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The Process of Cell Division
- 1. The Process ofCell Division
- 2. Learning Objectives Describe the role of chromosomes in cell division. Name the main events of the cell cycle. Describe what happens during the four stages of mitosis. Describe the process of cytokinesis.
- 3. Chromosomes In prokaryoticcells, DNA is packaged into a single, circular chromosome.
- 4. Chromosomes In eukaryoticcells, DNA is packaged into multiple chromosomes. duplicated chromosome sister centromere chromatids supercoils coils nucleosome histone proteins DNA double helix
- 5. Prokaryotic Cell Cycle Prokaryotes undergo binary fission.
- 6. Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Eukaryotic cells have a more complex cell cycle than prokaryotic cells.
- 7. Which Cell Cycle? bacteria plants
- 8. M Phase Celldivision occurs during M phase.
- 9. Prophase The nucleuscondenses and chromosomes become visible. The spindle begins to form.
- 10. Metaphase Chromosomes lineup at the center of the cell. centrioles centromere chromosome chromatid
- 11. Anaphase Chromosomes movetoward opposite poles. individual chromosomes
- 12. Telophase The cellbegins to divide into daughter cells. nuclear envelopes re-forming
- 13. Cytokinesis pinches inthe center to form Cytoplasm two daughter cells.
- 14. Mitosis Overview Listand describe the stages of mitosis. Interphase 1 2 3 4 Cytokinesis Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
Editor's Notes
- #2 Read the lesson title aloud to students.
- #3 Click to reveal each of the learning objectives. Tell students: The cell cycle is how cells reproduce. Have students think of as many words as they can that are associated with copying, such as duplicate, copy, reproduce, replica, replicate, pair. Write the words on the board and discuss which words are verbs and which are nouns. As students work through the lesson, encourage them to use the words from the list whenever possible. Lead a brief discussion of circumstances in which human cells need to divide. Make sure that students understand that at the end of the presentation, they should be able to describe the cell cycle and its importance to the growth of organisms.
- #4 Explain to students that all cells store genetic information in chromosomes and that most prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome. This chromosome is found in the cytoplasm.
- #5 Use the figure to start a discussion on the structure of eukaryotic chromosomes. Discuss the levels of organization within the chromosome structure. Click to reveal each level of organization: DNA double helix; histone proteins and nucleosome; coils and supercoils; and centromere, sister chromatids, and duplicated chromosome. Ask: What are nucleosomes composed of? Answer: DNA wrapped around histone molecules Ask: Tightly packed nucleosomes form what structure? Answer: coils
- #6 Talk about the importance of each step shown in the diagram. Tell students that most prokaryotic cells begin to duplicate their DNA once they have grown to a certain size. Ask: Why does the cell duplicate its DNA? Answer: The cell duplicates its DNA so that each daughter cell will have a complete copy of the original cell’s DNA. Tell students that once the DNA duplicates, the two molecules attach to different regions of the cell membrane and the cell begins to pinch inward. Ask: What would happen if the cell membrane did not indent and pinch off? Answer: The cell would not form two new cells. The original cell would maintain two complete copies of its DNA. Point out that this is a simple cell cycle even though the diagram is not drawn as a cycle. Ask one or two volunteers to come to the board and redraw this diagram in the format of a cycle. Ask: Is binary fission an example of sexual or asexual reproduction? Answer: asexual Ask a volunteer to explain. Answer: The two daughter cells are genetically identical to the single parent cell.
- #7 Focus on each phase of the cell cycle individually. Click to highlight each phase. Tell students that cells spend most of their life in interphase, which is divided into three phases: G1, S, and G2. Cells do most of their growing during G1 phase. It begins when mitosis is complete and ends when DNA replication begins. In S phase, DNA is synthesized as chromosomes are replicated. In G2 phase, many of the molecules and cell structures required for cell division are produced; usually this is the shortest phase of the cell cycle. Misconception alert: Students may think that cells get smaller with each successive cell division. Point out that the cells grow during interphase and that cell division helps a cell avoid the problems of growing too large.
- #8 Ask students: Which cell cycle do the cells of a plant undergo? Which does a bacterium undergo? Ask volunteers to answer each question verbally or by writing the correct answer on the board. Once the volunteers have shared their answers, click to reveal the correct answers.
- #9 Tell students that M phase is usually much shorter than interphase. Explain that M phase results in two daughter cells. Tell students that the first step of M phase is mitosis. Explain that the cell’s nucleus divides during mitosis. Mitosis can be divided into four stages that lead up to cytokinesis. The cytoplasm divides and two cells are formed during cytokinesis. Ask students to describe the importance of the cell cycle to the growth of organisms. Answer: Multicellular organisms grow by adding more cells rather than by allowing individual cells to grow infinitely larger. Cell division helps the cell avoid problems associated with cells that are too large.
- #10 Distribute the lesson worksheet to the class. Tell students to use the worksheet to take notes describing each stage of mitosis. Suggest that students structure their tables so that they have two columns and four rows. They should list one stage of mitosis in each row in the left-hand column and use the right-hand column to take notes summarizing what happens at each stage. Students may also benefit from drawing a diagram of each stage in addition to taking notes. Ask: When were the chromosomes duplicated? Answer: during the S phase of interphase Point out and discuss the importance of each structure labeled in the diagram. Ask volunteers to point out the sister chromatids. Tell students that the nuclear envelope breaks down at the very end of prophase.
- #11 Tell students that during metaphase, the centromeres of each of the duplicated chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. Spindle fibers connect the chromosomes to the two poles of the spindle. Ask: How do the two strands of each chromosome compare with regard to the genetic information they carry? Answer: They contain identical genetic information. Ask: How many chromosomes does this cell have? Answer: four Ask: How many chromatids? Answer: eight Ask: How many chromosomes will the daughter cells contain? Answer: four Ask volunteers to identify each of the following structures: centriole, centromere, chromosome, and chromatid. Click once to reveal all of the labels.
- #12 During anaphase, the separated sister chromatids (now called chromosomes) move along the spindle fibers to opposite ends of the cell. Ask a volunteer to point to an individual chromosome. Click to reveal the answer. Ask: How many chromosomes does this cell have at the end of anaphase? Answer: eight Ask: How many chromosomes did this cell have during interphase? Answer: four Ask: How are the sister chromatids related? Answer: They are genetically identical. Ask: How many chromosomes will the daughter cells have? Answer: four Challenge students to think about the importance of this step in mitosis. Ask: What would happen if one of the duplicated chromosomes did not separate correctly during anaphase? Answer: The daughter cells would not have the correct genetic information.
- #13 Ask students to describe what is happening during telophase. Answer: Nuclear envelopes reform, the spindle begins to break apart, and the cell membrane begins to pinch together along the middle of the cell. Ask a volunteer to come to the board and point out where he or she sees nuclear envelopes re-forming. Click to reveal the answer. Point out to students that the cell does not divide during telophase but that mitosis is complete. Ask: What step completes cell division? Answer: cytokinesis
- #14 Tell students that cytokinesis is the final step in cell division. Point out that this step takes place AFTER mitosis is complete. Read the statement on the slide aloud. Ask: What part of the cell pinches to form two daughter cells? Click to reveal the answer. Ask students to describe how cytokinesis differs in plant and animal cells. Answer: In animal cells, the cell membrane is drawn inward until the cytoplasm is divided into two nearly equal parts. In plant cells, a cell plate forms near the center of the cell. This plate gradually develops into cell membranes, and then a cell wall forms between the two daughter cells. Ask: How do the chromosomes of the two daughter cells compare? Answer: The chromosomes are genetically identical. Ask: Is mitosis a form of sexual or asexual reproduction? Answer: asexual
- #15 Point out that although interphase and cytokinesis are shown in the diagram, they are not stages of mitosis. Ask: What must happen during interphase for a cell to be able to divide? Answer: The cell must grow and replicate its DNA. Ask students to identify each stage of mitosis and describe what happens at each stage, beginning with stage 1. Click to reveal the name of each stage. Answers: 1. Prophase: Chromatin condenses into chromosomes. The centrioles separate, the spindle begins to form, and the nuclear envelope breaks down. 2. Metaphase: The chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. 3. Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move along the spindle fibers toward opposite ends of the cell. 4. Telophase: The chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell and lose their distinct shapes. Two new nuclear envelopes form. Once students have identified and described the stages of mitosis, ask a volunteer to describe what happens during cytokinesis.
- #16 Remind students that they should have been using their worksheets to take notes on the major events of each stage of mitosis. Divide students into small groups and instruct them to compare their tables and add any important information that they were missing. After a few minutes, create a master table on the chalkboard or chart paper, using volunteers’ answers to complete the table. Use this opportunity to identify and discuss any points of confusion or misconceptions that students have. Worksheet Answers: Student tables should summarize the events of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Accept all logically formatted and organized tables. Students will most likely create a table with two columns and four rows, listing the four stages of mitosis in the left-hand column and describing the main events of each stage in the right-hand column.