteristics.
2. The proposed antenna design has circular slots in the patch and two stepped corners, along with two inverted L-shaped slots, to reject frequencies from 3.75 to 6.12 GHz.
3. Simulation results show the antenna operates from 2.87 to 11.14 GHz with VSWR less than 2, except in the rejected band, with an impedance bandwidth of 7.18 GHz.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of LPDA Antenna for through the Wall Detection ...IRJET Journal
This document presents the design, simulation, and analysis of a logarithmic periodic dipole antenna (LPDA) for through-the-wall detection applications operating in the frequency range of 0.5-3 GHz. Key features of the antenna include a gain over 6 dB across the bandwidth, a VSWR less than 2.5, and a directional radiation pattern optimized for detecting targets behind walls. The antenna design was modified from a traditional LPDA by using strip dipoles rather than cylindrical ones and adding a reflector to increase directivity. Simulations showed the antenna meets design requirements for through-wall detection in terms of impedance matching, gain, and minimization of side lobes.
IRJET- Design of 915 MHz Monopole Antenna for ISM Applications using CSTIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of a rectangular monopole antenna for ISM band applications using 915 MHz frequency. The antenna was designed and simulated using CST software. Key results showed the antenna achieved a return loss of -37.833 dB across 902-928 MHz frequency range. The VSWR was 1.025 at 915 MHz and gain was measured at 2.31 dBi. Simulation results demonstrated the antenna design meets requirements for ISM band applications.
Microstrip patch antenna for pcs and wlaneSAT Journals
Abstract Due to development in wireless devices, it poses a new challenge for the design of an antenna in wireless communication. Patch antennas are well suited for various wireless application systems due to their low weight, low profile, versatility, conformability, low cost and low sensitivity to manufacturing tolerances. This paper present design, simulation of a rectangular micro strip antenna for WLAN and PCS. The aim of the work is to design reliable broadband, compact patch antenna for wireless devices. Antenna is proposed which is providing circular polarization, dual band, resonant frequencies at 1.9 GHz, 2.4 GHz. Key Words: Patch antenna, co-axial feeding, polarization, dual band, HFSS …
A Wideband Circularly Polarized Printed Monopole Antenna with Symmetric Groun...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of a wideband circularly polarized printed monopole antenna with a symmetric ground plane for WiFi and WiMAX applications ranging from 2.5 to 7 GHz. The proposed antenna design introduces additional structures to the patch to increase bandwidth and decrease return loss. The design utilizes a coplanar waveguide fed microstrip patch antenna with an open symmetric ground plane. Simulation results using HFSS electromagnetic simulation software show that the proposed antenna achieves wideband performance from 3 to 7 GHz, making it applicable for the target 2.5 to 7 GHz frequency range.
IRJET- Design and Implementation of V - Shaped HF AntennaIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of a V-shaped HF antenna. It introduces a novel HF antenna that uses long V-shaped dipoles instead of short linear ones to increase directivity. NEC-2 software is used to numerically evaluate the radiation characteristics of the antenna. The directivity of the V-shaped antenna is found to be 2-5dB higher than a traditional fishbone antenna. The antenna also maintains benefits like low side lobes and wide bandwidth. Parameters like open angle, loading resistance, spacing, and number of dipoles are optimized based on simulation results.
Quad-band Microstrip Patch Antenna Based on Dual-Cross SlotsIJSRED
1. The document describes a quad-band microstrip patch antenna with dual cross slots. The antenna resonates at 5.5GHz, 7GHz, 8.4GHz, 12GHz and has a bandwidth from 14.8-19.75GHz, allowing it to operate in the C, X, Ku, and K bands.
2. Simulation results show the antenna has good gain and directivity across the operating bands. Current and field distributions indicate how the antenna produces beams at the resonant frequencies.
3. The dual cross slot design achieves multi-band operation from a single rectangular patch antenna, making it suitable for applications in satellite communication, radar, and military technology.
IRJET- Design and Performance Analysis of Linear ArrayIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and performance analysis of linear antenna arrays using different substrate materials at 2.4GHz. Single element and two element arrays were designed using FR-4 and Arlon AD250 substrates. Four element arrays were also designed using both materials. Simulation results showed that arrays using Arlon substrate achieved better gain and lower side lobe levels compared to FR-4. When the four element Arlon array was optimized, it achieved a gain of 13.3dB, side lobe level of -15.4dB, and bandwidth of 55.6MHz. In conclusion, Arlon material provided better performance but FR-4 achieved higher bandwidth for four element arrays.
SIDE LOBE REDUCTION OF CIRCULAR ARRAY USING TAYLOR DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION IN ...IAEME Publication
The VHF/UHF band radar that using circular array antennas is a novel kind of radar, whose performances, such as angular accuracy, angular resolution, anti-jamming and low-altitude coverage capabilities are better than the conventional VHF/UHF band radar. On one hand, we focus on how the directivity of array element will influence upon the array pattern. The performance characteristics of the single microstrip patch antenna can be further enhanced by using microstrip patch antenna array. On the other hand, in order to lower the side lobe level (SLL) of circular array antennas , we investigate the effectiveness of amplitude-weighted methods including Taylor Window and Gaussian Window.
This document describes the simulation and analysis of a dual band E-shape microstrip antenna for GPS applications. The antenna was designed to operate at frequencies of 1.625 GHz and 1.725 GHz. Simulation results using IE3D software showed return losses less than -10dB at both frequencies, with bandwidths of 5 MHz. Radiation patterns and VSWR were also analyzed, demonstrating dual band behavior with good performance characteristics for wireless communication applications. In conclusion, the E-shape design with slot loading provides a compact antenna with dual band capability.
Design of multiband microstrip patch antenna for wireless applicationIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a multiband microstrip patch antenna for wireless applications. A rectangular patch antenna with a cross slot is proposed to produce multiple resonant frequencies. Simulation results show the proposed antenna achieves multiband performance in the frequency ranges of 2.54-2.67 GHz, 5.11-5.26 GHz, and 5.8-6 GHz, making it suitable for IEEE 802.11a and IEEE 802.11b wireless standards. Inserting a cross slot in the patch creates a slow-wave effect, shifting the frequency bands lower. Additionally, a rectangular slot in the ground plane improves the antenna's impedance bandwidth.
Similar to Horn Antenna with T-Shaped Dual Ridges (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
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Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio