This PPT mainly deals with basic understanding of the anther & pollen biology with special reference to the anther wall structure and function for UG college students as study content.
This document summarizes the development of the male gametophyte or microsporogenesis in plants. It begins with an introduction describing how microspores develop into a vegetative cell and generative cell. It then discusses how the generative cell undergoes mitosis to form two sperm cells. The document proceeds to describe the formation of the vegetative and generative cells from the microspore, including their sizes, shapes and contents. It concludes by discussing the development of the pollen wall, which has two layers - the outer exine and inner intine.
The stem consists of nodes and internodes. Axillary and apical buds form branches and elongate the shoot tip. The shoot apex contains a dome-shaped apical meristem that produces leaves and axillary buds. It is organized into an outer layer called the tunica and inner region called the corpus. Leaf primordia develop from the sides of the apical meristem.
the top three theories of root apical meristem in plants. The theories are: 1. Apical Cell Theory 2. Histogen Theory 3. Korper-Kappe Theory.The root apical meristem, or root apex, is a small region at the tip of a root in which all cells are capable of repeated division and from which all primary root tissues are derived. The root apical meristem is protected as it passes through the soil by an outer region of living parenchyma cells called the root cap.
Wall layers of anther have different functions most importantly they help in providing nutrition to developing pollens and also help in anther dehiscence.
The document discusses the root-stem transition zone in plants. It begins by explaining that the root has a radial vascular structure while the stem has a conjoint structure, so there must be a region where these structures merge. This region is called the root-stem transition zone. The document then describes four types of root-stem transitions (Fumaria, Cucurbita, Lathyrus, and Anemarrhena) which differ in how the xylem and phloem structures divide and rearrange as they transition from root to stem. Finally, it notes that the transition zone represents a different internal arrangement than the root or stem and reflects different evolutionary stages in the development of the vascular system.
The document discusses the formation and types of embryo sacs in flowering plants. It begins by defining the embryo sac as the female gametophyte found within the ovule. It then describes the two main stages of embryo sac formation: megaspore formation through meiosis, and megagametogenesis where the haploid megaspore develops into the embryo sac through mitosis. There are three main classifications of embryo sacs based on the number of megaspores involved: monosporic, bisporic, and tetrasporic. The most common type is the monosporic Polygonum embryo sac, which has 8 nuclei organized into specific cell types.
This document summarizes the development of the male gametophyte or microsporogenesis in plants. It begins with an introduction describing how microspores develop into a vegetative cell and generative cell. It then discusses how the generative cell undergoes mitosis to form two sperm cells. The document proceeds to describe the formation of the vegetative and generative cells from the microspore, including their sizes, shapes and contents. It concludes by discussing the development of the pollen wall, which has two layers - the outer exine and inner intine.
The stem consists of nodes and internodes. Axillary and apical buds form branches and elongate the shoot tip. The shoot apex contains a dome-shaped apical meristem that produces leaves and axillary buds. It is organized into an outer layer called the tunica and inner region called the corpus. Leaf primordia develop from the sides of the apical meristem.
the top three theories of root apical meristem in plants. The theories are: 1. Apical Cell Theory 2. Histogen Theory 3. Korper-Kappe Theory.The root apical meristem, or root apex, is a small region at the tip of a root in which all cells are capable of repeated division and from which all primary root tissues are derived. The root apical meristem is protected as it passes through the soil by an outer region of living parenchyma cells called the root cap.
Wall layers of anther have different functions most importantly they help in providing nutrition to developing pollens and also help in anther dehiscence.
The document discusses the root-stem transition zone in plants. It begins by explaining that the root has a radial vascular structure while the stem has a conjoint structure, so there must be a region where these structures merge. This region is called the root-stem transition zone. The document then describes four types of root-stem transitions (Fumaria, Cucurbita, Lathyrus, and Anemarrhena) which differ in how the xylem and phloem structures divide and rearrange as they transition from root to stem. Finally, it notes that the transition zone represents a different internal arrangement than the root or stem and reflects different evolutionary stages in the development of the vascular system.
The document discusses the formation and types of embryo sacs in flowering plants. It begins by defining the embryo sac as the female gametophyte found within the ovule. It then describes the two main stages of embryo sac formation: megaspore formation through meiosis, and megagametogenesis where the haploid megaspore develops into the embryo sac through mitosis. There are three main classifications of embryo sacs based on the number of megaspores involved: monosporic, bisporic, and tetrasporic. The most common type is the monosporic Polygonum embryo sac, which has 8 nuclei organized into specific cell types.
This document discusses anomalous secondary growth in plants. It begins by defining anomalous secondary growth as a deviation from normal cambial activity in dicots. There are two types of anomalous growth: adaptive and non-adaptive. Adaptive growth includes woody climbers, while non-adaptive includes plants like Rumex and Chenopodium.
The document then describes two types of anomalous secondary growth: 1) abnormal behavior of the normal cambium and 2) abnormal behavior of an abnormal cambium. In type 1, the cambium forms vascular tissue only in bundle regions or produces more vascular tissue in bundles, seen in plants like Cucurbita and Bignonia. In type 2, accessory cambia form rings of vascular bundles
The document discusses meristematic tissues and apical meristems in plants. It summarizes that the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root apical meristem (RAM) contain stem cells and are responsible for postembryonic growth. The SAM contains four distinct cell groups and is maintained by genes like SHOOT MERISTEMLESS, WUSCHEL, and CLAVATA1/3. The RAM contains a quiescent center and produces root cells. Key genes that regulate SAM and RAM development include MONOPTEROS and HOBBIT.
The document provides details about the structure and features of pine trees (Pinus). Key points include:
- Pine trees are coniferous evergreen trees that are important forest makers. They have a taproot system and produce dimorphic branches and leaves.
- The internal structure of pine needles, roots, and stems show adaptations for photosynthesis, conduction, storage, and protection. Pine needles have epidermis, mesophyll and stele tissues. Roots and stems develop secondary tissues over time.
- Pine trees are gymnosperms that reproduce via pollen cones and seed cones. Their systematic position is in the division Gymnospermae, class Coniferophyta, order Coniferales
Spike moss (Selaginella) is a small perennial herb that reproduces sexually and asexually. It produces cones with microsporophylls and megasporophylls that bear microsporangia and megasporangia containing haploid microspores and megaspores. The microspores and megaspores are released and can grow into new spike moss plants. Selaginella also reproduces vegetatively through adventitious branches, tubers, and bulbils that detach and form new individuals. The plant body has roots, stems, leaves, and rhizophores. The internal structures include epidermis, cortex, and a protostelic stele in
This PPT contains the application of Plant Anatomy in the field of Pharmacognosy & Plant systemics with number of examples to explore the beauty of this subject .
1) Secretory structures in plants include trichomes, glands, nectaries, and internal secretory cells and spaces that release substances like enzymes, hormones, nectar, oils, salts, and water.
2) Laticifers are secretory structures that form a milky latex composed of rubber, oils, resins, and other particles suspended in liquid that is released upon injury.
3) Laticifers originate from single cells or unions of cells and can be articulated, branched, or unbranched tubes that store and transport latex throughout the plant, helping to seal wounds and deter herbivores.
1. Anthoceros is a genus of hornworts that includes about 200 species found worldwide in shady, moist tropical and temperate areas.
2. The plant body is a gametophyte that consists of a small, dark green, lobed thallus containing chloroplasts and rhizoids.
3. Reproduction can occur vegetatively through tubers, gemmae, and persistent apices, or sexually through antheridia that produce sperm and archegonia containing eggs leading to fertilization and formation of a sporophyte.
The "Telome theory" of Walter Zimmermann (1930, 1952) is the most accepted theory that is based on fossil record and synthesizes the major steps in the evolution of vascular plants.
It describes how the primitive type of vascular plants developed from Rhynia like plants.
1. Double fertilization occurs in angiosperms where two male gametes fuse with the embryo sac - one sperm fertilizes the egg cell forming a zygote, and the other fertilizes the central cell forming the endosperm through triple fusion.
2. Triple fusion is the fusion of two polar nuclei in the central cell with one sperm, forming a triploid nucleus called the primary endosperm nucleus. This gives rise to the endosperm, which stores nutrients for the developing seed and embryo.
3. There are three types of endosperm development - nuclear, cellular, and helobial. Nuclear type is most common where the primary endosperm nucleus divides without cell walls initially. Cellular
Anatomy in relation to taxonomy by venkat parker venkatparker
This document discusses the importance of anatomical features in plant taxonomy and systematics. It provides examples of how wood anatomy, trichomes, epidermal features, leaf anatomy, floral anatomy, and plastid types have helped elucidate phylogenetic relationships. Wood anatomy separates Paeonia and Austrobaileya into distinct families. Nodal anatomy and stomatal types also distinguish plant groups. Leaf anatomy helped develop the gonophyll theory and reject fossil plants. Floral anatomy supports separating Menyanthes and Gentianaceae. Plastid types separate Aizoaceae and Molluginaceae.
Fertilization is the fusion of male and female sex cells within an ovule, resulting in the development of an embryo and seed. Pollen germination begins when a pollen grain lands on a stigma and absorbs water and nutrients, causing it to swell and the pollen tube to emerge and elongate through styles and ovary tissues. The pollen tube is guided to the ovule by chemical signals, where the sperm cells fuse with the egg cell, completing fertilization. Factors like temperature, humidity and compatibility between pollen and stigma affect the germination and growth of pollen tubes.
After double fertilization and triple fusion, the zygote secretes a cellulose wall and divides into two cells - an upper embryonal cell and lower suspensor cell. The embryonal cell divides into eight octant cells which then divide further, forming a surface layer of dermatogen cells and an inner embryonal mass. The dermatogens and embryonal mass cells continue dividing and differentiating to form the various parts of the embryo, including the plumule, cotyledons, radicle, and hypocotyledons.
This document discusses the economic importance of bryophytes. It outlines their direct uses, which include using sphagnum moss and peat as fuel, in horticulture, and to make alcohol. Some bryophytes also have medicinal properties. Their indirect uses involve assisting with soil conservation, formation, and development of vegetation. Bryophytes play an important role in bog succession and can indicate pollution levels.
This document discusses the structure and development of the anther wall in flowering plants. It notes that the anther wall consists of four layers - epidermis, endothecium, middle layers, and tapetum. The tapetum is the innermost layer and completely surrounds the sporogenous tissue. It transports nutrients to developing spores and is involved in exine formation, either through amoeboid intrusion into the anther locule or secretion of substances. The document provides details on the structure and function of each anther wall layer.
This PPT contains a birds' eye view of the basic internal organization of the plant body comprising of tissue networks along with tissue systems to perform diverse functions for plants survival even in stress condition.
The document summarizes the structure and development of the anther wall and male gametophyte in angiosperms. It states that the anther wall is made up of epidermis, endothecium, middle layers, and tapetum. The epidermis is the outer layer, endothecium contains fibers that aid in dehiscence, middle layers store food, and the tapetum provides nutrients during development and contributes to pollen wall formation. Microsporocytes undergo meiosis to form microspores within the microsporangia located in each anther lobe.
This document discusses anomalous secondary growth in plants. It begins by defining anomalous secondary growth as a deviation from normal cambial activity in dicots. There are two types of anomalous growth: adaptive and non-adaptive. Adaptive growth includes woody climbers, while non-adaptive includes plants like Rumex and Chenopodium.
The document then describes two types of anomalous secondary growth: 1) abnormal behavior of the normal cambium and 2) abnormal behavior of an abnormal cambium. In type 1, the cambium forms vascular tissue only in bundle regions or produces more vascular tissue in bundles, seen in plants like Cucurbita and Bignonia. In type 2, accessory cambia form rings of vascular bundles
The document discusses meristematic tissues and apical meristems in plants. It summarizes that the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root apical meristem (RAM) contain stem cells and are responsible for postembryonic growth. The SAM contains four distinct cell groups and is maintained by genes like SHOOT MERISTEMLESS, WUSCHEL, and CLAVATA1/3. The RAM contains a quiescent center and produces root cells. Key genes that regulate SAM and RAM development include MONOPTEROS and HOBBIT.
The document provides details about the structure and features of pine trees (Pinus). Key points include:
- Pine trees are coniferous evergreen trees that are important forest makers. They have a taproot system and produce dimorphic branches and leaves.
- The internal structure of pine needles, roots, and stems show adaptations for photosynthesis, conduction, storage, and protection. Pine needles have epidermis, mesophyll and stele tissues. Roots and stems develop secondary tissues over time.
- Pine trees are gymnosperms that reproduce via pollen cones and seed cones. Their systematic position is in the division Gymnospermae, class Coniferophyta, order Coniferales
Spike moss (Selaginella) is a small perennial herb that reproduces sexually and asexually. It produces cones with microsporophylls and megasporophylls that bear microsporangia and megasporangia containing haploid microspores and megaspores. The microspores and megaspores are released and can grow into new spike moss plants. Selaginella also reproduces vegetatively through adventitious branches, tubers, and bulbils that detach and form new individuals. The plant body has roots, stems, leaves, and rhizophores. The internal structures include epidermis, cortex, and a protostelic stele in
This PPT contains the application of Plant Anatomy in the field of Pharmacognosy & Plant systemics with number of examples to explore the beauty of this subject .
1) Secretory structures in plants include trichomes, glands, nectaries, and internal secretory cells and spaces that release substances like enzymes, hormones, nectar, oils, salts, and water.
2) Laticifers are secretory structures that form a milky latex composed of rubber, oils, resins, and other particles suspended in liquid that is released upon injury.
3) Laticifers originate from single cells or unions of cells and can be articulated, branched, or unbranched tubes that store and transport latex throughout the plant, helping to seal wounds and deter herbivores.
1. Anthoceros is a genus of hornworts that includes about 200 species found worldwide in shady, moist tropical and temperate areas.
2. The plant body is a gametophyte that consists of a small, dark green, lobed thallus containing chloroplasts and rhizoids.
3. Reproduction can occur vegetatively through tubers, gemmae, and persistent apices, or sexually through antheridia that produce sperm and archegonia containing eggs leading to fertilization and formation of a sporophyte.
The "Telome theory" of Walter Zimmermann (1930, 1952) is the most accepted theory that is based on fossil record and synthesizes the major steps in the evolution of vascular plants.
It describes how the primitive type of vascular plants developed from Rhynia like plants.
1. Double fertilization occurs in angiosperms where two male gametes fuse with the embryo sac - one sperm fertilizes the egg cell forming a zygote, and the other fertilizes the central cell forming the endosperm through triple fusion.
2. Triple fusion is the fusion of two polar nuclei in the central cell with one sperm, forming a triploid nucleus called the primary endosperm nucleus. This gives rise to the endosperm, which stores nutrients for the developing seed and embryo.
3. There are three types of endosperm development - nuclear, cellular, and helobial. Nuclear type is most common where the primary endosperm nucleus divides without cell walls initially. Cellular
Anatomy in relation to taxonomy by venkat parker venkatparker
This document discusses the importance of anatomical features in plant taxonomy and systematics. It provides examples of how wood anatomy, trichomes, epidermal features, leaf anatomy, floral anatomy, and plastid types have helped elucidate phylogenetic relationships. Wood anatomy separates Paeonia and Austrobaileya into distinct families. Nodal anatomy and stomatal types also distinguish plant groups. Leaf anatomy helped develop the gonophyll theory and reject fossil plants. Floral anatomy supports separating Menyanthes and Gentianaceae. Plastid types separate Aizoaceae and Molluginaceae.
Fertilization is the fusion of male and female sex cells within an ovule, resulting in the development of an embryo and seed. Pollen germination begins when a pollen grain lands on a stigma and absorbs water and nutrients, causing it to swell and the pollen tube to emerge and elongate through styles and ovary tissues. The pollen tube is guided to the ovule by chemical signals, where the sperm cells fuse with the egg cell, completing fertilization. Factors like temperature, humidity and compatibility between pollen and stigma affect the germination and growth of pollen tubes.
After double fertilization and triple fusion, the zygote secretes a cellulose wall and divides into two cells - an upper embryonal cell and lower suspensor cell. The embryonal cell divides into eight octant cells which then divide further, forming a surface layer of dermatogen cells and an inner embryonal mass. The dermatogens and embryonal mass cells continue dividing and differentiating to form the various parts of the embryo, including the plumule, cotyledons, radicle, and hypocotyledons.
This document discusses the economic importance of bryophytes. It outlines their direct uses, which include using sphagnum moss and peat as fuel, in horticulture, and to make alcohol. Some bryophytes also have medicinal properties. Their indirect uses involve assisting with soil conservation, formation, and development of vegetation. Bryophytes play an important role in bog succession and can indicate pollution levels.
This document discusses the structure and development of the anther wall in flowering plants. It notes that the anther wall consists of four layers - epidermis, endothecium, middle layers, and tapetum. The tapetum is the innermost layer and completely surrounds the sporogenous tissue. It transports nutrients to developing spores and is involved in exine formation, either through amoeboid intrusion into the anther locule or secretion of substances. The document provides details on the structure and function of each anther wall layer.
This PPT contains a birds' eye view of the basic internal organization of the plant body comprising of tissue networks along with tissue systems to perform diverse functions for plants survival even in stress condition.
The document summarizes the structure and development of the anther wall and male gametophyte in angiosperms. It states that the anther wall is made up of epidermis, endothecium, middle layers, and tapetum. The epidermis is the outer layer, endothecium contains fibers that aid in dehiscence, middle layers store food, and the tapetum provides nutrients during development and contributes to pollen wall formation. Microsporocytes undergo meiosis to form microspores within the microsporangia located in each anther lobe.
The document summarizes the structure of the stamen and the process of microsporogenesis. It discusses that the stamen contains an anther which is bilobed and contains two pollen sacs in each lobe. The pollen sacs contain pollen grains that mature and are later released. The internal structure of the anther wall contains four layers - epidermis, endothecium, middle layers, and tapetum. Microsporogenesis is the process where sporogenous tissue in the anther develops into microspore mother cells through meiotic division, forming a pollen tetrad of four pollen grains. The arrangement of pollen tetrads can be tetrahedral, isobilateral, decussate
Differences between Tapetum and Integumentary tapetumBhartiSingh103
Tapetum is the innermost layer of anther wall and attains its maximum development at the tetrad stage of microsporogenesis and its completely surrounds the sporogenous tissue.
Integumentary tapetum also known as Endothelium is a part of ovule which derived from innermost layer of integument and nutritive in function and cover the entire embryo sac.
slide1- introduction
slide2-Plant Tissue
Plant tissues are of two types :-
Meristematic tissue
Permanent tissue
slide3-Meristematic Tissue
Meristematic tissues continuously form a number of new cells and helps in growth and are generally made up live cells . Meristematic tissues are the group of cells that have the ability to divide. These tissues in a plant consist of small, densely packed cells that can keep dividing to form new cells. Meristems give rise to permanent tissues and have the following characteristics:
the cells are small,
the cells walls are thin,
cells have large nuclei,
vacuoles are absent or very small
there are no intercellular spaces.
Types of Meristematic Tissue
Apical Meristem:- Apical meristem is present on root apex, stem apex, leaf buds and flower buds. They are responsible for growth in length, i.e. primary growth.
Lateral Meristem: Lateral meristem is present along the side of the stem. They are responsible for growth in girth, i.e. secondary growth.
Intercalary Meristem: Intercalary meristem is present at the base of leaf or internodes. They are present on either side of the node.
slide4-Permanent Tissue [Plant Tissue]
Once the cells of meristematic tissue divide to a certain extent, they become specialized for a particular function. This process is called differentiation. Once differentiation is accomplished, the cells lose their capability to divide and the tissue becomes permanent tissue. Permanent tissues are of two types, simple permanent tissue and complex permanent tissue.
Permanent tissue gives support and are generally made up of dead cells . The cells of permanent tissues do not have the ability to divide. These cells are already differentiated in different tissue types and is now specialized to perform specific functions. They are subdivided into two groups, simple tissues consisting of cells which are more or less similar, e.g. epidermis, parenchyma, chlorenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma and complex tissues consisting of different kinds of cells, e.g. xylem and phloem.
slide5-Parenchyma tissue
The cells of parenchyma have thin cell wall. They are loosely packed; with lot of intercellular spaces between them. Parenchyma makes the largest portion of a plant body. Parenchyma mainly works are packing material in plant parts. The main function of parenchyma is to provide support and to store food.
It is loosely packed and inter cellular spaces are there .
In aquatic plants , air is filled in parenchyma tissue , so they are called Arenchyma .
Parenchyma in which chlorophyll is present is called chlorenchyma .
slide6- Collenchyma tissue
In collenchyma tissue , the cells are generally elongated and are circular , oval or polygonal in cross- section. Cell wall is evenly thickened with cellulose at the corners . It is present on internodes of the plant . It is closely packed and intercellular spaces are generally absent. It is a living cell and vacuo
This document summarizes reproduction in angiosperms. It describes that a typical stamen contains a filament and anther with two lobes containing four microsporangia packed with pollen grains. Each microsporangium is surrounded by four wall layers including a tapetum that nourishes developing pollen grains. Microsporogenesis involves meiosis of microspore mother cells forming haploid microspore tetrads. Each microspore develops into a pollen grain containing an outer exine layer, inner intine layer, and two cells - a larger vegetative cell and smaller generative cell. Pollen grains are important but can also cause allergies in some people.
1. Plant tissues are classified as meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are dividing tissues located at specific regions that allow plant growth.
2. Meristematic tissues are further classified as apical, lateral, and intercalary. Permanent tissues are formed when meristematic cells differentiate and take up permanent roles.
3. Common permanent tissues include parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, epidermal tissues, xylem and phloem. Epidermal tissues form the plant outer layer and regulate gas exchange through stomata. Xylem and phloem transport water and nutrients.
This document discusses plant tissues. There are two main categories of tissues - plant tissues and animal tissues. Plant tissues include meristematic tissue, which is responsible for plant growth, and permanent tissues. Permanent tissues are either simple, with cells of one type, or complex. The three types of simple permanent plant tissues are parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Parenchyma cells are living, thin-walled cells that serve storage, metabolic, and mechanical functions. Collenchyma cells have thickened walls that provide strength and flexibility. Sclerenchyma cells are not discussed further in this summary.
This document provides an overview of plant and animal tissues. It defines tissue and discusses the main types of plant tissues - meristematic and permanent tissues. It describes three types of meristematic tissue and the characteristics of simple and complex permanent tissues. It also defines the four main types of animal tissues - epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues - and provides examples of each. The learning outcomes are to understand the classification, structure and function of different plant and animal tissues. Students are assigned exercises from the textbook and tasks to create fact sheets and mind maps about tissues.
Microsporogenesis involves the formation of pollen grains in the anthers. It begins with the formation of archesporial cells that develop into primary sporogenous cells. These cells undergo mitosis and differentiate into microspore mother cells. The microspore mother cells undergo meiosis to form microspores still connected in tetrads. The tetrads separate into individual microspores which are released from the anther as mature pollen grains. Key tissues involved include the sporogenous tissue, tapetum, and anther wall layers.
Tissues are groups of similar cells that perform the same function and originate from the same source. There are two main types of tissues: plant tissues and animal tissues. Plant tissues include meristematic tissue and permanent tissue.
Meristematic tissue is responsible for plant growth, as the cells continuously divide and later specialize. There are three types of meristematic tissue: apical meristem at shoot and root tips, intercalary meristem between permanent tissues, and lateral meristem under bark.
Permanent tissue develops from meristematic tissue. There are two types - simple tissues with uniform cell type, and complex tissues with multiple cell types. The three simple tissues are parenchyma, collen
The document provides information on the anatomy and tissues of flowering plants. It discusses the basic plant tissues like meristematic tissues, permanent tissues, simple tissues and complex tissues. It describes the primary tissues - parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. It also elaborates on the complex vascular tissues - xylem and phloem. Furthermore, it discusses the three tissue systems - epidermal, ground and vascular tissue systems. Lastly, it compares the anatomical differences between monocot and dicot plants in roots, stems and leaves.
The document summarizes the structure and development of flowers and their reproductive organs. It describes that a flower contains four main parts - sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. Sepals and petals are non-reproductive, while stamens are the male organs that produce pollen and carpels are the female organs containing ovules. It then explains the structure of these reproductive organs in detail and the development of pollen grains into male gametophytes and fertilization of ovules to form seeds.
This document provides an outline and overview of plant tissues. It begins with an introduction to plant meristematic tissues, which are undifferentiated tissues responsible for growth. There are three types of meristematic tissue: promeristem, primary meristem, and secondary meristem. The document then discusses the four main types of permanent plant tissues - parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, and vascular tissues - detailing their characteristics and functions. It concludes with an overview of the three main tissue systems in plants - dermal, ground, and vascular tissues - and their roles in structure, protection, and conduction within plants.
This document provides an overview of plant tissues. It begins by outlining the chapter which covers basic plant cell types, vascular plant tissues, an overview of vascular plants, and plant growth and development. The objective is to identify and describe plant tissue types, including their structure, location, and function. The document then describes the three main types of plant tissues - meristematic tissues, permanent tissues, and complex permanent tissues. It provides details on each tissue type, including characteristics, classification, and functions. In summary, the document provides a detailed overview of the different plant tissue types, their structures and roles in vascular plants.
This document provides information about plant tissues. It begins by defining tissues as groups of closely associated cells that perform related functions. It then discusses the main types of plant tissues: meristematic tissues, which are undifferentiated and allow for plant growth; permanent tissues, including dermal tissue (epidermis and periderm), ground tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma), and vascular tissues (xylem and phloem). Each tissue type is described in terms of its structure, location in plants, and functions. The document presents this information through definitions, descriptions, diagrams and a table.
This document discusses plant tissues. It begins by explaining that multicellular organisms are made of tissues, organs, and organ systems. The key tissues discussed are meristematic tissues, which allow growth, and permanent tissues, which are specialized. Permanent tissues include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, as well as complex vascular tissues like xylem and phloem, which transport water and nutrients. The document provides details on the characteristics, location, and functions of each type of tissue.
This document summarizes the life cycles of the bryophyte Pogonatum, which alternates between a haploid gametophyte phase and a diploid sporophyte phase. The gametophyte is the dominant phase and is a perennial, erect plant with a rhizome and rhizoids that produce leafy shoots. It reproduces sexually through antheridia and archegonia to form a zygote. The zygote develops into a sporophyte phase consisting of a foot, seta, and capsule. Spores are produced in the capsule and dispersed. When spores germinate, they form a protonema that develops buds and eventually leafy shoots, restarting
Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform specific functions. There are four main types of animal tissues - epithelial, muscular, connective, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue forms protective layers like skin and lines body cavities. It consists of closely packed cells with little extracellular space. Plant tissues include meristematic tissue for growth and permanent tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Vascular tissues xylem and phloem transport water and nutrients throughout the plant. Tissues are made of groups of cells that carry out important roles in living organisms.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
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Sex and sexuality are very common words in biology but para-sexuality is a little bit uncommon, several organisms in general and fungi in particular have the pleasure of sexuality to bring variations by beside sex. This PPT explores the beauty of para-sexuality for the academic fraternity.
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This presentation explores the food value of mushrooms along with the long-term and short-term storage procedures. It also offers a detailed account of the nutrients that remain present in the edible mushrooms.
Cyanobacteria and their role in nitrogen fixation and rice cultivation are discussed. Cyanobacteria can live in many environments and colonize barren areas due to their photosynthetic abilities. They exist as unicellular, colonial, or filamentous forms. Some cyanobacteria can fix nitrogen symbiotically through associations with plants like Azolla. The Azolla-Anabaena association is an example of biological nitrogen fixation. Application of Azolla mats in rice fields can provide nitrogen and improve soil fertility and rice growth. Other factors like temperature, soil pH and nutrients also impact nitrogen fixation.
The document discusses the isolation and mass multiplication of Azospirillum bacteria for use as a biofertilizer. It describes the isolation process from plant roots using selective media. Mass multiplication is done by growing the bacteria in large fermenters with controlled temperature and agitation. The cultured bacteria are then mixed with an inert carrier like peat soil or lignite to produce packaged biofertilizer products containing approximately 109 cells/g. The document also outlines the benefits of using Azospirillum and other biofertilizers like Azotobacter for improving soil fertility and sustainability.
More from Nistarini College, Purulia (W.B) India (20)
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
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The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
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Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
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s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
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The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
1. Welcome to
Anther & Pollen Biology: Anther wall-structure &
Function
By N.Sannigrahi, Associate Professor, Department of
Botany, Nistarini College, Purulia, 723101(W.B) India
In flower, the microsporophyll or stamen
considered as male reproductive organ consists
of filament , connective & anther
Anther- monothecous(two locules) or dithecous
(four locules or sporangia)
Development is eusporangiate(Sporangium
developing from a group of cells) having
archsporium and epidermis in t.s
5. Anther wall
• The archesporial cells divide periclinally
giving rise to primary parietal cells on the
outer side and sporogenous cells towards inner
side.
• The cells of the parietal layers divide
periclinally and anticlinally forms
endothecium, middle layers & tapetum,
• The cells of the primary sporogenous tissue
differentiated into pollen mother cells or
microspore mother cells
6. Continuation------
• The anther wall consists of the following walls layers:
• Epidermis-the outermost layers, compact and
protective
• Endothecium-elongated with U shaped fibrous bands
made up of callose, hygroscopic, helps in dehiscence
at maturity, single layered
• Middle layers-2-3 layers, ephemeral and become
crushed by early meiosis in PMC, storage centers of
starch
• Tapetum-Innermost layers of anther walls, surrounds
the sporogenous tissue
7. Types of anther wall
• Based on the behavior of the secondary
parietal layers, Davis(1966) recognized
• Basic type
• Dicotyledonous type
• Monocotylednous type
• Reduced type
11. Reduced type
• Here, Primary parietal layers undergoes periclinal
division forming 2 secondary layers------Outer
layer functions as Endothecium----Inner layers
functions as Tapetum----Middle layers absent
• E.g. Members of Lemnaceae
• The basic difference in between two types is that ,
Basic type contains middle layers and in Reduced
middle layers are absent. These wall layers like
endothecium is protective, middle layers for food
reserves and Tapetum for nutrition.
12. Tapetum
• Tapetum is the innermost layer of anther walls
and completely surrounds the sporopgenous
tissue
• The cell contain dense cytoplasm with
prominent nuclei,
• Tapetum consists of single layers of cells
• It transports the nutrients to the developing
sporocytes .It is pigmented and red brown in
Apple or violet in Anemone.
13. Type of Tapetum
• Depending upon the behavior , tapetum is of 2
type
• 1. Amoeboid tapetum-Primitive type, during
the drying up process of anther,
periplasmodium hydrates and deposits as
tryphine on the wall of pollen grain
• 2. Secretory tapetum-It remains attached to the
middle layers till the development of pollen
grains. It is more common among angiosperm.
14. Tapetum
• It provides nourishment to the developing pollen
grain.
• It helps in the formation of exine.
• Helps to the transport of food material to inside of the
anther.
• Tapetum helps in the formation of pollen grains.
• Pollen kit (Lipid & Carotenoids) is formed by tapetal
layer acts as insect attractant & protect pollen from
UV.
• It involved in the synthesis of callose which releases
microspores in a tetrad by degrading callose wall.
15. Functions of anther cell & tissues type
• Connective-Join anther theca together, connect
anther to filament, structure, support &
morphology
• Circular cell cluster-Dehiscence
• Endothecium-Structure & support, dehiscence
• Epidermis-Structure & support, prevent water
loss, Gas exchange, dehiscence
• Middle layer-Structure & support, Dehiscence
• Stomium-Dehiscence
• Tapetum-Nutrition of pollen development
• Vascular bundle-Nutrient & water supply
16. Gene markers for Tobacco anther cell types(Scott et al
1991)
mRNA Protein encoded Cell specifity
TA13 Glycine rich Tapetum
TA20 Unknown Connective, stomium
TA26 Unknown Tapetum
TA29 Glycine rich Taspetum
TA32 Lipid transfer Tapetum
TA36 Lipid transfer Tapetum
TA39 Unknown Tapetum, microspore
TA55 Unknown Tepetum, connective,
middle layer
TA56 Thiol endopeptidase Connective, circular cell
cluster, Stomium
17. Let us make a strong wall against COVID19 by
Physical distancing. Thank you