IOSR journal of VLSI and Signal Processing (IOSRJVSP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of VLSI Design & Signal Processing. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced VLSI Design & Signal Processing concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.Design and realization of microelectronic systems using VLSI/ULSI technologies require close collaboration among scientists and engineers in the fields of systems architecture, logic and circuit design, chips and wafer fabrication, packaging, testing and systems applications. Generation of specifications, design and verification must be performed at all abstraction levels, including the system, register-transfer, logic, circuit, transistor and process levels.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Stack Contention-alleviated Precharge Keeper for Pseudo Domino LogicjournalBEEI
The dynamic circuits are supposed to offer superior speed and low power dissipation over static CMOS circuits. The domino logic circuits are used for high system performance but suffer from the precharge pulse degradation. This article provides different design topologies on the domino circuits to overcome the charge sharing and charge leakage with reference to the power dissipation and delay. The precharge keeper circuit has been proposed such that the keeper transistors also work as the precharge transistors to realize multiple output function. The performance improvement of the circuit’s analysis have been done for adders and logic gates using HSPICE tool. The proposed keeper techniques reveal lower power dissipation and lesser delay over the standard keeper circuit with less transistor count for different process variation.
The Analysis of Dead Time on Switching Loss in High and Low Side MOSFETs of Z...IDES Editor
This work is about the analysis of dead time variation
on switching losses in a Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS)
synchronous buck converter (SBC) circuit. In high frequency
converter circuits, switching losses are commonly linked with
high and low side switches of SBC circuit. They are activated
externally by the gate driver circuit. The duty ratio, dead time
and resonant inductor are the parameters that affect the
efficiency of the circuit. These variables can be adjusted for
the optimization purposes. The study primarily focuses on
varying the settings of input pulses of the MOSFETs in the
resonant gate driver circuit which consequently affects the
performance of the ZVS synchronous buck converter circuit.
Using the predetermined inductor of 9 nH, the frequency is
maintained at 1 MHz for each cycle transition. The switching
loss graph is obtained and switching losses for both S1 and S2
are calculated and compared to the findings from previous
work. It has shown a decrease in losses by 13.8 % in S1. A dead
time of 15 ns has been determined to be optimized value in
the SBC design.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Power Dissipation of VLSI Circuits and Modern Techniques of Designing Low Pow...IJSRD
This paper focus on the various sources of power dissipation in modern VLSI circuits. This paper also discuss the importance of designing low power VLSI circuits along with various techniques of power reduction and its advantages and disadvantages. It is basically a comparative study between various power reduction techniques in modern VLSI circuits.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Stack Contention-alleviated Precharge Keeper for Pseudo Domino LogicjournalBEEI
The dynamic circuits are supposed to offer superior speed and low power dissipation over static CMOS circuits. The domino logic circuits are used for high system performance but suffer from the precharge pulse degradation. This article provides different design topologies on the domino circuits to overcome the charge sharing and charge leakage with reference to the power dissipation and delay. The precharge keeper circuit has been proposed such that the keeper transistors also work as the precharge transistors to realize multiple output function. The performance improvement of the circuit’s analysis have been done for adders and logic gates using HSPICE tool. The proposed keeper techniques reveal lower power dissipation and lesser delay over the standard keeper circuit with less transistor count for different process variation.
The Analysis of Dead Time on Switching Loss in High and Low Side MOSFETs of Z...IDES Editor
This work is about the analysis of dead time variation
on switching losses in a Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS)
synchronous buck converter (SBC) circuit. In high frequency
converter circuits, switching losses are commonly linked with
high and low side switches of SBC circuit. They are activated
externally by the gate driver circuit. The duty ratio, dead time
and resonant inductor are the parameters that affect the
efficiency of the circuit. These variables can be adjusted for
the optimization purposes. The study primarily focuses on
varying the settings of input pulses of the MOSFETs in the
resonant gate driver circuit which consequently affects the
performance of the ZVS synchronous buck converter circuit.
Using the predetermined inductor of 9 nH, the frequency is
maintained at 1 MHz for each cycle transition. The switching
loss graph is obtained and switching losses for both S1 and S2
are calculated and compared to the findings from previous
work. It has shown a decrease in losses by 13.8 % in S1. A dead
time of 15 ns has been determined to be optimized value in
the SBC design.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Power Dissipation of VLSI Circuits and Modern Techniques of Designing Low Pow...IJSRD
This paper focus on the various sources of power dissipation in modern VLSI circuits. This paper also discuss the importance of designing low power VLSI circuits along with various techniques of power reduction and its advantages and disadvantages. It is basically a comparative study between various power reduction techniques in modern VLSI circuits.
With Increase in Portable devices, VLSI chips has to consider about Power usages in VLSI silicon chips. So Power Aware design and verification is so important in Industry. To get basic knowledge on Low Power Design and Verification with UPF basics Go through this Slides.
Sources of Power Dissipation
Dynamic Power Dissipation
Static Power Dissipation
Power Reduction Techniques
Algorithmic Power Minimization
Architectural Power Minimization
Logic and Circuit Level Power Minimization
Control Logic Power Minimization
System Level Power Management.
Improved Power Gating Technique for Leakage Power Reductioninventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
LEAKAGE POWER REDUCTION AND ANALYSIS OF CMOS SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITSVLSICS Design
A significant portion of the total power consumption in high performance digital circuits in deep submicron regime is mainly due to leakage power. Leakage is the only source of power consumption in an idle circuit. Therefore it is important to reduce leakage power in portable systems. In this paper two techniques such as transistor stacking and self-adjustable voltage level circuit for reducing leakage power in sequential circuits are proposed. This work analyses the power and delay of three different types of D flip-flops using pass transistors, transmission gates and gate diffusion input gates. . All the circuits are simulated with and without the application of leakage reduction techniques. Simulation results show that the proposed pass transistor based D flip-flop using self-adjustable voltage level circuit has the least leakage power dissipation of 9.13nW with a delay of 77 nS. The circuits are simulated with MOSFET models of level 54 using HSPICE in 90 nm process technology.
Power gating is the main power reduction techniques for the static power. As long as technology scaling is taking place, static power becomes paramount important factor to the VLSI designs.Therefore Power gating is the recent power reduction technique that is actively in research areas.
Energy efficient and high speed domino logic circuitsIJERA Editor
Domino CMOS circuit family finds a wide variety of application in microprocessors due to low device count and high speed.In this paper, various conventional and proposed designs for low leakage and high speed wide fan-in domino circuits are reviewed. The techniques used in the paper reduces the total power dissipation and delay by 25% and 58% respectively as compared to the conventional footed domino logic circuit. Simulations are performed on tanner tool at 65nm technology for 16 input OR gate.
With Increase in Portable devices, VLSI chips has to consider about Power usages in VLSI silicon chips. So Power Aware design and verification is so important in Industry. To get basic knowledge on Low Power Design and Verification with UPF basics Go through this Slides.
Sources of Power Dissipation
Dynamic Power Dissipation
Static Power Dissipation
Power Reduction Techniques
Algorithmic Power Minimization
Architectural Power Minimization
Logic and Circuit Level Power Minimization
Control Logic Power Minimization
System Level Power Management.
Improved Power Gating Technique for Leakage Power Reductioninventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
LEAKAGE POWER REDUCTION AND ANALYSIS OF CMOS SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITSVLSICS Design
A significant portion of the total power consumption in high performance digital circuits in deep submicron regime is mainly due to leakage power. Leakage is the only source of power consumption in an idle circuit. Therefore it is important to reduce leakage power in portable systems. In this paper two techniques such as transistor stacking and self-adjustable voltage level circuit for reducing leakage power in sequential circuits are proposed. This work analyses the power and delay of three different types of D flip-flops using pass transistors, transmission gates and gate diffusion input gates. . All the circuits are simulated with and without the application of leakage reduction techniques. Simulation results show that the proposed pass transistor based D flip-flop using self-adjustable voltage level circuit has the least leakage power dissipation of 9.13nW with a delay of 77 nS. The circuits are simulated with MOSFET models of level 54 using HSPICE in 90 nm process technology.
Power gating is the main power reduction techniques for the static power. As long as technology scaling is taking place, static power becomes paramount important factor to the VLSI designs.Therefore Power gating is the recent power reduction technique that is actively in research areas.
Energy efficient and high speed domino logic circuitsIJERA Editor
Domino CMOS circuit family finds a wide variety of application in microprocessors due to low device count and high speed.In this paper, various conventional and proposed designs for low leakage and high speed wide fan-in domino circuits are reviewed. The techniques used in the paper reduces the total power dissipation and delay by 25% and 58% respectively as compared to the conventional footed domino logic circuit. Simulations are performed on tanner tool at 65nm technology for 16 input OR gate.
4 Channel Relay Board 5V-Bluetooth Compatible for ArduinoRaghav Shetty
Bluetooth technology is a short distance communication technology used by almost all phones
including smart phones and all laptops. This technology find very wide uses including that of Home &
Industrial automation.
The Relay shield is capable of controlling 4 relays. The max switching power could be
12A/250VAC or 15A/24VDC. It could be directly controlled by Arduino through digital IOs.
This is a fiber optic cable testing device that injects a series of optical pulses into the fiber under test and extracts, from the same end of the fiber, light that is scattered The strength of the return pulses is measured and integrated as a function of time, and plotted as a function of fiber length. which is called TRACE
A Survey Analysis on CMOS Integrated Circuits with Clock-Gated Logic StructureIJERA Editor
Various circuit design techniques has been presented to improve noise tolerance of the proposed CGS logic families. Noise in deep submicron technology limits the reliability and performance of ICs. The ANTE (Average Noise Threshold Energy) metric is used for the analysis of noise tolerance of proposed CGS. A 2-input NAND and NOR gate is designed by the proposed technique. Simulation results for a 2-input NAND gate at clock gated logic show that the proposed noise tolerant circuit achieves 1.79X ANTE improvement along with the reduction in leakage power. Continuous scaling of technology towards the manometer range significantly increases leakage current level and the effect of noise. This research can be further extended for performance optimization in terms of power, speed, area and noise immunity.
In this paper a review of the dynamic logic circuit design has been done as these circuits are used due to their high performance, high speed and less number of transistors in the circuit. The number of required transistors is lesser than the CMOS logic style. The OR dynamic logic style is not applicable as it has low noise tolerance at the dynamic stage which can change the output. Domino logic uses one static CMOS inverter at the output of dynamic node which is more noise immune and has less capacitance at the output node.
High Speed Low Power CMOS Domino or Gate Design in 16nm Technologycsandit
Dynamic logic circuits provide more compact designs with faster switching speeds and low power consumption compared with the other CMOS design styles. This paper proposes a wide
fan-in circuit with increased switching speed and noise immunity. Speed is achieved by quickly removing the charge on the dynamic node during evaluation phase, compared to the other
circuits. The design also offers very less Power Delay Product (PDP). The design is exercised for 20% variation in supply voltage.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
In this paper we propose two buffer circuits for footed domino logic circuit. It minimizes redundant switching at the output node. These circuits prevent propagation of precharge pulse to the output node during precharge phase which saves power consumption. Simulation is done using 0.18µm CMOS technology. We have calculated the power consumption, delay and power delay product of proposed circuits and compared the results with existing standard domino circuit for different logic function, loading condition, clock frequency, temperature and power supply. Our proposed circuits reduce power consumption and power delay product as compared to standard domino circuit.
A low quiescent current low dropout voltage regulator with self-compensationjournalBEEI
This paper proposed a low quiescent current low-dropout voltage regulator (LDO) with self-compensation loop stability. This LDO is designed for Silicon-on-Chip (SoC) application without off-chip compensation capacitor. Worst case loop stability phenomenon happen when LDO output load current (Iload) is zero. The second pole frequency decreased tremendously towards unity-gain frequency (UGF) and compromise loop stability. To prevent this, additional current is needed to keep the output in low impedance in order to maintain second pole frequency. As Iload slowly increases, the unneeded additional current can be further reduced. This paper presents a circuit which performed self-reduction on this current by sensing the Iload. On top of that, a self-compensation circuit technique is proposed where loop stability is selfattained when Iload reduced below 100μA. In this technique, unity-gain frequency (UGF) will be decreaed and move away from second pole in order to attain loop stability. The decreased of UGF is done by reducing the total gain while maintaining the dominant pole frequency. This technique has also further reduced the total quiescent current and improved the LDO’s efficiency. The proposed LDO exhibits low quiescent current 9.4μA and 17.7μA, at Iload zero and full load 100mA respectively. The supply voltage for this LDO is 1.2V with 200mV drop-out voltage. The design is validated using 0.13μm CMOS process technology.
Current Comparison Domino based CHSK Domino Logic Technique for Rapid Progres...IJECEIAES
The proposed domino logic is developed with the combination of Current Comparison Domino (CCD) logic and Conditional High Speed Keeper (CHSK) domino logic. In order to improve the performance metrics like power, delay and noise immunity, the redesign of CHSK is proposed with the CCD. The performance improvement is based on the parasitic capacitance, which reduces on the dynamic node for robust and rapid process of the circuit. The proposed domino logic is designed with keeper and without keeper to measure the performance metrics of the circuit. The outcomes of the proposed domino logic are better when compared to the existing domino logic circuits. The simulation of the proposed CHSK based on the CCD logic circuit is carried out in Cadence Virtuoso tool.
A New Ultra Low-Power and Noise Tolerant Circuit Technique for CMOS Domino LogicIDES Editor
Dynamic logic style is used in high performance
circuit design because of its fast speed and less transistors
requirement as compared to CMOS logic style. But it is not
widely accepted for all types of circuit implementations due
to its less noise tolerance and charge sharing problems. A
small noise at the input of the dynamic logic can change the
desired output. Domino logic uses one static CMOS inverter
at the output of dynamic node which is more noise immune
and consuming very less power as compared to other proposed
circuit. In this paper we have proposed a novel circuit for
domino logic which has less noise at the output node and has
very less power-delay product (PDP) as compared to previous
reported articles. Low PDP is achieved by using semi-dynamic
logic buffer and also reducing leakage current when PDN is
not conducting. This paper also analyses the PDP of the circuit
at very low voltage and different W/L ratio of the transistors.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design of complex arithmetic logic circuits considering ground noise, leakage current, active power and area is a challenging task in VLSI circuits. In this paper, a comparative analysis of high performance power gating schemes is done which minimizes the leakage power and provides a way to control the ground noise. The innovative power gating schemes such as stacking power gating , diode based stacking power gating are analyzed which minimizes the peak of ground noise in transition mode for deep submicron circuits. Further to evaluate the efficiency, the simulation has been done using such high performance power gating schemes. Leakage current comparison of NAND gate without power gating and with power gating scheme is done. Finally it is observed that the leakage current in standby mode is reduced by 80% over the conventional power gating. It is also found that in stacking power gating, the ground noise has been reduced by a small extent over the conventional power gating scheme. We have performed simulations using Tanner in a 180nm standard CMOS technology at room temperature with supply voltage of 2.5 V. Finally, a detailed comparative analysis has been carried out to measure the design efficiency of high performance power gating schemes. This analysis provides an effective road map for high performance digital circuit designers who are interested to work with low power application in deep submicron circuits.
Design of 64 bit SRAM using Lector Technique for Low Leakage Power with Read ...IOSRJVSP
: In complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) the power dissipation predominantly comprises of dynamic as well as static power. Prior to introduction of “Deep submicron technologies” it is observed that in case of technology process with feature size larger than 1micro meter, the consumption of dynamic power out of the overall power consumption of any circuit is more than 90%,while that of static power is negligible. But in the present deep submicron technologies in order to, reduce the dynamic power consumption in VLSI circuits, the power supply is being scaled down, keeping in view the principle that the dynamic power dissipated is directly proportional to the square of the supply voltage (Vdd).The threshold voltage also needs to be reduced since the supply voltage is scaled down. Overcoming the inherent limitations in the existing method for leakage power reduction, The Lector (Leakage controlled transistor) technique which works efficiently both in active and idle states of the circuit and results in better leakage power reduction is now proposed. The proposed system presents the analysis of power on “64-bit SRAM array using leakage controlled transistor technique
Extremely high duty cycle of boost converter may result in higher conduction losses. To achieve a high
conversion ratio without operating at extremely high duty ratio, some converters based on transformers or coupled
inductors or tapped inductors have been provided. However, the leakage inductance in the transformer, coupled
inductor or tapped inductor will cause high voltage spikes in the switches and reduce system efficiency. A novel
single switch cascaded dc-dc converter of boost and buck boost converters have extended voltage conversion ratio
to d/(1-d)2. The features of the converter are high voltage gain; only one switch for realizing the converter, the
number of magnetic components is small etc. So comparing with other topologies cascaded converter is more
effective. Simulation of the converter for a dc input voltage and fixed duty cycle was done, and the same was
verified experimentally for a low input voltage. The software used for simulation was MatlabR2014a
A NOVEL LOW POWER HIGH DYNAMIC THRESHOLD SWING LIMITED REPEATER INSERTION FOR...VLSICS Design
In Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), interconnect design has become a supreme issue in high speed ICs. With the decreased feature size of CMOS circuits, on-chip interconnect now dominates both circuit delay and power consumption. An eminent technique known as repeater/buffer insertion is used in long interconnections to reduce delay in VLSI circuits. This paper deals with some distinct low power alternative circuits in buffer insertion technique and it proposes two new techniques: Dynamic Threshold Swing Limited (DTSL) and High Dynamic Threshold Swing Limited (HDTSL). The DTSL uses Dynamic Threshold MOSFET configuration. In this gate is tied to the body and it limits the output swing. High Dynamic Threshold Swing Limited (HDTSL) also uses the same configuration along with a high threshold voltage(high-Vth). The simulation results are performed in Cadence virtuoso environment tool using 45nm technology. By simulating and comparing these various repeater circuits along with the proposed circuits it is analyzed that there is trade off among power, delay and Power Delay Product and the 34.66% of power is reduced by using the high- Vth in HDTSL when compared to DTSL.
A novel low power high dynamic threshold swing limited repeater insertion for...VLSICS Design
In Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), interconnect design has become a supreme issue in high speed ICs.
With the decreased feature size of CMOS circuits, on-chip interconnect now dominates both circuit delay
and power consumption. An eminent technique known as repeater/buffer insertion is used in long
interconnections to reduce delay in VLSI circuits. This paper deals with some distinct low power
alternative circuits in buffer insertion technique and it proposes two new techniques: Dynamic Threshold
Swing Limited (DTSL) and High Dynamic Threshold Swing Limited (HDTSL). The DTSL uses Dynamic
Threshold MOSFET configuration. In this gate is tied to the body and it limits the output swing. High
Dynamic Threshold Swing Limited (HDTSL) also uses the same configuration along with a high threshold
voltage(high-Vth). The simulation results are performed in Cadence virtuoso environment tool using 45nm
technology. By simulating and comparing these various repeater circuits along with the proposed circuits it
is analyzed that there is trade off among power, delay and Power Delay Product and the 34.66% of power
is reduced by using the high- Vth in HDTSL when compared to DTSL.
Design Topology of Low Profile Transformer forSlim AdaptorIJRES Journal
This paper presents the implementation of a topologyfor low profile transformer using an LLC
resonant converter. A new structure of the slim-type transformer is proposed, which is composed of copper wire
as the primary winding and printed circuit-board winding on the outer layer as the secondary winding.The
proposed circuit operates at high switching frequency to increase power density. The proposed structure is
suitable for a slim and high-efficiency converter because it has advantages of easy utilization and wide
conductive cross-sectional area. In addition, the voltage-doubler rectifier is applied to the secondary side due to
its simple structure of secondary winding, and a CLC filter is adopted to reduce the output filter size.The
specification are to design input voltage 400v,power 120w with 17ms hold time.
Similar to High-Performance of Domino Logic Circuit for Wide Fan-In Gates Using Mentor Graphics Tools (20)
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
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High-Performance of Domino Logic Circuit for Wide Fan-In Gates Using Mentor Graphics Tools
1. IOSR Journal of VLSI and Signal Processing (IOSR-JVSP)
Volume 5, Issue 6, Ver. II (Nov -Dec. 2015), PP 06-15
e-ISSN: 2319 – 4200, p-ISSN No. : 2319 – 4197
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/4200-05620615 www.iosrjournals.org 6 | Page
High-Performance of Domino Logic Circuit for Wide Fan-In
Gates Using Mentor Graphics Tools
Yalaganda Merlin1
, Minchula Vinodh Kumar2
1
(ECE, M.Tech Student, MVGR College of Engineering, India)
2
(ECE, Assistant Professor, MVGR College of Engineering, India)
Abstract: Domino logic circuit is power efficient circuit, so it is widely used in digital design of applications. In
this paper, a new domino circuit technique is proposed to have less power consumption. New technique is
proposed to overcome the contention problem and reduces the power dissipation and it provides high noise
immunity. Simulation results are shows the efficiency and effectiveness of the domino circuit. The domino circuit
will reduce the power consumption. In this proposed circuit Simulations are done by using 130nm Mentor
Graphics Editor Tools, with supply voltage 1V at 100MHz frequency and operating temperature of 27˚C, 110˚C
for up to 64 input OR gates. The proposed circuit has small area, low power and high speed circuits for wide
fan-in gates. The proposed circuit gives power improvement by proposed circuit for 32 input OR gate is
91.148% than HSD, 84.019% than CKD, 84.021% than LCR and 97.368% better power dissipation than CCD
similarly improvement of area for proposed 64 fan-in OR gate is 8.724% than HSD, 13.129% than LCR,
20.176% than CCD.
Key words: Domino logic, noise immunity, keeper transistor, power dissipation, wide fan-in gates.
I. Introduction
OMINO logic circuit such as dynamic circuit, Which is widely used in many of the applications to
achieve high performance, high-density, which cannot achieved with static logic styles. Power consumption is
divided into two parts which are static and dynamic power consumption circuits. While discussing about low
power, less area, and high speed preferably dynamic logic instead of static logic circuits. But the drawback of
dynamic logic families is that they are more sensitive than static logic families in noise. By generating proper
logic in dynamic logic to achieve high performance, by which all the properties of the dynamic node makes it
robust circuit. Main limitations of dynamic logic occur during cascading of large circuit an enormous state
occurs. Another problem for cascading of dynamic logic circuit is charge sharing which reduces the dynamic
node voltage. To overcome the cascading problem a week keeper transistor is introduced in parallel to pre-
charge transistor, which is feedback from the output node. A week keeper transistor is introduced with small
W/L ratio. On the other hand, the supply voltage for low-power is drastically reduced, and the threshold voltage
(Vth) is scaled down to achieve high-performance. Since by reducing the threshold voltage which exponentially
increases the sub-threshold leakage current and reduction of leakage current, improving noise immunity are the
major concerns in robust circuit and high-performance designs. Especially for wide fan-in domino gates which
are typically employed in the read path of register files, tag comparators, programmable logic arrays, and wide
multiplexer-flip-flop (MUX) and De-MUX, ALUs and DSP circuits.
The novelty of the proposed circuit is that our proposed work simultaneously increases performance as
well as decreases leakage power consumption. To improve the efficiency of the circuit and performance the
microprocessor, modifications are done on the circuit level to improve the robustness of the circuit without the
penalty of noise immunity. The Keeper transistor is added to the robust circuit upsizing is a conventional
method to improve the robustness of the domino circuit. A keeper is added in pre-charge node to improve the
robustness of the dynamic node. The keeper ratio (K) is defined as the ratio of the current drivability of the
keeper transistor to that of the evaluation transistor, Where W and L denotes the size of the transistor, μn and μp
are the mobility of the electron and hole respectively. As the keeper transistor is added at the output node of the
logic feedback from the output. The keeper transistor W/L maintains very low to maintain charge in dynamic
logic.
( )
( )
D
2. High-Performance Of Domino Logic Circuit For Wide Fan-In Gates Using Mentor Graphics Tools
DOI: 10.9790/4200-05620615 www.iosrjournals.org 7 | Page
Where W and L denote the transistor size, µn and μP are the mobility of electron and hole respectively.
As the keeper transistor and the evaluation network increases in the evaluation phase this cause an increase in
the evaluation delay, power consumption of the circuit and degrading the performance. Therefore keeper
upsizing may not be a viable solution for high leakage immunity problem in scaled domino circuit. Several
techniques are introduced to address the session. This paper is organized as follows. In the section 2 Literature
review about existing domino circuit is discussed. In Section 3 the proposed circuit description is discussed. In
Section 4 Simulation result is presented and compared with the brief conclusion of the paper in section 5.
II. Literature Review
Several circuit techniques are proposed in the literature to address these issues. The main goal of these
circuits is to reduce leakage and power consumption for wide fan-in gates. High speed domino logic and
conditional keeper are among the most effective solutions for improving the robustness of domino logic [6-9].
2.1 High – Speed Domino Logic (HSD):
The circuit of the High Speed Domino logic is shown in Fig. 1. The HSD logic operates as follows:
When the clock is LOW during pre-charge, the dynamic node is pre-charged to VDD. Transistor MN1 is OFF, P1
is ON charging the gate of the of the keeper transistor Q2 to VDD, thus turning Q2 OFF. Q2 is OFF at the
Beginning of the evaluation phase. Contention is thus eliminated between the keeper and the pull-down devices
during evaluation. Therefore, the domino gate evaluates faster and no contention current exists. When the
delayed clock becomes “1”, the gate output is “1” if the Domino node evaluates to “0” and N1 is ON thus
keeping Q2 OFF. If all the pull-down devices are OFF, the at Domino node stays “1”,Causing the gate output to
be “0”,Which in turn discharges the keeper’s Gate through N1.Therefore the keeper turns ON to maintain the
voltage of the Domino node at VDD and to compensate for any leakage currents. HS-Domino solves the
contention problem by turning the keeper OFF at the start of the evaluation cycle. The keeper width can be sized
up as VTH scales down to maintain a controlled NMOS without worried about increasing the contention, and
speed degradation
2.2 Conditional Keeper Domino Logic (CKD):
The conditional keeper domino (CKD) has a variable strength which is shown in Fig.2. The conditional
keeper domino logic shows the operation of CKP on the output of the pre-charged gate. If the dynamic output
should remain high, then the keeper transistor is weak during the state of the output transition window and
strong for the rest of evaluation time. The weak keeper during the transition window results in reduced
contention and fastest output transition, while the strong keeper is good robustness to leakage and noise during
the rest of evaluation time. Fig.2. shows the circuit implementation with two keepers which are fixed keeper PK1,
and conditional keeper PK2. At the time of the evaluation phase i.e. clock fluctuates from Low-to-High the PK1 is
the only active keeper. After a delay time, the keeper transistor PK1is activated i.e.
TKEEPER = TDELAY ELEMENT + TNAND
The conditional keeper domino circuit works as follows: At the beginning of the evaluation phase, the
fixed keeper PK1 is ON state for keeping the state of the dynamic node. If the dynamic node is still high, after
delay of the inverters, the output of the NAND gate goes too low to turn on conditional keeper transistor PK2.
The conditional keeper transistor is sized larger than PK1 to maintain the state of the dynamic node for the rest of
the evaluation period. If the dynamic node is discharged to the ground then the Conditional keeper transistor
remains OFF. CLK logic has some problems like limitations on decreasing delays of the inverters and the
NAND gate to improve noise immunity. Noise immunity can be improved by upsizing delay inverters, but this
significantly increases power dissipation.
2.3 Leakage Current Replica Domino Logic (LCR):
Sub-threshold is tracked using a replica circuit, and mirrored into the dynamic gate keeper. The replica
current mirror can be shared with all dynamic gates 1 FET overhead/gate Tracks all process corners as well as
temperature and VDD. In leakage current replica keeper, current mirror circuit is added to the keeper of standard
footer less domino logic. Transistor m1 of the mirror circuit is connected in diode configuration, i.e., gate of the
PMOS transistor is connected to the drain. By doing like this both gate and drain of the PMOS transistor is at
potential voltage level of the keeper. Keeper voltage is same as the potential of drain of keeper transistor mk1.
This leakage current replica keeper reduces the power consumption. Operation of circuit is as follows, in pre-
charge phase, when clock is low and all the inputs are at low level, dynamic node charged up to VDD. During
pre-charge phase, output is at low which turns on the keeper transistor MK2 and it acts as a short circuit
transistor. Now the drain of MK1 transistor is directly connected to the dynamic node and due to the diode
3. High-Performance Of Domino Logic Circuit For Wide Fan-In Gates Using Mentor Graphics Tools
DOI: 10.9790/4200-05620615 www.iosrjournals.org 8 | Page
configuration of this keeper transistor MK1 drain voltage of M1 is also at the logic low level of dynamic node.
High voltage of drain of M1 transistor reduces the leakage current. In this way, the leakage power is reduced.
2.4 Current-Comparison Domino Logic (CCD):
In case of wide fan in gates, the capacitance of dynamic node is large and then speed decreases
severely. Due to the cause of large parallel leaky paths, power consumption increases and the noise immunity
reduces. These problems will be solved if pull down implements logic function is divided from keeper transistor
by comparison stage in which current of pull up network compared with the worst case leakage current. The
Current-Comparison Domino Logic circuit has five additional transistors and a shared reference circuit when
compared to other domino logic styles. Here current of the pull up network is mirrored by transistor M
2
and
compared with the reference current, which replicates the leakage current of the pull up network. This Current-
Comparison Domino Logic circuit employs PMOS transistors to implement OR logic functions. By using the n-
well process, source and body terminals of the PMOS transistors can be connected together such that the body
effect is eliminated. So the voltage of transistors is only varied due to the process variation and not the body
effect.
This CCD circuit can be divided to two stages. The first stage is pre-evaluation stage and second is
domino stage. The first stage pre-evaluation network includes the pull up network and transistors M
PRE,
M
EVAL
and M1. The pull up network which implements the desired logic is disconnected from dynamic node (DYN),
unlike traditional dynamic logic circuits, and indirectly changes the dynamic voltage. The second stage is
domino stage has one input without any charge sharing, one transistor M
2
regardless of the implemented OR
logic in the pull up network and a keeper which has two transistors. Hence only one pull up transistor is
connected to the dynamic node instead of connecting all transistors in the OR gate to reduce capacitance on the
dynamic node. The Current-Comparison Domino Logic circuit is operated in two phases, pre-discharge phase
and evaluation phase. Here dynamic power dissipation is reduced in the evaluation phase. This dynamic power
dissipation is divided into two parts. First part is for the first stage of the Current-Comparison Domino Logic
circuit and the second part is for the second stage. The dynamic power dissipation directly depends upon the
capacitance, voltage swing, and leakage current on the switching node, frequency, power supply and
temperature. Here power dissipation is reduced in both the stages. The first stages with N-input has a lower
voltage swing V
DD
to V
TH
and has no leakage current due to less capacitance at dynamic node. The second stage
has rail to rail voltage with minimum leakage. So by reducing voltage swing and capacitance, the dynamic
power is reduced in both the stages with little area overhead.
Fig.1: High Speed Domino Logic for Wide Fan-In Gates
4. High-Performance Of Domino Logic Circuit For Wide Fan-In Gates Using Mentor Graphics Tools
DOI: 10.9790/4200-05620615 www.iosrjournals.org 9 | Page
Fig.2: Schematic of Leakage Current Replica Keeper (LCR) for Wide fan-in OR gate
Fig.3: Schematic of Conditional Keeper Domino logic for wide fan in gates
Fig.4: Schematic of Current Comparison Domino (CCD) logic for wide fan-in OR gate
5. High-Performance Of Domino Logic Circuit For Wide Fan-In Gates Using Mentor Graphics Tools
DOI: 10.9790/4200-05620615 www.iosrjournals.org 10 | Page
Fig.5: Schematic of Proposed Domino logic for wide fan-in OR gate
III. Proposed Domino Circuit
In this modified domino logic technique is introduced the corresponding schematic implementation
along with its simulation results are shown in Fig.6 and Fig.7.
The Proposed circuit can be divided to two stages. The first stage is pre-evaluation stage and second is
domino stage. The pre-evaluation network includes the pull up network and transistors M
PRE,
M
EVAL
and M1. The
pull up network implements the desired logic is disconnected from dynamic node (DYN), unlike traditional
dynamic logic circuits indirectly changes the dynamic voltage. The second stage has one input without any
charge sharing, one transistor M
2
regardless of the implemented OR logic in the pull up network and a keeper
which has a transistor MK. Hence only one pull up transistor is connected to the dynamic node instead of
connecting all transistors in the OR to reduce capacitance on the dynamic node. Input of footed transistor MEVAL
is connected to clock (CLK) and three inverters for generation of delay in the footed transistor. The delay
element is used for slower the gate and greater noise robustness. These approaches do not reduce the overall
leakage current, but only the leakage current at the dynamic node that drives the final static inverter and is the
critical node. Hence we have more degree of freedom for increasing speed or enhance noise immunity by
reducing the leakage current.
PRE-DISCHARGED PHASE: In Pre-Discharged phase, clock voltage is in low level i.e. CLK = “0”, and the
input signals are in high level. In pre-discharge phase (CLK = “0”) the PMOS transistor is in ON state and
charge the dynamic node from VDD.
EVALUATION PHASE: In Evaluation Phase, the clock voltage is in the high level CLK = “1” and input
signals can be in the low level. During evaluation phase (CLK = 1), a dynamic node doesn’t able to maintain the
constant because PMOS transistor is rail on OFF state from VDD, only the keeper Transistor MK connected to
VDD and it maintains the charge of dynamic node, if all the transistor is OFF in evaluation network. During
evaluation phase when any one input is in ON state of the NMOS block and the dynamic node will discharge,
which result in gate oxide leakage current and flow of sub-threshold which result in degradation of UNG of the
circuit, for reduction of leakage current and enhance the noise immunity of the circuit of a proposed circuit.
In proposed circuit modification is done in evaluation network, we have inserted two NMOS transistors
between dynamic node and pull down network. To improve the efficiency of the proposed circuit and extra
NMOS transistor is connected to the dynamic node to produce the proper stacking of the evaluation network, to
increase the noise immunity of the circuit and reduces the leakage current of the circuit by providing half swing
logic at the output node. In footed portion we place NMOS transistor, during pre-charge phase footed transistor
is OFF, during evaluation phase a charge discharge from dynamic node the two NMOS transistors provides the
stacking effect for leakage reduction and high noise immunity. By using this type domino logic the circuit will
be simple and the power consumption will be decreases, compare to the previous technique the delay and power
is also decreases. The below wave form represents the 8 input OR logic by using proposed Domino logic with
pre-charge and evaluation stages.
6. High-Performance Of Domino Logic Circuit For Wide Fan-In Gates Using Mentor Graphics Tools
DOI: 10.9790/4200-05620615 www.iosrjournals.org 11 | Page
IV. Simulation Results
The proposed circuit was simulated by using MENTO G PHICS EDITO TOOLS in the high
performance of 130nm technology at the temperature of 27 C and 110 C. The supply voltage is 1 for 8, 16,
32 and 64 input OR gates. Various parameters are considered such as power dissipation, delay transistor count
and area. The circuit is operated at the operating frequency of 1GHz.
Table 1: Size of all transistors of proposed circuit for 8, 16, 32, and 64 bit OR gate
FAN-IN WK1 WK2
(Wp/Wn)
Inverter
WPRE WEVAL W1 W2 W4 W5 W6 W7
8 7Lmin 7Lmin
14Lmin/
7Lmin
7Lmin 7Lmin 7Lmin 7Lmin 7Lmin 7Lmin 7Lmin 7Lmin
16 8Lmin 7Lmin
14Lmin/
7Lmin
7Lmin 7Lmin 7Lmin 7Lmin 7Lmin 7Lmin 7Lmin 7Lmin
32 8Lmin 7Lmin
14Lmin/
7Lmin
7Lmin 7Lmin 7Lmin 7Lmin 7Lmin 7Lmin 7Lmin 7Lmin
64 8Lmin 7Lmin
14Lmin/
7Lmin
7Lmin 7Lmin 7Lmin 7Lmin 7Lmin 7Lmin 7Lmin 7Lmin
Fig.6: Simulated output waveform of proposed logic
Fig.7: Layout design of 32 input OR logic using proposed domino circuit
9. High-Performance Of Domino Logic Circuit For Wide Fan-In Gates Using Mentor Graphics Tools
DOI: 10.9790/4200-05620615 www.iosrjournals.org 14 | Page
Fig.9: Normalized delay for 8,16,32,64 Fan-in’s
Fig.10: Normalized Area for 8,16,32,64 Fan-in’s
The effect of CMOS technology scaling on the proposed circuit and HSD circuit is examined using a
technology model for the 130-nm node in typical process at the 1V power supply. The power consumption and delay
of the proposed circuit are normalized to HSD are plotted in Fig. 9, Fig.10 and Fig.11. As shown in this figure, the
normalized power dissipation which is lower than previous techniques i.e., HSD, LCR, CKD and CCD domino
techniques.
V. Conclusion
Domino CMOS logic circuit family finds a wide variety of applications in microprocessors, digital signal
processors, and dynamic memory due to their high speed and low device count. In this thesis, introduction of
domino logic, background and previous techniques of domino logic and corresponding Domino logic techniques
have been designed & simulated. Simulations have been carried out using 130nm Mentor Graphics ELDO simulator
to evaluate the new design of 8, 16, 32, 64 fan-in OR domino logic circuit. A wide comparison made for the designs
described in the literature and a significant improvement in terms of Delay, Total power dissipation and area
parameter are illustrated. This circuit has small area, low power and low device count circuits for wide fan-in gates.
The proposed circuit gives power improvement by proposed circuit for 32 input OR gate is 91.148% than HSD,
84.019% than CKD, 84.021% than LCR and 97.368% better power dissipation than CCD similarly improvement of
area for proposed 64 fan-in OR gate is 8.724% than HSD, 13.129% than LCR, 20.176% than CCD.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
8 16 32 64
NORMALISED DELAY
HSD
CKD
LCR
CCD
PROPOSED
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
8 16 32 64
NORMALISED AREA
HSD
LCR
CKD
CCD
PROPOSED
10. High-Performance Of Domino Logic Circuit For Wide Fan-In Gates Using Mentor Graphics Tools
DOI: 10.9790/4200-05620615 www.iosrjournals.org 15 | Page
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