Protists use various methods of locomotion including amoeboid movement, cilia, flagella, and some are nonmotile. They reproduce through mitosis, conjugation which involves the exchange of micronuclei between two cells, or alternation of generations with both asexual reproduction via mitosis and sexual reproduction through meiosis and fertilization.
Reproduction means producing offspring that may or may not be exact copies of their parents. It is a part of a life cycle, which is a series of events wherein individuals grow, develop, and reproduce according to a program of instructions encoded in DNA, which they inherit from their parents. When cells divide, each daughter cell receives a complete copy of DNA and enough cytoplasmic machinery to start up its own operation. DNA contains the blueprints for making different proteins.
Reproduction means producing offspring that may or may not be exact copies of their parents. It is a part of a life cycle, which is a series of events wherein individuals grow, develop, and reproduce according to a program of instructions encoded in DNA, which they inherit from their parents. When cells divide, each daughter cell receives a complete copy of DNA and enough cytoplasmic machinery to start up its own operation. DNA contains the blueprints for making different proteins.
Reproduction means producing offspring that may or may not be exact copies of their parents. It is a part of a life cycle, which is a series of events wherein individuals grow, develop, and reproduce according to a program of instructions encoded in DNA, which they inherit from their parents. When cells divide, each daughter cell receives a complete copy of DNA and enough cytoplasmic machinery to start up its own operation. DNA contains the blueprints for making different proteins.
Reproduction means producing offspring that may or may not be exact copies of their parents. It is a part of a life cycle, which is a series of events wherein individuals grow, develop, and reproduce according to a program of instructions encoded in DNA, which they inherit from their parents. When cells divide, each daughter cell receives a complete copy of DNA and enough cytoplasmic machinery to start up its own operation. DNA contains the blueprints for making different proteins.
Mitosis pp presentation for gr 10 life sciencesAiden
This is a simple yet detailed presentation on the process of how a cell divides called Mitosis.
It elaborates on why a cell undergoes Mitosis: Growth, Repair, and Reproduction.
An easy way to remember Mitosis is by the acronym IPMAT
This presentation explains the topic of CELL CYCLE and CELL DIVISION.
It includes cell mitosis of both Plant cell and Animal cell with labelled diagrams.
Infer the significance of cell division.
Differentiate a DNA molecule, a chromosome, and a chromatid.
Characterize the phases of the cell cycle and their control points.
Describe the major events associated with stages of mitosis.
Explain the process of cytokinesis.
Learning Objectives
Describe the role of apoptosis in the life cycle of a cell.
Relate cancer as a result of the malfunction of the cell during the cell cycle.
Mitosis pp presentation for gr 10 life sciencesAiden
This is a simple yet detailed presentation on the process of how a cell divides called Mitosis.
It elaborates on why a cell undergoes Mitosis: Growth, Repair, and Reproduction.
An easy way to remember Mitosis is by the acronym IPMAT
This presentation explains the topic of CELL CYCLE and CELL DIVISION.
It includes cell mitosis of both Plant cell and Animal cell with labelled diagrams.
Infer the significance of cell division.
Differentiate a DNA molecule, a chromosome, and a chromatid.
Characterize the phases of the cell cycle and their control points.
Describe the major events associated with stages of mitosis.
Explain the process of cytokinesis.
Learning Objectives
Describe the role of apoptosis in the life cycle of a cell.
Relate cancer as a result of the malfunction of the cell during the cell cycle.
Unit 4: Biofilms & Motility
LECTURE LEARNING GOALS
• Describethethreetypesofbacterialbiofilm, and how each develop.
• Contrastthedifferentwaysthatmicrobes move using flagella. Explain the ways that bacterial and archaeal flagella are different. Describe non-flagellar movement.
• Giveexamplesofhowmicrobesmovefrom the phyla spirochetes and bacteroidetes.
Neural crest cells 1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
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study of embryo and steps in Insect Embryogenesis, Types of metamorphism are also elaborated in these slides.
Slides give information about embryology in different insects also.
در روزهای اولیه میکروسکوپ الکترونی، زیست شناسان تصور میکردند که اندامک سلول یوکاریوتی آزادانه در سیتوزول شناور است. اما پیشرفت های انجام شده در تکنولوژی ساخت میکروسکوپهای نوری و الکترونی نشان داده است که شبکهای از فیبرها در سراسر سیتوپلاسم گسترش یافته است و آنها آن را اسکلت سلولی نامیده اند.
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In the early days of electron microscopy, biologists thought that the organelles of a eukaryotic cell floated freely in the cytosol. But improvements in both light microscopy and electron microscopy have revealed that a network of fibers is extended throughout the cytoplasm and they named it the cytoskeleton.
Motor molecules also carry vesicles or organelles to various destinations along “monorails’ provided by the cytoskeleton.
Interactions of motor proteins and the cytoskeleton circulates materials within a cell via streaming.
Recently, evidence is accumulating that the cytoskeleton may transmit mechanical signals that re-arrange the nucleoli and other structures.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
5. Protist Motion: Flagella
Motion by some flagella is like the back-and-forth movement of a
single long oar at the back of a boat, propelling it forward.
Flagellum
9. Protist Reproduction: Conjugation, cont.
Cells exchange
one micronucleus.
Micronuclei fuse;
macronucleus
disintegrates.
New macronucleus
forms from
micronucleus.
Diploid
12. Alternation of Generations: Sexual Stage
Male reproductive
structure
Female reproductive
structure
Zygotes
Fertilization
Meiosis
Egg cell
Male nuclei
2N
13. Overview: Locomotion and Reproduction
Locomotion
1.
2.
3.
4.
Reproduction
Many protists undergo
to produce genetically identical
offspring.
In alternation of generations, an
organism goes through a
and an stage.
mitosis
asexual
sexual
Amoeboid movement
Passive movement
Use of cilia
Use of flagella
Editor's Notes
Read title aloud to students.
Click to reveal each learning objective in turn.
Read each objective aloud or ask a volunteer to do so.
Ask students to recall the ways prokaryotes move and reproduce.
Answer: They move in different ways, such as using flagella and gliding. Some do not move. They reproduce in different ways, such as simple cell division, conjugation, and spore formation.
Tell students that protists move and reproduce in many of the same ways as prokaryotes and, like prokaryotes, protists are diverse in how they carry out these functions.
Tell students that the name for this kind of motion comes from the protists known as amoebas, shown here. An amoeba moves by first extending a pseudopod away from its body. The organism’s cytoplasm then streams into the pseudopod.
Explain that amoebas also use pseudopods to surround and ingest prey. In this set of photos, the prey is a cluster of green algal cells.
Ask for a volunteer to go to the screen to point to a pseudopod.
Click to reveal the label and leader lines.
Point out that amoeboid motion is powered by a protein in the cytoskeleton called actin. Actin is also found in the muscle cells of animals, where it plays an important role in muscle contraction.
Explain that cilia (singular: cilium) are short and numerous, and they move somewhat like oars on a boat. Point out that cilia are evenly spaced and beat in a regular, efficient pattern.
Tell students that protists that move by way of cilia are called “ciliates.”
Explain that flagella (singular: flagellum) are relatively long and usually number only one or two per cell. Some flagella spin like tiny propellers, but most produce a wavelike motion from base to tip, whipping back and forth in a pattern that propels the organism through water.
Tell students that protists that move using flagella are called “flagellates.”
Point out that both cilia and flagella are supported by microtubules and have similar internal structures. The microtubules use energy from ATP to slide against one another. Each stroke of a cilium or flagellum involves thousands of chemical reactions.
Ask students to make an inference about the kinds of environments that ciliates and flagellates live in.
Ask: Based on their structure and type of locomotion, in what kind of environments would you expect to find ciliates and flagellates?
Answer: aquatic environments
Be sure students understand that, for tiny organisms such as these, an aquatic environment could be large like a pond or even as small as a few drops of water or moist soil or in the fluids of another organism’s body!
Explain that some of the most important protists are nonmotile, that is, they cannot move under their own power. But being nonmotile does not mean they stay in one place. One example of a nonmotile protist is Plasmodium (left), which is carried by mosquitoes and causes malaria. Another example is Cryptosporidium (right), which is spread through contaminated water and causes intestinal disease. Protists such as these form reproductive structures called spores that can enter the cells of other organisms and live as parasites.
Distribute the lesson worksheet and instruct students to make a three-circle Venn diagram to compare forms of reproduction and nonreproductive sexual processes in protists: Cell Division, Conjugation, Alternation of Generations.
Explain that amoebas reproduce by mitosis; that is, they duplicate their genetic material and then simply divide into two genetically identical cells. Most other protists have phases in their life cycle in which they also produce new individuals by mitosis.
Ask students to consider what advantages and disadvantages of this form of reproduction are. Guide them to conclude that mitosis enables protists to reproduce rapidly, especially under ideal conditions, but that it produces cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell, and thus limits the development of genetic diversity.
Explain that paramecia and most ciliates also reproduce asexually by mitotic cell division. However, under stress, such as during a change in environmental conditions, paramecia can remake themselves through conjugation—a process in which two organisms exchange genetic material.
Ask: Why would an exchange of genetic information be beneficial under stressful conditions?
Sample Answer: Exchanging genetic material increases genetic diversity, which could allow for new combinations of traits potentially favorable to new environmental conditions.
Explain that paramecium has two types of nuclei: a macronucleus and one or more smaller micronuclei. The micronucleus is a bit like a reference library where books don’t circulate—it holds a “reserve copy” of every gene in the cell. The macronucleus is more like a lending library—it has multiple copies of the genes the cell uses in its day-to-day activities.
Have a volunteer go to the board to write on the labels for macronucleus and micronucleus on the far left portion of the diagram.
Click to reveal the correct answers.
First, two paramecia attach to each other, as shown at far left.
The diploid micronuclei of each paramecium undergo meiosis.
Click to reveal the label for meiosis.
Ask: Are the four micronuclei in each cell haploid or diploid?
Answer: haploid
3. In each cell, three of the haploid micronuclei disintegrate.
Click to reveal the label for disintegration.
4. The remaining micronucleus in each cell undergoes mitosis.
Click to reveal the label for mitosis.
Ask: Is the remaining micronucleus haploid or diploid? Will its daughter cells following mitosis be haploid or diploid?
Answer: haploid; haploid
Click to reveal callout for cells exchanging micronucleus.
5. The two cells exchange one haploid micronucleus from each pair.
Click to reveal callout for micronuclei fusing and macronucleus disintegrating.
6. In each cell, the micronuclei fuse to form a single diploid micronucleus, and the macronuclei disintegrate.
Click to reveal callout for new macronucleus forming from micronucleus.
7. Each cell forms a new macronucleus from its micronucleus.
Ask: Is the final macronucleus haploid or diploid? How do you know?
Answer: Diploid; the macronucleus formed from a micronucleus formed through joining of two haploid nuclei.
Click to reveal the diploid label at far right.
Ask: How is conjugation similar to mitosis?
Answer: A cell that has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell results—in this case a diploid cell.
Ask: How is conjugation similar to meiosis and fertilization?
Answer: The end result is a diploid cell with recombined genes.
Ask: What is the advantage of conjugation for a paramecium species?
Answer: Conjugation provides new combinations of genes.
Be sure to emphasize that conjugation is NOT a type of reproduction because no new individuals are formed. It is, however, a sexual process, using meiosis to produce new combinations of genetic information. In a large population, conjugation helps produce and maintain genetic diversity, the raw material for evolution.
Explain that many protists have complex sexual life cycles in which they alternate between a diploid and a haploid phase, a process known as alternation of generations. An example is the life cycle of a type of protist known as a water mold. Water molds, or oomycetes, thrive on dead and decaying organic matter in water or as parasites of plants on land.
Ask for a volunteer to go the board to label the portions of the cycles in the diagram where you would expect to find haploid calls and where you would expect to find diploid cells.
Click to reveal the key at bottom left which identifies haploid and diploid color-coding.
Tell students that in the next two slides they will look more closely at each cycle.
Explain that water molds grow into long branching filaments consisting of many cells formed by mitotic cell division. Water molds—and many other protists—reproduce asexually by producing spores in a structure called a sporangium.
Click to reveal the sporangium and the label.
Point out that in water molds the spores are flagellated.
Click to reveal the label, leader line, and circle for spores.
Explain that spores are disbursed through moisture, and when conditions are favorable, spores undergo mitosis.
Click to reveal mitosis label.
Ask for a volunteer to label in the blank space whether the structure that develops from the spore is 1N or 2N.
Click to reveal the correct answer.
Ask: How does the organism developing from the spore grow?
Answer: through mitosis
Explain using the diagram that water molds also reproduce sexually by undergoing meiosis and forming male and female structures. These structures produce haploid nuclei that fuse during fertilization, forming a zygote that begins a new life cycle.
Ask: Are the egg cells and male reproductive cells 1N or 2N?
Answer: 1N
Ask for a volunteer to label in the blank space whether each zygote that forms is 1N or 2N.
Click to reveal the correct answer.
Ask: How does the organism developing from the zygote grow?
Answer: through mitosis
Ask: Which form of reproduction results in a greater variety of offspring?
Answer: sexual reproduction
Ask for volunteers to go to the board and list four methods of protist locomotion.
(Answers: amoeboid movement, passive movement, use of cilia, use of flagella)
Click to reveal answers.
Ask for other volunteers to answer verbally with the terms that correctly complete the sentences about protist reproduction.
(Answers: mitosis; sexual, asexual)
Click to reveal answers
Ask: What do paramecia exchange during conjugation?
Answer: haploid nuclei
Ask: Why is conjugation not considered a form of reproduction, even though genetic material is exchanged?
Answer: No new individuals are formed.
Allow students a few minutes following the presentation to complete their Venn diagrams. Then draw a three-ring Venn diagram on the board and ask for student volunteers to fill in the different segments.
Worksheet Answers:
Alternation of Generations (AG) and Cell Division (CD): new individuals form
Conjugation (C): no new individuals form
AG and C: exchanges of genetic material
CD: offspring cells are genetically identical to parent
AG and C: increase genetic variety
AG and C: involve both meiosis and mitosis
CD: mitosis only
AG: multicellular (at least at some stage) protists
CD and C: unicellular protists
