High middle ages
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The document summarizes changes in Europe between 1000-1500 AD, from the early to high Middle Ages. It describes improvements to agriculture like the heavy plow and three field system that increased food production. As populations grew, more people moved to towns to join the emerging middle class of burghers, bourgeoisie, and merchants. Trade also expanded through routes like the Mediterranean and Hanseatic League, supported by the establishment of local and great trade fairs. New social classes and business practices like guilds emerged as Europe transitioned from feudalism.
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Ppt middle age
The Early Middle Ages in Western Europe (450-900 CE) was a difficult time of invasion and weakness. Literacy was low, confined mainly to monasteries. The Feudal system and Manorialism developed, with serfs living under difficult conditions on manors. However, starting around 900 CE, agricultural innovations increased food production and population growth. Towns and trade expanded, and a recovery was underway in Western Europe. Universities also began developing. By the High Middle Ages, Western civilization reached new heights in the 1100-1200s CE.
The Middle Ages
The document provides an overview of life in Europe during the Middle Ages from 1000-1500 AD. It describes the political, economic, social, and cultural aspects of medieval Europe, including the feudal system, manorialism, the Catholic Church, education, architecture, daily life, health, and fashion. Key events mentioned include the Black Death pandemic in the 14th century that killed nearly half of Europe's population.
Decline of Feudalism Lesson (Gagne's 9 Events)
The document summarizes the decline of feudalism in Europe. It occurred due to interactions between Europe and the Muslim world, which influenced new ideas and institutions. Specifically, the Black Plague weakened feudalism by reducing the population and increasing demands from workers. Additionally, the Magna Carta and Hundred Years War undermined feudalism by strengthening central governments and monarchies at the expense of local lords.
The Crusades
The document discusses the Crusades, a series of religious wars launched by the Catholic Church between the 11th and 13th centuries with the goal of regaining control of Christian holy sites in Jerusalem from Muslim rule. Pope Urban II initiated the First Crusade by calling on European Christians to fight to reclaim the Holy Land. While the Crusades succeeded in temporarily taking Jerusalem, they ultimately failed in permanently retaking and maintaining control of the Holy Land from Muslim powers like Saladin.
The Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire preserved Roman and Greek culture after the fall of Rome. It blended these influences with Christianity and Middle Eastern styles. The empire reached its height under Justinian in the 6th century, when he reconquered territory and codified Roman laws. However, constant attacks weakened the Byzantines over time, and the empire ultimately fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The Byzantines left a significant legacy in law, culture, art, and Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
The Mongols
The document discusses the rise and fall of the Mongol Empire under leaders like Genghis Khan and Kublai Khan. It describes how the Mongols, originating in central Asia, conquered much of Asia and Eastern Europe under Genghis Khan. Kublai Khan later established the Yuan Dynasty after conquering China in 1279. While the Mongols spread destruction, their empire also saw a period of political stability and increased trade along the Silk Road. However, the empire eventually declined due to the vast lands being difficult to govern from a central location and growing resentment against Mongol rule.
Early Middle Ages
The Early Middle Ages saw the decline of the Western Roman Empire and rise of feudal systems of government. Germanic tribes invaded Western Europe beginning in the 400s CE, disrupting trade and weakening centralized rule. With no strong central governments, people entered into agreements with local lords to receive protection in exchange for farming lands and other services. This led to a stratified society consisting of nobles, clergy, and peasants. Peasants lived difficult lives toiling on manorial estates under this new feudal system.
Ancient greece ppt
Ancient Greece had a mountainous landscape that divided the people into independent city-states. Two major city-states were Athens, which developed the world's first democracy, and Sparta, which was a strict military state. The Greeks developed advanced thinking through philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. They also fought the Persians and each other in wars that weakened Greece. Subsequently, Alexander the Great conquered much of the known world and spread Greek culture before his early death. The resulting Hellenistic period saw advancements in science, math, and a blending of cultures across Europe and Asia.
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Ppt middle age
The Early Middle Ages in Western Europe (450-900 CE) was a difficult time of invasion and weakness. Literacy was low, confined mainly to monasteries. The Feudal system and Manorialism developed, with serfs living under difficult conditions on manors. However, starting around 900 CE, agricultural innovations increased food production and population growth. Towns and trade expanded, and a recovery was underway in Western Europe. Universities also began developing. By the High Middle Ages, Western civilization reached new heights in the 1100-1200s CE.
The Middle Ages
The document provides an overview of life in Europe during the Middle Ages from 1000-1500 AD. It describes the political, economic, social, and cultural aspects of medieval Europe, including the feudal system, manorialism, the Catholic Church, education, architecture, daily life, health, and fashion. Key events mentioned include the Black Death pandemic in the 14th century that killed nearly half of Europe's population.
Decline of Feudalism Lesson (Gagne's 9 Events)
The document summarizes the decline of feudalism in Europe. It occurred due to interactions between Europe and the Muslim world, which influenced new ideas and institutions. Specifically, the Black Plague weakened feudalism by reducing the population and increasing demands from workers. Additionally, the Magna Carta and Hundred Years War undermined feudalism by strengthening central governments and monarchies at the expense of local lords.
The Crusades
The document discusses the Crusades, a series of religious wars launched by the Catholic Church between the 11th and 13th centuries with the goal of regaining control of Christian holy sites in Jerusalem from Muslim rule. Pope Urban II initiated the First Crusade by calling on European Christians to fight to reclaim the Holy Land. While the Crusades succeeded in temporarily taking Jerusalem, they ultimately failed in permanently retaking and maintaining control of the Holy Land from Muslim powers like Saladin.
The Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire preserved Roman and Greek culture after the fall of Rome. It blended these influences with Christianity and Middle Eastern styles. The empire reached its height under Justinian in the 6th century, when he reconquered territory and codified Roman laws. However, constant attacks weakened the Byzantines over time, and the empire ultimately fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The Byzantines left a significant legacy in law, culture, art, and Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
The Mongols
The document discusses the rise and fall of the Mongol Empire under leaders like Genghis Khan and Kublai Khan. It describes how the Mongols, originating in central Asia, conquered much of Asia and Eastern Europe under Genghis Khan. Kublai Khan later established the Yuan Dynasty after conquering China in 1279. While the Mongols spread destruction, their empire also saw a period of political stability and increased trade along the Silk Road. However, the empire eventually declined due to the vast lands being difficult to govern from a central location and growing resentment against Mongol rule.
Early Middle Ages
The Early Middle Ages saw the decline of the Western Roman Empire and rise of feudal systems of government. Germanic tribes invaded Western Europe beginning in the 400s CE, disrupting trade and weakening centralized rule. With no strong central governments, people entered into agreements with local lords to receive protection in exchange for farming lands and other services. This led to a stratified society consisting of nobles, clergy, and peasants. Peasants lived difficult lives toiling on manorial estates under this new feudal system.
Ancient greece ppt
Ancient Greece had a mountainous landscape that divided the people into independent city-states. Two major city-states were Athens, which developed the world's first democracy, and Sparta, which was a strict military state. The Greeks developed advanced thinking through philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. They also fought the Persians and each other in wars that weakened Greece. Subsequently, Alexander the Great conquered much of the known world and spread Greek culture before his early death. The resulting Hellenistic period saw advancements in science, math, and a blending of cultures across Europe and Asia.
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Absolutism PowerPoint
1) Absolute monarchs believed all power resided with them as representatives of God on Earth. Religious conflicts plagued France between Catholics and Protestants. Henry IV converted to Catholicism to restore order and issued the Edict of Nantes granting religious freedom.
2) Louis XIV weakened the nobility and revoked the Edict of Nantes, pursuing absolute rule as the state. His ministers like Colbert and Richelieu aimed to strengthen France.
3) The English Civil War erupted over disputes on royal power between King Charles I and Parliament, leading to Cromwell's establishment of a republic before the restoration of the monarchy.
Medieval Europe
- By 500 AD, the Western Roman Empire had fallen and Germanic tribes had begun migrating into the region, intermarrying with Romans and establishing new states ruled by Germanic kings. The Franks eventually established the kingdom of France.
- The Roman Catholic Church grew powerful during the Middle Ages, establishing authority over Western Christians and becoming the most influential institution through the 1100s. Monks helped spread Christianity in Europe.
- Feudalism emerged as a political and economic system characterized by obligations between lords and vassals in which peasants and serfs worked lands in exchange for military protection. Manors and castles defined social hierarchies across fragmented kingdoms.
Martin luther and the reformation
Martin Luther was troubled by the Catholic Church's practice of selling indulgences to forgive sins and fund the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. In 1517, he wrote the 95 Theses criticizing indulgences and questioning papal authority. He nailed the theses to the door of the Wittenberg Castle church to debate fellow scholars. This sparked the Protestant Reformation as his ideas spread through printing and divided Western Christianity into Catholic and Protestant branches that still exist today.
Rise of islam
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Feudalism In Europe
The document discusses the feudal system that developed in Europe after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. It describes how the feudal system was based on hierarchies of land ownership and personal obligations. Lords granted land (fiefs) to vassals in exchange for military service and protection. In turn, peasants lived and worked on the manor lands in exchange for protection from their lord. While the manor provided necessities, peasants also faced high taxes and duties under the feudal system.
West African Kingdoms
The document summarizes three West African empires:
1) The Ghana Empire (750-1076) was founded by the Soninke people and ruled by a powerful king. It had a large army and controlled the gold and salt trade routes through a "silent barter system" without direct communication between traders.
2) The Mali Empire (1100-1400) was founded by Sundiata and expanded under powerful kings called Mansas. It converted to Islam and seized gold producing areas, controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes. Cities like Timbuktu became major trading hubs.
3) The Songhai Empire rose after 1464 under Sunni Ali and Askia Muhammad. It encouraged Muslim
Feudalism in europe
Feudalism developed in medieval Europe due to instability following the fall of the Carolingian Empire. As the empire fragmented, kings were unable to defend their lands from invaders like the Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims. People turned to local lords for protection, leading to the rise of feudalism. Under feudalism, lords granted land to vassals in exchange for military service. Peasants were tied as serfs to manors, working the land in exchange for protection. Feudalism structured medieval European society around relationships of loyalty between lords and vassals and between lords and serfs.
The Protestant Reformation
An overview of the Protestant Reformation detailing Luther's actions against the church and other proponents of the Reformation.
Renaissance and reformation
The Renaissance began in 14th century Italy as a period of cultural and intellectual revival following the Middle Ages. It spread across Europe over subsequent centuries as new ideas in politics, society, religion, and the arts emerged. The Protestant Reformation began as a religious challenge to the Catholic Church in the 16th century, led by Martin Luther. Luther's teachings and the spread of new Protestant faiths like Calvinism divided Europe along religious lines and weakened the power and influence of the Catholic Church.
Reformation
The Reformation occurred in the 16th century and resulted in the Christian Church splitting into Catholic and Protestant denominations. Martin Luther protested corrupt practices in the Catholic Church like selling indulgences and instead advocated justification by faith alone without good deeds. Luther posted his 95 Theses criticizing indulgences, and his ideas spread, leading other reformers like John Calvin and Henry VIII of England to establish new Protestant churches that rejected the Pope's authority. The split caused religious conflicts but eventually peace agreements divided Western Christianity between Catholic and Protestant branches.
Decline of Feudalism Summary
Feudalism developed as a political system based on local control by lords loyal to a monarch. It declined due to interactions with the Muslim world bringing new ideas and institutions to Europe. Key factors in its decline included the Magna Carta limiting monarch power, the Hundred Years War weakening nobility, the Peasants' Revolt increasing commoners' rights, influence from the Crusades and Muslim world, and the Black Plague decreasing population and changing the economy. The combined impact of these political, cultural, and social changes caused feudalism to be replaced with stronger centralized government and monarchy.
The age of enlightenment powerpoint
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- A group of local people in one of Rome's provinces refuses to participate in Roman rituals and holidays, saying it violates their religious beliefs, while otherwise remaining peaceful. Some Roman soldiers see this group as a potential threat.
- The document discusses the rise of Christianity in the Roman Empire and the persecution of Christians by Roman authorities for roughly 300 years. It then outlines the conversion of Emperor Constantine to Christianity and his efforts to legalize and promote the religion.
- The Roman Empire was divided into Western and Eastern sections with Constantinople as the new capital of the Eastern Byzantine Empire, which continued Roman traditions and controlled major trade routes.
The Early Midle Ages
Medieval Europe spanned from 500 to 1500 CE following the fall of Rome. It was characterized by weak local governments and a decline in cities, trade, and literacy. Germanic tribes divided the region into small kingdoms. The Franks, led by Clovis, established the Merovingian dynasty and converted to Christianity. Charlemagne further united Europe under the Carolingian Empire in 800 CE and promoted education. After his death, the empire fragmented and was vulnerable to attacks from Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings. Feudalism developed as a political and economic system defined by the exchange of land for military service between lords and vassals.
Age of Justinian
527-565: Justinian revived the ancient Roman Empire, recovering much of Italy, Africa, and Spain. This expanded the Byzantine Empire to its greatest size under Justinian's rule. However, the wars exhausted the treasury and weakened defenses.
Justinian's greatest achievements were rebuilding the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, and creating the Corpus Juris Civilis (Justinian's Code), which formed the basis of law for many centuries. He ruled as an autocrat with absolute power, even over the church, aided by his wife Theodora, a powerful and influential woman. After Justinian, the Byzantine Empire continued to serve as a buffer between Europe and invading forces from Persia
Causes Of The Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims over control of the Holy Land. Growing tensions between the groups were exacerbated when the Seljuk Turks took over Jerusalem and persecuted Christian pilgrims, massacring 3000 of them. In response to a call for help from the Byzantine Emperor, Pope Urban II saw an opportunity to both aid the Byzantines and unite Europe under the Church. In 1095, he gave a speech urging Europeans to take up arms in a "just war" to retake Jerusalem and regain access to Christian holy sites.
Ancient Rome
The document provides background on the founding and early history of Rome. It describes how Romulus and Remus founded Rome after being raised by a she-wolf. Over time Rome became a large, prosperous city under Etruscan kings. The Romans then overthrew the Etruscans and established a republic with elected leaders. Rome expanded across Italy and the Mediterranean, fighting three Punic Wars against Carthage to gain dominance of the region.
The middle ages outcome the crusades
The Crusades were a series of holy wars called by the Pope between 1095-1291 CE where thousands of European Christians journeyed to the holy land of Jerusalem to reclaim it from Muslim rule. The Crusades had both short and long-term effects. In the short term, the First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem in 1099 but slaughtered many Muslims in the process. Subsequent Crusades recaptured and changed hands of Jerusalem multiple times between Christian and Muslim rule. In the long term, the Crusades weakened the power of feudal lords in Europe and left a legacy of bitterness and hatred between Christians and Muslims.
High middle ages
The High Middle Ages from 1100-1300 CE saw a revitalization of Europe following centuries of decline after the fall of the Roman Empire. Key developments included the Crusades which reduced internal conflict in Europe while spreading new ideas, an agricultural revolution that fueled population growth and urbanization, and the establishment of trade networks and universities. Architecturally, Gothic cathedrals and castles emerged as symbols of renewed strength and influence.
THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES
The High Middle Ages refers to the 12th and 13th centuries in Europe. During this time:
1. Agricultural innovations like the heavy plow, crop rotation, irrigation, and watermills/windmills increased food production and reduced famines. This led to population growth and an economic boom.
2. New cities grew along trade routes, as peasants fled serfdom and merchants sought protection. The largest cities had over 50,000 inhabitants. Urban societies developed social hierarchies and ethnic neighborhoods like Jewish quarters.
3. International trade expanded through routes like the Mediterranean and increased the growth of banking practices such as bills of exchange, credit, and trade fairs. This economic growth supported the rising middle class
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The fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD led to the rise of new powers, including the Islamic Empire. Islam originated in the 7th century in Arabia, founded by the prophet Muhammad who received revelations that became the Quran. He spread Islam from Mecca to Medina, and after his death the religion continued expanding under successive caliphates. The Umayyad Caliphate established the capital in Damascus and expanded the empire from Persia to Spain. The Abbasid Caliphate moved the capital to Baghdad and some territories became independent. The Ottoman Turks rose to power in the 13th century and conquered the Byzantine Empire, with their empire lasting into the 20th century. Islamic civilization was based
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The Reformation began in the 1500s led by reformers such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, and King Henry VIII who challenged the authority and teachings of the Catholic Church. Luther posted his 95 Theses criticizing the Church in 1517 which sparked the Protestant Reformation. The printing press helped spread Protestant ideas. The Counter Reformation was launched by the Catholic Church including through the Jesuits and the Council of Trent to combat heresy and reform the Church. This led to a divided Europe and era of religious wars between Protestant and Catholic states.
Absolutism PowerPoint
1) Absolute monarchs believed all power resided with them as representatives of God on Earth. Religious conflicts plagued France between Catholics and Protestants. Henry IV converted to Catholicism to restore order and issued the Edict of Nantes granting religious freedom.
2) Louis XIV weakened the nobility and revoked the Edict of Nantes, pursuing absolute rule as the state. His ministers like Colbert and Richelieu aimed to strengthen France.
3) The English Civil War erupted over disputes on royal power between King Charles I and Parliament, leading to Cromwell's establishment of a republic before the restoration of the monarchy.
Medieval Europe
- By 500 AD, the Western Roman Empire had fallen and Germanic tribes had begun migrating into the region, intermarrying with Romans and establishing new states ruled by Germanic kings. The Franks eventually established the kingdom of France.
- The Roman Catholic Church grew powerful during the Middle Ages, establishing authority over Western Christians and becoming the most influential institution through the 1100s. Monks helped spread Christianity in Europe.
- Feudalism emerged as a political and economic system characterized by obligations between lords and vassals in which peasants and serfs worked lands in exchange for military protection. Manors and castles defined social hierarchies across fragmented kingdoms.
Martin luther and the reformation
Martin Luther was troubled by the Catholic Church's practice of selling indulgences to forgive sins and fund the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. In 1517, he wrote the 95 Theses criticizing indulgences and questioning papal authority. He nailed the theses to the door of the Wittenberg Castle church to debate fellow scholars. This sparked the Protestant Reformation as his ideas spread through printing and divided Western Christianity into Catholic and Protestant branches that still exist today.
Rise of islam
The document summarizes the rise of Islam. It describes how the religion was founded in 610 AD by the prophet Muhammad in Mecca and spread across the Arabian Peninsula and beyond through military conquests under the first four caliphs. The Muslim empire grew rapidly to span over 6000 miles due to factors like disciplined armies and allowing conquered peoples to keep their faith if they paid a tax. However, internal divisions later emerged between the Sunni and Shia over who should lead the Muslim community after Muhammad.
Feudalism In Europe
The document discusses the feudal system that developed in Europe after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. It describes how the feudal system was based on hierarchies of land ownership and personal obligations. Lords granted land (fiefs) to vassals in exchange for military service and protection. In turn, peasants lived and worked on the manor lands in exchange for protection from their lord. While the manor provided necessities, peasants also faced high taxes and duties under the feudal system.
West African Kingdoms
The document summarizes three West African empires:
1) The Ghana Empire (750-1076) was founded by the Soninke people and ruled by a powerful king. It had a large army and controlled the gold and salt trade routes through a "silent barter system" without direct communication between traders.
2) The Mali Empire (1100-1400) was founded by Sundiata and expanded under powerful kings called Mansas. It converted to Islam and seized gold producing areas, controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes. Cities like Timbuktu became major trading hubs.
3) The Songhai Empire rose after 1464 under Sunni Ali and Askia Muhammad. It encouraged Muslim
Feudalism in europe
Feudalism developed in medieval Europe due to instability following the fall of the Carolingian Empire. As the empire fragmented, kings were unable to defend their lands from invaders like the Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims. People turned to local lords for protection, leading to the rise of feudalism. Under feudalism, lords granted land to vassals in exchange for military service. Peasants were tied as serfs to manors, working the land in exchange for protection. Feudalism structured medieval European society around relationships of loyalty between lords and vassals and between lords and serfs.
The Protestant Reformation
An overview of the Protestant Reformation detailing Luther's actions against the church and other proponents of the Reformation.
Renaissance and reformation
The Renaissance began in 14th century Italy as a period of cultural and intellectual revival following the Middle Ages. It spread across Europe over subsequent centuries as new ideas in politics, society, religion, and the arts emerged. The Protestant Reformation began as a religious challenge to the Catholic Church in the 16th century, led by Martin Luther. Luther's teachings and the spread of new Protestant faiths like Calvinism divided Europe along religious lines and weakened the power and influence of the Catholic Church.
Reformation
The Reformation occurred in the 16th century and resulted in the Christian Church splitting into Catholic and Protestant denominations. Martin Luther protested corrupt practices in the Catholic Church like selling indulgences and instead advocated justification by faith alone without good deeds. Luther posted his 95 Theses criticizing indulgences, and his ideas spread, leading other reformers like John Calvin and Henry VIII of England to establish new Protestant churches that rejected the Pope's authority. The split caused religious conflicts but eventually peace agreements divided Western Christianity between Catholic and Protestant branches.
Decline of Feudalism Summary
Feudalism developed as a political system based on local control by lords loyal to a monarch. It declined due to interactions with the Muslim world bringing new ideas and institutions to Europe. Key factors in its decline included the Magna Carta limiting monarch power, the Hundred Years War weakening nobility, the Peasants' Revolt increasing commoners' rights, influence from the Crusades and Muslim world, and the Black Plague decreasing population and changing the economy. The combined impact of these political, cultural, and social changes caused feudalism to be replaced with stronger centralized government and monarchy.
The age of enlightenment powerpoint
The document discusses the key ideas and figures of the Enlightenment period in Europe. It began in the 1600s as educated Europeans started using reason and logic rather than tradition to understand the world. Thinkers known as philosophes gathered in informal salons to discuss new ideas. Major Enlightenment thinkers included Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu, Francois-Marie Arouet (Voltaire), and influential women like Olympe de Gouges and Abigail Adams who advocated for women's rights. These philosophers questioned authority and traditions in fields like religion, government, and society and advocated for rational and scientific thought.
Constantine & Religion
- A group of local people in one of Rome's provinces refuses to participate in Roman rituals and holidays, saying it violates their religious beliefs, while otherwise remaining peaceful. Some Roman soldiers see this group as a potential threat.
- The document discusses the rise of Christianity in the Roman Empire and the persecution of Christians by Roman authorities for roughly 300 years. It then outlines the conversion of Emperor Constantine to Christianity and his efforts to legalize and promote the religion.
- The Roman Empire was divided into Western and Eastern sections with Constantinople as the new capital of the Eastern Byzantine Empire, which continued Roman traditions and controlled major trade routes.
The Early Midle Ages
Medieval Europe spanned from 500 to 1500 CE following the fall of Rome. It was characterized by weak local governments and a decline in cities, trade, and literacy. Germanic tribes divided the region into small kingdoms. The Franks, led by Clovis, established the Merovingian dynasty and converted to Christianity. Charlemagne further united Europe under the Carolingian Empire in 800 CE and promoted education. After his death, the empire fragmented and was vulnerable to attacks from Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings. Feudalism developed as a political and economic system defined by the exchange of land for military service between lords and vassals.
Age of Justinian
527-565: Justinian revived the ancient Roman Empire, recovering much of Italy, Africa, and Spain. This expanded the Byzantine Empire to its greatest size under Justinian's rule. However, the wars exhausted the treasury and weakened defenses.
Justinian's greatest achievements were rebuilding the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, and creating the Corpus Juris Civilis (Justinian's Code), which formed the basis of law for many centuries. He ruled as an autocrat with absolute power, even over the church, aided by his wife Theodora, a powerful and influential woman. After Justinian, the Byzantine Empire continued to serve as a buffer between Europe and invading forces from Persia
Causes Of The Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims over control of the Holy Land. Growing tensions between the groups were exacerbated when the Seljuk Turks took over Jerusalem and persecuted Christian pilgrims, massacring 3000 of them. In response to a call for help from the Byzantine Emperor, Pope Urban II saw an opportunity to both aid the Byzantines and unite Europe under the Church. In 1095, he gave a speech urging Europeans to take up arms in a "just war" to retake Jerusalem and regain access to Christian holy sites.
Ancient Rome
The document provides background on the founding and early history of Rome. It describes how Romulus and Remus founded Rome after being raised by a she-wolf. Over time Rome became a large, prosperous city under Etruscan kings. The Romans then overthrew the Etruscans and established a republic with elected leaders. Rome expanded across Italy and the Mediterranean, fighting three Punic Wars against Carthage to gain dominance of the region.
The middle ages outcome the crusades
The Crusades were a series of holy wars called by the Pope between 1095-1291 CE where thousands of European Christians journeyed to the holy land of Jerusalem to reclaim it from Muslim rule. The Crusades had both short and long-term effects. In the short term, the First Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem in 1099 but slaughtered many Muslims in the process. Subsequent Crusades recaptured and changed hands of Jerusalem multiple times between Christian and Muslim rule. In the long term, the Crusades weakened the power of feudal lords in Europe and left a legacy of bitterness and hatred between Christians and Muslims.
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High middle ages
The High Middle Ages from 1100-1300 CE saw a revitalization of Europe following centuries of decline after the fall of the Roman Empire. Key developments included the Crusades which reduced internal conflict in Europe while spreading new ideas, an agricultural revolution that fueled population growth and urbanization, and the establishment of trade networks and universities. Architecturally, Gothic cathedrals and castles emerged as symbols of renewed strength and influence.
THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES
The High Middle Ages refers to the 12th and 13th centuries in Europe. During this time:
1. Agricultural innovations like the heavy plow, crop rotation, irrigation, and watermills/windmills increased food production and reduced famines. This led to population growth and an economic boom.
2. New cities grew along trade routes, as peasants fled serfdom and merchants sought protection. The largest cities had over 50,000 inhabitants. Urban societies developed social hierarchies and ethnic neighborhoods like Jewish quarters.
3. International trade expanded through routes like the Mediterranean and increased the growth of banking practices such as bills of exchange, credit, and trade fairs. This economic growth supported the rising middle class
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Medieval monks ellen buckley
The document discusses Medieval monasteries and monks during the Middle Ages. It provides details on:
1) The first Medieval monasteries followed the Benedictine Rule established in 529AD. Major monastic orders included the Benedictines, Cistercians, and Carthusians who differed in their religious practices.
2) Monastery life consisted of daily worship, reading, and manual labor with monks working to maintain the monastery farm and provide services to the community.
3) Monks took vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience and followed strict routines of prayer and work while renouncing worldly possessions. Their clothing typically included a tunic, belt, scapula, and
High Middle Ages
Feudalism established a political and social hierarchy in medieval Europe consisting of three main classes: the clergy who prayed, the nobility who fought, and peasants who worked. Peasants gradually became serfs who were bound to manor lands and owed labor and taxes to lords. The rise of towns and trade in the 11th century led to the growth of a merchant class. New universities and the spread of Christianity through the Crusades transformed Europe.
The Crusades
This document provides an overview of several topics from the High Middle Ages:
1) The Crusades were launched in response to Muslim control of holy sites, and stimulated European trade with Asia.
2) Trade revived across Europe through routes established by the Vikings, Hanseatic League, and Italian ships. This led to the growth of towns.
3) As towns grew and farming methods changed, serfdom declined and more people left manors for independent life in towns.
4) The document outlines literature, including romances and plays, common in medieval Europe.
Romanesque and Gothic Art
Romanesque art was characterized by solid, compact architecture with little natural light, meant for personal connection with God. Key architectural elements included barrel/groin vaults, thick walls, round arches, and buttresses. Gothic art began in France in the 12th century and spread widely. Gothic architecture had an urban character as cities expanded. Cathedrals, city halls, and markets exhibited a city's prestige and wealth. Gothic architecture featured natural light, greater height and width, more decoration, and was meant to impress believers by representing heaven. Key elements included ribbed vaults, stained windows and rose windows, pointed arches, and flying buttresses.
The high middle ages
The document discusses several major turning points in medieval Europe during the High Middle Ages: the Crusades, which ended Western European isolation and led to increased trade; the Magna Carta signed by King John, which established early limitations on royal power; the Hundred Years' War between England and France, which strengthened both monarchies; the Babylonian Captivity and Great Schism, which weakened the Catholic Church's authority; and the Black Death plague, which killed a third of Europe's population and accelerated the decline of feudalism.
High medieval europe
This document provides an overview of a chapter on medieval Europe, including sections on peasants and trade, Christianity, culture in the High Middle Ages, and the Late Middle Ages. Key points covered include the revival of trade and growth of cities in Italy and Flanders in the 11th-12th centuries; the development of the manorial system of landholding; daily life for peasants; and the organization of craftspeople into guilds beginning in the 11th century. The document contains summaries, questions, and details about various topics within the chapter to guide learning.
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Geography is the oldest of the sciences, studying the Earth and its features as well as human cultures. The word geography comes from the Greek words "geo" meaning Earth and "graphy" meaning writing. Today geography is divided into physical geography, which examines the natural world, and cultural geography, which studies human impacts and culture. Geographers study these areas and provide information to governments on topics like geology, urban planning, ecosystems, economics and more, making their work important.
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This document discusses key concepts related to population studies including:
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2. It explains factors that influence population distribution including physical conditions, human conditions, and population density which is used to measure distribution.
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4. It discusses regular and migratory population movement, with migratory movement including emigration and immigration between places.
Projections year2
Maps represent the spherical Earth on a flat surface, which requires projections that distort the globe's shape. Projections display the globe using planar, cylindrical, or conic shapes to flatten it. Scale relates distances on a map to actual distances, shown numerically as a ratio or linearly with a divided line. Numerical scale gives the fraction comparing map units to land units, while linear scale directly measures map distances.
The Black Death
The plague arrived in Europe in 1347, first reaching Cyprus in the summer and then Sicily in October through a Genoese fleet. By winter it had spread to Italy, and by 1348 it had reached major cities like Marseilles, Paris, and England. It followed trade routes along rivers like the Rhine into Germany and the Low Countries the same year. The worst year was 1348, and it took longer to reach more peripheral areas like Norway in 1349 and parts of Eastern Europe and Russia by 1350-1351. The disease tended to follow trade routes and concentrate in cities, traveling from the Near East to Western Mediterranean and then Northern Europe before returning East.
U5. High & Late Middle Ages.
Here are the definitions of the terms:
Charter: A legal document that gives a city and its inhabitants (the bourgeoisie) the right to govern themselves independently. Charters made cities "free", meaning they were directly protected by the king and not part of a feudal fief.
Lesson plan routes of the spanish armada
Here are the Spanish translations for the vocabulary words from Queen Elizabeth's speech:
To take heed: tener cuidado
For fear of treachery: por miedo a la traición
To distrust: desconfiar
To command: mandar
In the midstand heat of the battle: en medio y calor de la batalla
To be rewarded: ser recompensado
Contemporary societies project
This document provides instructions for a school project on contemporary societies. Students are asked to select a continent, then a region within that continent, and then a country within that region to research. They should provide general facts about the selected country and analyze a city within that country, describing its geographical environment, urban planning structure, urban problems, and proposing improvements.
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This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses Tom's experience working on the Gothic cathedral in Exeter, where he learned about the importance of precise craftsmanship from the master builder. Tom realized that cathedrals had to be perfectly constructed due to their large size, as even small errors could compromise the structure's integrity. The passage describes some of the challenges the master builder faced in organizing the many tasks and resources needed to construct the cathedral.
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Unit 3 medieval cities
1) Monarchies grew stronger in the 12th century as kings were able to collect more taxes from improved economic conditions, create their own armies, and force feudal lords to obey them. They also restored the Roman legal system which centralized more power to kings.
2) Kings took power from nobles in cities by granting charters of liberties, gaining political support. Parliaments represented kings, nobles, clergy and city mayors but had little power and only met when summoned by kings.
3) Disputes over royal succession and unclear borders between kingdoms often led to conflicts like the Hundred Years' War between England and France.
Unit 3 - Medieval cities - 2º eso
This document summarizes key developments in medieval European cities between the 12th and 15th centuries. It discusses how improved agriculture led to population growth and increased trade between different routes. This stimulated the development of banking and finance. More people migrated to cities for work opportunities and freedom, causing urban populations to expand. Cities became centers of trade, crafts, and governance, though they remained small overall. Craftsmen organized themselves by street and trade, while citizens represented a diversity of social classes and religions. Monarchies grew stronger by collecting more taxes, creating professional armies, and establishing parliaments to reduce noble power and approve budgets and legislation.
Medieval cities
Medieval cities experienced a period of growth and development between the 12th and 13th centuries. Advances in agriculture led to increased food production and population growth, allowing cities to reemerge as centers of trade, artisan production, and new social classes like the bourgeoisie. However, the 14th century brought crises like wars, famine, plague, and subsequent social unrest that marked the Lower Middle Ages. Despite this, Gothic art and architecture flourished as new styles emphasized taller, lighter structures like cathedrals.
La ciudad medieval / Medieval towns / Late Middle Ages
The document summarizes key developments in medieval towns and society during the late Middle Ages:
1. Towns experienced a revival beginning in the 12th century, spurred by improved farming techniques that reduced the need for peasant labor and increased commerce. This led to population growth and a rise of the bourgeoisie class.
2. Trade flourished with the development of markets, fairs, banking, and new payment methods. Guilds organized artisan work and international trade routes developed.
3. Within towns, the bourgeoisie gained power and independence from feudal control. Royal authority also increased as kings established parliaments and gained support from towns against the nobility in exchange for legal privileges.
High middleages
The document summarizes key developments during the High Middle Ages:
1) The period saw economic growth fueled by improved agriculture and increased trade. Cities also grew as centers of trade, production, and government.
2) Medieval cities had fortified walls, distinct neighborhoods, and large market squares at their centers. Guilds organized artisans and regulated their trades.
3) The 12th century saw a "Renaissance" of culture as cathedrals and universities were founded and literature/philosophy advanced. Royal power also increased as monarchies gained independence from feudal lords and established early parliaments.
4) The Late Middle Ages saw a crisis as the Black Death plague pandemic killed over
Unit 5: Rebirth of cities
The document summarizes developments during the High Middle Ages, specifically the period from the 11th-13th centuries known as the Urban Renaissance. Key developments included:
- Agricultural innovations like the mouldboard plow and crop rotation led to increased food production and population growth.
- More food allowed the growth of cities and new social groups like the bourgeoisie emerged.
- Trade between cities and regions revived thanks to new economic activities and institutions like guilds and banks.
- Culturally, new architectural styles like Gothic emerged, universities were founded, and the Crusades were launched.
Unit 3 - MEDIEVAL CITIES - 2º ESO bil
Medieval cities grew in the 12th century due to improvements in agriculture, trade, and opportunities for a better life. Peasants migrated to cities for work as fewer farmhands were needed, and trade brought prosperity. Cities offered freedoms not available in rural life. Craftsmen produced goods in workshops, often located together by trade. Kings grew stronger by collecting more taxes from economic growth and supporting the rising bourgeois class in cities. Parliaments were created to reduce noble power and approve taxes and budgets.
Unit 5: Rebirth of cities_
The document summarizes developments during the High Middle Ages or Urban Renaissance period from the 11th-13th centuries. Key developments included:
- Agricultural innovations like the heavy plough and crop rotation led to increased food production and population growth.
- More food allowed the growth of cities and new social groups like the bourgeoisie emerged.
- Trade between cities and regions expanded greatly aided by new banking techniques, money changers, and the establishment of guilds and fairs.
- Culturally, Gothic architecture developed and new universities and schools were founded across Europe alongside the Crusades launched by the Catholic Church.
Unit 5: Rebirth of cities
The document summarizes developments during the High Middle Ages, specifically the period from the 11th-13th centuries known as the Urban Renaissance. Key developments included agricultural innovations that increased food production and supported growing populations. More food allowed more people to live in cities and participate in trade. New social groups like the bourgeoisie emerged. Culturally, Gothic architecture and art developed, and universities were founded. The period saw growing power for towns and their citizens through the establishment of charters and representation in parliaments.
MEDIEVAL CITIES
Agricultural improvements led to population growth and the rise of cities in medieval Europe. As cities expanded, trade increased between growing urban centers along major routes like the Mediterranean and Baltic seas. Stronger monarchies also developed as kings gained support from prosperous cities in exchange for autonomy, collecting more taxes to fund royal armies and governments. Guilds organized craftsmen in cities and helped regulate skilled trades that supplied the growing urban markets.
Unit 5. rebirth_of_cities
Between the 11th and 14th centuries, many European cities experienced a period of rebirth and growth. This was driven by two main factors: 1) increased agricultural production which led to a rise in population, and 2) the reactivation of trade both within and between regions. As a result of these changes, some existing cities expanded greatly while many new cities were founded. Cities took on important economic, political, and cultural roles in medieval Europe.
Unit 5: Rebirth of Cities_2022
The document summarizes the rebirth of cities in Europe during the High Middle Ages from the 11th to 13th centuries. Agricultural innovations like the triennial rotation and iron plough increased food production and allowed the population to grow from 36 to 80 million. The surplus population moved to cities to sell extra crops and buy goods, stimulating new industries and the rise of trade guilds and international fairs. This urban growth produced a new social class, the bourgeoisie, and led to political changes like the establishment of parliaments. Culturally, this era saw the rise of Gothic architecture, universities, and more realistic paintings and sculptures.
Medieval Society
The document summarizes changes in Europe between the 11th and 12th centuries, including the decline of feudalism and rise of trade, towns, and universities. The growth of trade and towns shifted Europe's economic foundation from agriculture. Italian cities like Venice, Florence, and Genoa led the way in trade. Craft workers began producing goods for European-wide trade, and guilds organized to regulate trades and provide training. Larger towns and cities developed, gaining independence from feudal lords. Conditions in early medieval towns were unsanitary due to waste disposal and narrow streets, though towns continued growing due to expanded trade and wealth.
Agriculture, industrialization, and urbanization
This document discusses the rise of agriculture and urbanization in Europe between 1700-1850. Key points include:
- Agricultural innovations like crop rotation and selective breeding increased food production and helped feed Europe's growing population. However, this also displaced many small farmers.
- Displaced farmers and others moved to cities to find work in emerging industries, fueling rapid urban growth. Major cities like London and Paris saw their populations double or triple during this time period.
- New social classes emerged in cities, including wealthy elites, a middle class of merchants and professionals, artisans and craftspeople, and a growing urban poor living in poor conditions. Conflict sometimes arose between these groups.
- Agricultural improvements
15th Century Economic Thought
- Agricultural economy declined in 15th century Europe due to factors like famines, plagues, and wars. This led to a rise in wages and living standards while negatively impacting the ruling class.
- Old trading centers declined as new economic hubs emerged near trade routes. Merchant guilds formed and fought for control of trade routes.
- Exploration allowed Europe to access new sources of wealth from the Americas and India in the 1400s, marking the rise of commercial capitalism. The Hanseatic League dominated Baltic trade through its network of cities.
Eco 223 Economic History of the Western Community Chapter
Eco 223 Economic History of the Western Community: Chapter 3 – Feudalism
TOWNS IN THE FEUDAL PERIOD - the analysis of urban life in the feudal period is crucial to understand the long period of transition from feudalism to capitalism
TOWNS IN THE EARLY PERIOD (8th - 11th centuries)
PRECONDITIONS FOR THE REVIVAL OF TOWN LIFE
DEVELOPMENT OF MARITIME AND INLAND CITIES (12th – 13th centuries)
CITY REGULATION
THE URBAN ECONOMY
FOOD AND FOOD SALES
URBAN INDUSTRY
*
Eco 223 Economic History of the Western Community: Chapter 3 – Feudalism
TOWNS IN THE FEUDAL PERIOD
TOWNS IN THE EARLY PERIOD (8th - 11th centuries) – the urban centers of the Roma Empire were practically empty during these period due to a large extent to the Moslem invasions during the 7th and 8th centuries. At the beginning of feudalism, towns became less important as centers of economic life, and their populations fell as European countries turned increasingly to an inward looking, self-sufficient agricultural life style.
Functions of towns during this period
Towns as ecclesiastical centers
Towns as military centers.
*
Eco 223 Economic History of the Western Community: Chapter 3 – Feudalism
TOWNS IN THE FEUDAL PERIOD
Towns as Ecclesiastical Centers
As the Roma Empire disappeared, the Christian Church survived in the old Roman cities. The fact that feudal princess moved back to their country estates meant that the Church’s authority and power in cities increased without any physical presence to provide a counter-influence. Cities were populated by clerics, monks, teachers and students of the Church-run schools, household servants and artisans. Market activity in these towns was limited to the local markets where peasants from the surrounding areas sold agricultural produce to the town dwellers.
*
Eco 223 Economic History of the Western Community: Chapter 3 – Feudalism
TOWNS IN THE FEUDAL PERIOD
Towns as Military Centers
Roman cities were always fortified against invaders and during the insecurities of the feudal period they served as secure refuges of the neighborhood population. In addition, as feudal nobles were now in charge of defending and protecting their land and population, a new military element to the old town was now added.Burgs – were strategically located fortresses built with the purpose of serving as military bases. Over time burgs became administrative centers as the nobles’ agents acquired more authority over the area. Military and ecclesiastical cities became the locations were the expansion of trade and commerce, and thus the expansion of towns, was located.
*
Eco 223 Economic History of the Western Community: Chapter 3 – Feudalism
TOWNS IN THE FEUDAL PERIOD
PRECONDITIONS FOR THE REVIVAL OF TOWN LIFE – two conditions are crucial for towns to become permanent establishments:
There must be a need for a town
There must be a surplus food supply in the countryside
*
E ...
Eco 223 economic history of the western community chapter
This document summarizes the development of towns during the feudal period from the 8th to 13th centuries. Initially, towns declined as centers of economic life after the fall of the Roman Empire. They later revived as ecclesiastical and military centers. By the 11th century, improved conditions led to growth in maritime cities like Venice and Flanders due to trade, and inland cities along trade routes. This marked the beginning of the transition from feudalism to capitalism as a merchant class accumulated wealth and towns developed self-governing institutions.
The Origins of Capitalism and its Connection with the Industrial Revolution
The document discusses the transition from feudalism to capitalism in Europe between the 12th-18th centuries. Under feudalism, peasants worked the land in exchange for shelter and were forced to give part of their harvest as rent to lords. The emergence of merchant capitalism and increased trade led to the rise of a new merchant class and the decline of feudal systems. Peasants were evicted from land as it was enclosed for sheep farming. Without land, they became wage laborers in cities and new industries like textiles. This marked the transition to a capitalist system defined by two main social classes - industrial capitalists and the working class.
Work life and leisure
The document discusses various aspects of cities in the contemporary world, including London and Bombay. It provides historical context on the formation and development of modern cities through industrialization and colonialism. Specific details are given on the industries, population structure, transportation, and social issues faced in 18th century London. The challenges of rapid urbanization and efforts to improve living conditions through planned housing and public health initiatives are also summarized.
Work,life and leisure
The document discusses the development of modern cities through the examples of London and Bombay. It describes how London grew rapidly during the Industrial Revolution due to migration from rural areas. By the late 19th century, over 1 million Londoners lived in poor conditions with inadequate housing and public health issues. Efforts were made to improve the living conditions of the working class through planned housing, public transport expansion, and creating green spaces in the city. The modern city emerged through industrialization, colonial rule, and changing ideas about urban planning and public welfare.
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Chapter 3
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Chapter 6
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High middle ages
- 1. Chapter 10: Europe in the Middle Ages: A.D. 1000-1500 The Revival of Trade & Cities
- 2. The Early Middle Ages Vs. The High Middle Ages The Early Middle Ages was marked by: *The collapse of Roman Civilization *Decline in trade & towns *Constant invasions *Feudalism
- 3. Early Vs. High..cont The High Middle Ages was marked by: 1) Rebirth of Trade & Town life 2) Rise in populations 3) Agricultural improvements 4) Creation of new social classes
- 4. Improvements in Agriculture 1)Heavy Plow: By the 12th Century peasants began using iron plowshares to plant crops 2) Horse Collar: Harness that fit around the horse’s shoulder 3) Water & Wind Powered Mills: Mainly used to ground flour
- 10. Improvements in Agriculture..cont 4) Three Field System: Farmers planted 2/3 of their fields as opposed to 1/2 area This system immediately increased food for the village & gave peasants a healthier diet
- 11. Creation of the Middle Class Greater amounts of food meant larger populations Between A.D. 1000 & 1150, the population of western Europe rose from 30 million to 42 million As the population increased, people left the countryside to settle in towns
- 12. Creation of a Middle Class..cont Manorialism: The organized structure of rural economy in the Middle Ages Serfs: Peasants legally bound to the land
- 14. Creation of the Middle Class..cont Burghers: Term for people who lived in towns during the High Middle Ages Burgh: Term for a walled town Bourgeoisie: French term for those who lived in a town
- 16. Creation of Middle Class..cont Role of Jews in European Towns: 1) Business Managers 2) Money Lenders/Bankers 3) Long Distance Traders
- 17. Growth of Trade Major Trade Routes: 1) Mediterranean: Dominated by various Italian city-states that controlled the routes from Constantinople & the Middle East
- 18. Growth of Trade..cont 2)Northwestern Europe: Areas include southern England, northern France, Germany, & Flanders Hanseatic League: Commercial alliance of German merchants & cities
- 21. The Establishment of Trade Fairs Local Trade Fairs: *Held Weekly *Local merchants set up booths to sell & trade goods *All needs for daily life exchanged, such as cloths, food, leather, & metals
- 23. Trade Fairs..cont Great Trade Fairs: *Typically held quarterly (four times a year) *Large in size, attracted people from across Europe & other parts *Mostly exotic goods, such as Russian honey, Byzantine perfumes, & Spanish wine
- 24. Creation of New Business Practices Guild: Association of people who work in the same occupation Merchant Guilds: First guilds created, members controlled all aspects of trade in a town Craft Guilds: Skilled artisans
- 25. Why Join a Guild? 1) Enforces Quality Standards 2) Provided Insurance for its members 3) Training Apprentice: Lived & worked with master Journeyman: Worked for wages
- 26. Decline of Feudalism As towns became stronger, more and more serfs would leave the countryside to start a new life in the town At first, the feudal lords resented the upstart Burghers Charter: Written agreement between king or lord & a town that guaranteed the town & its citizens certain rights