The Renaissance began in 14th century Italy as a period of cultural and intellectual revival following the Middle Ages. It spread across Europe over subsequent centuries as new ideas in politics, society, religion, and the arts emerged. The Protestant Reformation began as a religious challenge to the Catholic Church in the 16th century, led by Martin Luther. Luther's teachings and the spread of new Protestant faiths like Calvinism divided Europe along religious lines and weakened the power and influence of the Catholic Church.

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Renaissance and Reformation

2. What was the Renaissance?
 “Rebirth” in arts, learning, trade in Europe beginning
in the 1300’s
 Recovery from disasters of plague, political instability,
decline of church power
 Transition of Europe from agricultural to urban society
So what was it?
A. Spread of new political, social, artistic ideas
B. New social system developing in Europe (middle
class)
C. Interest in “classics” from Greece and Rome
D. Explored human experience
E. Emphasis on individual ability
F. Growing secular (non-religious), worldly, viewpoint
 Renaissance Man- person capable of many
achievements (Leonardo da Vinci painter, sculptor,
architect, inventor, mathematician)

3. Renaissance begins in Italy
 Renaissance began in Italy
 Italy was made up of many small,
powerful city-states- Venice,
Florence, Milan
Why Italy?
A. Center of old Roman Empire, close
to classic civilizations
B. Catholic Church and wealthy
merchants were patrons
(supporters) of the arts
C. Center of trade with other regions
1. provided wealth,
2. exchange of ideas
3. urban trading cities
4. center of banking

4. Italian City- States
 City- states grew wealthy because of
trade during Crusades
 City- states controlled by wealthy merchants,
families
 City- states competed to display wealth
 Families had political, economic control
 Medici family of Florence powerful
family during Renaissance
 Supporters of the arts (patrons)
 Powerful banking family, controlled the flow of
money across Europe
 Medici wealth and influence transformed
Florence

5. Intellectual and Artistic Renaissance
 Key intellectual movement- Humanism
A. Study of classical culture- Greece, Rome
B. Focus on worldly subjects, not religion
C. Focus on human potential
 Education- stimulate creative powers, create great
citizens
 Humanist schools model for education in Europe
until 20th century.

6. Art and Architecture
I. Artists imitate nature,
importance of human,
individual
II. Realist painting, sculpture
III. Used perspective to create
realist art (looked 3D)
IV. Used new oil paints
V. Studied human figure
 Da Vinci, Michelangelo,
Raphael- famous painters,
sculptors
 Architecture adopted columns,
arches, domes of Greeks and
Romans

7. Vernacular Literature
 Vernacular- language of
own region (English, Spanish,
German, etc.)
 Many writers wrote in their
own language
 Before all scholarly work in
Latin
Famous Renaissance writers
 Dante- Divine Comedy
(Italian)
 Chaucer- Canterbury Tales
(English)

8. Italian Writers
 Literature developed to help ambitious
men and women achieve
 Book of the Courtier- Castiglione
(1528)
 Described ideal noble
1. Not made, but born
2. Needed skill as a warrior
3. Expected to have well rounded education, enrich
life with the arts
4. Certain standards of conduct
 Niccolo Machiavelli- The Prince (1513)
 Political guidebook
 How to acquire and keep power
 Ends justify the means

9. Renaissance in Northern Europe
 Economic, social recovery happened
during 1400’s
 Began Belgium (Flanders), northern
France, Netherlands, in urban areas
that were involved in the cloth trade
 Renaissance developed its own
character
Invention of printing press 1455
 Johann Gutenberg printed Bible using
moveable type printing press
A. Many copies of books could be printed
quickly
B. Books easier, cheaper to produce, more
people gained access to knowledge, ideas
C. Rise in Literacy across Europe
D. Published new discoveries
 1500 over 1000 printers in Europe

10. Northern Renaissance Artists, Writers
 Artists studied under Italian masters, copied
technique
 Northern European rulers purchased paintings,
hired Italian artists and architects
 Many Northern European artists went to Italy
to study and copy techniques
 More interested in realism, details of everyday
life
 Pieter Brugel, Albrecht Durer, Jan van Eyck
well known Northern Renaissance artists
 Durer known for his engraving

12. Peasant Wedding Pieter Brueghel

13. Northern Renaissance Artists, Writers
 Humanist writers
 promoted education and classical learning bring religious, spiritual
reform
 Used reason to improve themselves
 Appealed to growing middle class in cities
 Northern Renaissance focused on religious ideas (not secular) called
“Christian Humanism”
 Erasmus- Dutch priest, produced Bible in Greek
 Doubts about organized church
 Christianity should show people how to live good lives, not
provide system of beliefs
 Praise of Folly criticized abuses of church

14. Elizabethan England
 Mid 1500’s Queen Elizabeth I of
England supported development of art
and literature
 Sir Thomas Moore- Utopia describes
ideal society
 William Shakespeare- English
playwright in the late 1500’s and early
1600’s
 Plays, poems express themes in everyday
universal settings
 Renaissance ideals of individual human flaws
appear in plays
 Wrote in English lanuage-1,700 words appear
for first time in plays

15. Legacy of the Renaissance
 What were some
changes in the arts
during the
Renaissance?
 What were some
changes in society?

16. Protestant Reformation

17. Luther Leads the Reformation (pages 54-60)
Causes of the Reformation
A. Rise of wealth based economy
 Merchants resented paying taxes to the
Church, king jealous of Church wealth
B. Declining power of church
 Leaders had become corrupt
C. Kings becoming more powerful
and challenged Church authority
D. Questions about supremacy of
church raised by Christian
Humanists (Erasmus)
 Society was changing and people were
searching for answers

18. Church Abuses
 Catholic Church caught up in secular affairs
 To finance church they raised fees on marriage and
baptism
 Sold indulgences- forgiveness of sins for money

19. Early Revolts Against Church
 Late 1300’s –John Wycliffe (English) attacked
Catholic Church, called for changes
 Said Bible supreme to pope
 Followers had to meet in secret to avoid persecution
 Early 1400’s John Hus (Czech) led reform
movement, accused of heresy and executed 1415
 Caused revolt in Bohemia did not end until 1436
 Writing of Erasmus also had an effect

20. Martin Luther
 Martin Luther (German, Catholic
monk) protests against church led
to Reformation
 1517-Luther became upset a local
priest, Johann Tetzel, selling
indulgences in Wittenberg,
Germany
 Indulgences guaranteed person
and dead relatives place in heaven
 Outraged Luther, posted 95
Theses on Church in Wittenberg,
Germany (maybe)

21. 95 Theses/ Luther’s beliefs
1. Luther believed that faith alone was needed for
salvation
Catholic teachings that faith and good works were needed
for salvation
2. Bible was ultimate authority , not the pope
3. All people could have direct relationship with God
 Copies of 95 Theses printed and distributed across
Europe

22. Reaction to Luther
 Pope excommunicated him (kicked him out of Catholic Church)
 Emperor of Holy Roman Empire (HRE) called Luther to meeting to
take back what he said (Diet of Worms)
 Luther refused and declared an outlaw
 Luther supporters accepted his teachings
 May German princes renounced authority of pope

23. Luther’s Teachings
A. All people direct relationship with God
B. Bible needed to be translated into
vernacular
C. Banned indulgences
D. Simplified mass, emphasis on sermon
E. Permitted clergy to marry
 1530’s followers called Protestants,
Lutherans

24. Princes and Peasants
 German princes supported Luther:
1. Independence from Church, HRE
2. Excuse to seize Church property in territory
3. Keep money in territory
 Poor support Luther’s message:
1. Equality, social change
2. Revolts across Germany (Peasant's Revolt)
3. Not supported by Luther, respected social order, political authority
 Peace of Augsburg (1555) allowed each prince to decide
which religion to follow in their lands
 Northern Germany- Protestant
 Southern Germany- Catholic

25. Reformation Spreads

26. English Reformation
 1520’s religious leaders exploring
Protestant ideas
 English had called for reform in
Church
 Henry VIII wanted divorce from
wife, wanted male heir
 Pope would not annul (cancel)
marriage
 Henry and Chancellor Thomas
Cromwell had Parliament pass laws
to take control of Church

27. English Reformation
 1534- Act of Supremacy made Henry head of
Church of England (Anglican Church)
 Burned Catholics for heresy
 1536-1540-Seized monastery lands and wealth
 Gave land to nobles
 Church not radical- kept many Catholic forms of
worship, used English Bible

28. English Reformation
 1547 Henry dies
 Son Edward VI becomes
king
 Passes laws that
strengthen Protestant
Church
 Book of Common Prayer
required in all church
services

29. English Reformation
 Mary Tudor, Edwards sister,
queen after Edward dies
 Mary was Catholic, had many
Protestants killed for heresy
 1558 Elizabeth I becomes
queen, decided future of
Anglican Church
 Established compromise
between Catholic and
Protestant Church, ended
decades of religious turmoil
(Elizabethan Compromise)

31. The Reformation Continues (pages 61-66)
 Reformation caused many smaller groups to
break away from Catholic Church
 1520’s Switzerland- Ulrich Zwingli
 Stressed importance of Bible, simplified
elaborate church ritual
 John Calvin- Geneva, Switzerland
 Idea of predestination (God already decided
who went to heaven)
 Ideas known as Calvinism
 1559- Calvinism spreads to Scotland, known
as Presbyterians
 1541- Calvinists established theocracy in
Geneva
 Followers had strict rules
 Seen as model Christian community
 Ideas of Calvinism spread across Europe to
Americas (Pilgrims and Puritans)

32. New Religious Groups
 Other sects had radical
ideas
 Anabaptists
1. rejected infant baptism
2. Communities shared
everything
3. religious tolerance
4. Separation of church and
state
5. Refused military service
 Persecuted by Catholic
and Protestant groups

33. Catholic Counter Reformation
 New religious order Jesuits
founded by Ignatius of Loyola
A. Defended and spread
Catholic faith
B. Set up schools
C. Spread Catholicism to Africa,
Asia, Americas
 By 1600 Protestant religions
had gained a foothold across
Europe, church abuses reduced

34. Catholic Counter Reformation
 Most Europeans remained Catholic
 1530’s- 1540’s Pope Paul III tried to revive moral authority, end corruption of
Catholic Church
 Council of Trent- (1545, met for 20 years)
 Reaffirmed traditional Catholic views, final authority on the Bible
 penalties for corruption among clergy
 educated clergy
 Indulgences were valid
 Inquisition (courts used to find non- believers) were widely used across Europe

35. Legacies of the Reformation
1. Religious differences caused intolerance, divided
Europe
2. Different religions persecuted those that were
different
3. Weakened church allowed strong monarchies to
develop (Chapter 6)
4. Led to Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution
(Chapter 6)
5. Jews forced to live in ghettos across Europe
1. Could not live in Spanish colonies
2. Many moved to Ottoman Empire, Netherlands