The document discusses religious reforms in medieval Europe between 1000-1500 AD. It describes how monastic orders like the Benedictines declined due to Viking raids but were reformed through new orders like the Cluny and Cistercians that lived more strictly. It also discusses efforts to reform the Catholic Church by figures like Pope Gregory VII who banned clerical marriage and lay investiture. New architectural styles like Romanesque and Gothic emerged as the Church grew wealthier and built large cathedrals.
The English Reformation started when Henry VIII decided to divorce his first wife Catherine of Aragon after she failed to produce a male heir. However, divorce was not allowed by the Roman Catholic Church, so Henry broke ties with Rome and declared himself head of the Church of England. This led him to dissolve the monasteries and confiscate church lands and wealth, which increased his power but angered Roman Catholic leaders. The Reformation transformed the English church from answering to the Pope to being governed by the monarch.
The document discusses the key beliefs of the Protestant Reformation, specifically the Five Solas: Scripture alone, Christ alone, Grace alone, Faith alone, and Glory to God alone. It compares Protestant and Catholic beliefs on the authority of Scripture and tradition, infallibility, interpretation of the Bible, and salvation by faith versus faith plus works. Finally, it summarizes changes to the Church of England between 1509-1547 including making the king head of the church and introducing more English language services.
The document summarizes church growth in various parts of the world, particularly in China and Mexico. It describes how the number of churches in the Philippines grew from 5,000 in 1890 to over 60,000 by 2007. It then discusses the unprecedented growth of house churches in China, with some networks growing to millions of members. It provides examples of dramatic church growth and resurrections occurring in southern Mexico and China as a result of evangelism efforts.
Eastern Christianity developed from Christianity that originated in the Middle East and spread eastward. It is comprised of four main communions: the Assyrian Church of the East, the Oriental Orthodox churches, the Eastern Orthodox churches, and the Eastern Catholic churches. The Eastern Catholic churches, like the other Eastern Christian churches, developed unique theological traditions and liturgies but are in full communion with the Pope in Rome.
The document summarizes the history of the Catholic Church in the Philippines, from its introduction by Spanish missionaries in the 16th century to the present day. It notes that while Spanish missionaries shaped early Filipino spirituality, over time the spirituality became a syncretic blend of Hispanic and native traditions. It then outlines the Second Plenary Council of the Philippines in 1991, which called for a renewed, integral evangelization and for the Church to serve as a prophetic voice for justice, truth, and human rights.
The document provides background information on the Protestant Reformation that occurred in Europe between the 15th and 17th centuries. It discusses key figures like Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII and how they advocated for reforms within the Catholic Church or broke away to form new denominations like Lutheranism and the Church of England. It also examines the responses of the Catholic Church through movements like the Counter-Reformation and councils like the Council of Trent.
The document is a Jeopardy-style game about Catholic saints organized in 5 centuries from the 1st to the present. It includes questions about saints such as St. Stephen, St. Paul, St. Mary Magdalene, St. Peter, St. Patrick, St. Jerome, St. Augustine, St. Monica, St. Ignatius of Antioch, St. Boniface, St. Benedict, St. Francis of Assisi, St. Clare, St. Catherine of Siena, St. Thomas Aquinas, St. Dominic, St. Frances Xavier Cabrini, Archbishop Oscar Romero, St. Thomas More, St. Peter Claver, and Dorothy Day. The
The authority of the Catholic Church grew during this period as popes sought to prevent secular rulers from interfering in church affairs and ensure Christians followed church teachings. Monastic orders like the Benedictines and Cluniacs demanded higher moral standards from clergy and more independence from secular control. Meanwhile, the Investiture Controversy saw Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV clash over who had authority to appoint bishops, demonstrating the increasing political power and influence of the papacy. This period also saw the establishment of the College of Cardinals, religious reforms, and calls for the church to combat heresy through the Inquisition.
The English Reformation started when Henry VIII decided to divorce his first wife Catherine of Aragon after she failed to produce a male heir. However, divorce was not allowed by the Roman Catholic Church, so Henry broke ties with Rome and declared himself head of the Church of England. This led him to dissolve the monasteries and confiscate church lands and wealth, which increased his power but angered Roman Catholic leaders. The Reformation transformed the English church from answering to the Pope to being governed by the monarch.
The document discusses the key beliefs of the Protestant Reformation, specifically the Five Solas: Scripture alone, Christ alone, Grace alone, Faith alone, and Glory to God alone. It compares Protestant and Catholic beliefs on the authority of Scripture and tradition, infallibility, interpretation of the Bible, and salvation by faith versus faith plus works. Finally, it summarizes changes to the Church of England between 1509-1547 including making the king head of the church and introducing more English language services.
The document summarizes church growth in various parts of the world, particularly in China and Mexico. It describes how the number of churches in the Philippines grew from 5,000 in 1890 to over 60,000 by 2007. It then discusses the unprecedented growth of house churches in China, with some networks growing to millions of members. It provides examples of dramatic church growth and resurrections occurring in southern Mexico and China as a result of evangelism efforts.
Eastern Christianity developed from Christianity that originated in the Middle East and spread eastward. It is comprised of four main communions: the Assyrian Church of the East, the Oriental Orthodox churches, the Eastern Orthodox churches, and the Eastern Catholic churches. The Eastern Catholic churches, like the other Eastern Christian churches, developed unique theological traditions and liturgies but are in full communion with the Pope in Rome.
The document summarizes the history of the Catholic Church in the Philippines, from its introduction by Spanish missionaries in the 16th century to the present day. It notes that while Spanish missionaries shaped early Filipino spirituality, over time the spirituality became a syncretic blend of Hispanic and native traditions. It then outlines the Second Plenary Council of the Philippines in 1991, which called for a renewed, integral evangelization and for the Church to serve as a prophetic voice for justice, truth, and human rights.
The document provides background information on the Protestant Reformation that occurred in Europe between the 15th and 17th centuries. It discusses key figures like Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII and how they advocated for reforms within the Catholic Church or broke away to form new denominations like Lutheranism and the Church of England. It also examines the responses of the Catholic Church through movements like the Counter-Reformation and councils like the Council of Trent.
The document is a Jeopardy-style game about Catholic saints organized in 5 centuries from the 1st to the present. It includes questions about saints such as St. Stephen, St. Paul, St. Mary Magdalene, St. Peter, St. Patrick, St. Jerome, St. Augustine, St. Monica, St. Ignatius of Antioch, St. Boniface, St. Benedict, St. Francis of Assisi, St. Clare, St. Catherine of Siena, St. Thomas Aquinas, St. Dominic, St. Frances Xavier Cabrini, Archbishop Oscar Romero, St. Thomas More, St. Peter Claver, and Dorothy Day. The
The authority of the Catholic Church grew during this period as popes sought to prevent secular rulers from interfering in church affairs and ensure Christians followed church teachings. Monastic orders like the Benedictines and Cluniacs demanded higher moral standards from clergy and more independence from secular control. Meanwhile, the Investiture Controversy saw Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV clash over who had authority to appoint bishops, demonstrating the increasing political power and influence of the papacy. This period also saw the establishment of the College of Cardinals, religious reforms, and calls for the church to combat heresy through the Inquisition.
This document provides background information on key figures in the pre-Reformation period such as John Wycliffe, John Huss, and Jerome Savonarola. It discusses Wycliffe's views which focused on studying scripture rather than scholastic speculation. It also describes how Huss was influenced by Wycliffe and their shared views challenging the authority of the Pope. The document then provides an overview of the major theological currents of scholasticism during the late medieval period, including realism and nominalism.
Humanism, Reformation and Counter- Reformationpapefons Fons
Humanism began in the 15th century and focused on human potential and achievements. It revived interest in classical Greek and Roman culture. The invention of the printing press and support from wealthy patrons contributed to its spread. Martin Luther criticized the Catholic Church in 1517 and proposed doctrines like salvation through faith alone and scripture as the sole religious authority, sparking the Protestant Reformation. This led to religious wars until the 1555 Peace of Augsburg allowed rulers to choose the religion of their lands. The Catholic Church responded with reforms and new orders like the Jesuits through the Counter-Reformation to strengthen traditional doctrines and address issues raised by Protestants.
History of missions lesson 7 - catholic & orthodox 12-16th centuryBob Patton, M.D., D.D.
This history of missions continues our other lessons through the late middle ages into the time of the Protestant reformation. We also include some brief slide materials from the Orthodox church.
The Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines plans to celebrate the 500th anniversary of Christianity in the country in 2021. This anniversary marks 500 years since Ferdinand Magellan first brought Christianity to the Philippines in 1521. Several bishops say this celebration will recognize how Filipinos embraced the Christian faith, not how they were colonized by other countries. While President Duterte is skeptical, the bishops will celebrate with or without his support to give thanks for the protection of their faith over the past 500 years.
The document provides information about the roles and responsibilities of bishops and archbishops in the Catholic Church. It discusses that bishops are successors to the apostles and are given the duties of teaching, governing, and sanctifying the faithful in their diocese. The Archbishop of Philadelphia, Charles Joseph Chaput, has the responsibility of leading the Church in Philadelphia.
Raise of the beast - Following History & Its Patterns Prepare Your Ways
This document discusses the rise of religious systems described in the Bible as the beasts. It outlines the origins and histories of the Roman Catholic Church and the Roman Empire, highlighting periods of corruption, immorality among popes, the Inquisition, persecution of dissenters, and the Church's embrace of pagan traditions and symbols. It suggests the Roman Catholic Church fulfills the biblical description of the false prophet and continues to influence politics and push for a one world religion in opposition to biblical Christianity.
THE SWORD AND THE CROWN; The Heroes of the English ReformationPeter McIntyre
The document provides background on the Protestant identity and faith of Ulster Protestants. It discusses early English Christianity from the Roman period through 1000 AD. It then focuses on the corruption of the church that led to the English Reformation, covering figures like John Wycliffe, the "Morning Star of the Reformation" who first translated the Bible to English. It also discusses the roles of Henry VIII, Thomas Cranmer, and Thomas Bilney in the English Reformation from 1517-1558.
The document summarizes the major events and figures of the Protestant Reformation. It describes how Martin Luther protested abuses within the Catholic Church and sparked the growth of Protestantism. Over time, various Protestant denominations emerged like Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism under leaders such as Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII respectively. The Reformation destroyed unity within Christianity and led to religious conflicts across Europe for over a century.
The document summarizes religious reforms that took place from the 900s to 1300s in Europe. It discusses issues facing the Catholic Church like the selling of church positions and marriage of priests. Monks at Cluny began strictly following Benedictine rules, influencing other monasteries. Pope Leo IX and Gregory VII enacted reforms, ending simony and priest marriage. The Church structure was reorganized like a kingdom, with the Pope at the head. New orders of friars like the Dominicans and Franciscans spread the faith, while grand Gothic cathedrals were built across Europe.
ARCHBISHOP JAMES USSHER; Forging the Faith of the Ulster Plantation in the Fi...Peter McIntyre
This document discusses the identity and faith of Ulster Protestants. It covers the progression of Protestantism in Ireland through figures like Archbishop James Ussher and the Irish Articles of Religion. It also discusses the arrival of Ulster Scots settlers during the Plantation of Ulster in the 1600s and the early Presbyterian ministers who helped establish their faith. The document is intended to outline the key events and influences that shaped Ulster Protestant identity and theology.
The document discusses several key events and developments in the early Christian church between the 1st and 5th centuries CE. It notes that Constantine issued the Edict of Milan in 313 legalizing Christianity. The Council of Nicaea in 325 established the Nicene Creed rejecting Arian beliefs. The Council of Chalcedon in 451 defined that Jesus had two natures, divine and human. Heresies like Arianism, Gnosticism and others threatened the church, but early church fathers and theologians like Athanasius defended orthodox Christianity. Monasticism also grew as some Christians sought ascetic lifestyles in response to the church's growing worldliness.
The document provides a history of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church, which originated from a group of 35,000 Syriac Orthodox Christians in Kerala who broke away from that church in 1930 to join the Catholic Church under the leadership of Archbishop Mar Ivanios. The Syro-Malankara Church uses the West Syrian liturgy and its current head is Major Archbishop Baselios Cleemis. It has 500,000 members and 500 priests today. The document also describes the structure of the Syro-Malankara liturgy and provides background on the Coonan Cross Oath of 1653, where St. Thomas Christians swore not to be under Portuguese authority.
The document discusses the Apostolic Fathers and Post-Apostolic Fathers of the Church. It provides biographical information on early Christian writers from the 1st-4th centuries AD, including Clement of Rome, Ignatius of Antioch, Polycarp of Smyrna, and others. These writers established Christian doctrine and synthesized the teachings of the Bible, Apostolic Fathers, and Church councils in their writings.
Pope Francis I, the first pope from South America, was elected as the 266th pope in 2013. He took the name Francis after St. Francis of Assisi, who was known for his humility and service to the poor. Jorge Mario Bergoglio, 76, is the son of Italian immigrants and was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He has spent his career in Argentina and is the first non-European pope in over 1,000 years. Pope Francis aims to model humility and focus on social justice issues through his papacy.
Created by María Jesús Campos Fernández, teacher of Geography and History at a bilingual section in Madrid.
learningfromhistory.wikispaces.com
learningfromgeography.wikispaces.com
The Reformation began in the 1500s led by reformers such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, and King Henry VIII who challenged the authority and teachings of the Catholic Church. Luther posted his 95 Theses criticizing the Church in 1517 which sparked the Protestant Reformation. The printing press helped spread Protestant ideas. The Counter Reformation was launched by the Catholic Church including through the Jesuits and the Council of Trent to combat heresy and reform the Church. This led to a divided Europe and era of religious wars between Protestant and Catholic states.
This document provides an overview of the history of Christian missions from the time of Constantine to the Middle Ages. It discusses several key missionaries who helped spread Christianity in Europe, including Augustine of Canterbury's mission to England in the 6th century which led to the conversion of King Ethelbert and many others. It also covers the work of missionaries like Columban in France, Willibrord in the Netherlands, and Boniface in Germany during the time of Charlemagne's empire. The document then discusses the spread of Christianity to Scandinavian countries through the efforts of missionaries like Anskar to Denmark and Sweden. By 1000 AD, Christianity had become the dominant religion in most of Europe.
This document appears to be a series of lecture slides for an art history course on religious art from the Roman Empire through the Gothic period in Europe. It covers topics like Constantine and early Christian art in Rome, the Hagia Sophia and Byzantine art, illuminated manuscripts like the Book of Kells, Romanesque sculpture like at Autun cathedral, and Gothic cathedrals like Chartres with its stained glass windows. Key artists mentioned include Giotto, known for frescoes and altarpieces in Florence during the late Gothic era. The course is taught by Professor James Greene and focuses on the relationship between art and faith during the Middle Ages.
This document provides a list of medieval Islamic applied art objects from the 7th to 15th centuries, including their material (such as crystal, silk, bronze), type (such as bowls, jugs, textiles, incense burners), place of origin (such as Iran, Egypt, Spain), and date. The art objects span different mediums and regions across the Islamic world during the medieval period.
This document provides background information on key figures in the pre-Reformation period such as John Wycliffe, John Huss, and Jerome Savonarola. It discusses Wycliffe's views which focused on studying scripture rather than scholastic speculation. It also describes how Huss was influenced by Wycliffe and their shared views challenging the authority of the Pope. The document then provides an overview of the major theological currents of scholasticism during the late medieval period, including realism and nominalism.
Humanism, Reformation and Counter- Reformationpapefons Fons
Humanism began in the 15th century and focused on human potential and achievements. It revived interest in classical Greek and Roman culture. The invention of the printing press and support from wealthy patrons contributed to its spread. Martin Luther criticized the Catholic Church in 1517 and proposed doctrines like salvation through faith alone and scripture as the sole religious authority, sparking the Protestant Reformation. This led to religious wars until the 1555 Peace of Augsburg allowed rulers to choose the religion of their lands. The Catholic Church responded with reforms and new orders like the Jesuits through the Counter-Reformation to strengthen traditional doctrines and address issues raised by Protestants.
History of missions lesson 7 - catholic & orthodox 12-16th centuryBob Patton, M.D., D.D.
This history of missions continues our other lessons through the late middle ages into the time of the Protestant reformation. We also include some brief slide materials from the Orthodox church.
The Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines plans to celebrate the 500th anniversary of Christianity in the country in 2021. This anniversary marks 500 years since Ferdinand Magellan first brought Christianity to the Philippines in 1521. Several bishops say this celebration will recognize how Filipinos embraced the Christian faith, not how they were colonized by other countries. While President Duterte is skeptical, the bishops will celebrate with or without his support to give thanks for the protection of their faith over the past 500 years.
The document provides information about the roles and responsibilities of bishops and archbishops in the Catholic Church. It discusses that bishops are successors to the apostles and are given the duties of teaching, governing, and sanctifying the faithful in their diocese. The Archbishop of Philadelphia, Charles Joseph Chaput, has the responsibility of leading the Church in Philadelphia.
Raise of the beast - Following History & Its Patterns Prepare Your Ways
This document discusses the rise of religious systems described in the Bible as the beasts. It outlines the origins and histories of the Roman Catholic Church and the Roman Empire, highlighting periods of corruption, immorality among popes, the Inquisition, persecution of dissenters, and the Church's embrace of pagan traditions and symbols. It suggests the Roman Catholic Church fulfills the biblical description of the false prophet and continues to influence politics and push for a one world religion in opposition to biblical Christianity.
THE SWORD AND THE CROWN; The Heroes of the English ReformationPeter McIntyre
The document provides background on the Protestant identity and faith of Ulster Protestants. It discusses early English Christianity from the Roman period through 1000 AD. It then focuses on the corruption of the church that led to the English Reformation, covering figures like John Wycliffe, the "Morning Star of the Reformation" who first translated the Bible to English. It also discusses the roles of Henry VIII, Thomas Cranmer, and Thomas Bilney in the English Reformation from 1517-1558.
The document summarizes the major events and figures of the Protestant Reformation. It describes how Martin Luther protested abuses within the Catholic Church and sparked the growth of Protestantism. Over time, various Protestant denominations emerged like Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism under leaders such as Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII respectively. The Reformation destroyed unity within Christianity and led to religious conflicts across Europe for over a century.
The document summarizes religious reforms that took place from the 900s to 1300s in Europe. It discusses issues facing the Catholic Church like the selling of church positions and marriage of priests. Monks at Cluny began strictly following Benedictine rules, influencing other monasteries. Pope Leo IX and Gregory VII enacted reforms, ending simony and priest marriage. The Church structure was reorganized like a kingdom, with the Pope at the head. New orders of friars like the Dominicans and Franciscans spread the faith, while grand Gothic cathedrals were built across Europe.
ARCHBISHOP JAMES USSHER; Forging the Faith of the Ulster Plantation in the Fi...Peter McIntyre
This document discusses the identity and faith of Ulster Protestants. It covers the progression of Protestantism in Ireland through figures like Archbishop James Ussher and the Irish Articles of Religion. It also discusses the arrival of Ulster Scots settlers during the Plantation of Ulster in the 1600s and the early Presbyterian ministers who helped establish their faith. The document is intended to outline the key events and influences that shaped Ulster Protestant identity and theology.
The document discusses several key events and developments in the early Christian church between the 1st and 5th centuries CE. It notes that Constantine issued the Edict of Milan in 313 legalizing Christianity. The Council of Nicaea in 325 established the Nicene Creed rejecting Arian beliefs. The Council of Chalcedon in 451 defined that Jesus had two natures, divine and human. Heresies like Arianism, Gnosticism and others threatened the church, but early church fathers and theologians like Athanasius defended orthodox Christianity. Monasticism also grew as some Christians sought ascetic lifestyles in response to the church's growing worldliness.
The document provides a history of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church, which originated from a group of 35,000 Syriac Orthodox Christians in Kerala who broke away from that church in 1930 to join the Catholic Church under the leadership of Archbishop Mar Ivanios. The Syro-Malankara Church uses the West Syrian liturgy and its current head is Major Archbishop Baselios Cleemis. It has 500,000 members and 500 priests today. The document also describes the structure of the Syro-Malankara liturgy and provides background on the Coonan Cross Oath of 1653, where St. Thomas Christians swore not to be under Portuguese authority.
The document discusses the Apostolic Fathers and Post-Apostolic Fathers of the Church. It provides biographical information on early Christian writers from the 1st-4th centuries AD, including Clement of Rome, Ignatius of Antioch, Polycarp of Smyrna, and others. These writers established Christian doctrine and synthesized the teachings of the Bible, Apostolic Fathers, and Church councils in their writings.
Pope Francis I, the first pope from South America, was elected as the 266th pope in 2013. He took the name Francis after St. Francis of Assisi, who was known for his humility and service to the poor. Jorge Mario Bergoglio, 76, is the son of Italian immigrants and was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He has spent his career in Argentina and is the first non-European pope in over 1,000 years. Pope Francis aims to model humility and focus on social justice issues through his papacy.
Created by María Jesús Campos Fernández, teacher of Geography and History at a bilingual section in Madrid.
learningfromhistory.wikispaces.com
learningfromgeography.wikispaces.com
The Reformation began in the 1500s led by reformers such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, and King Henry VIII who challenged the authority and teachings of the Catholic Church. Luther posted his 95 Theses criticizing the Church in 1517 which sparked the Protestant Reformation. The printing press helped spread Protestant ideas. The Counter Reformation was launched by the Catholic Church including through the Jesuits and the Council of Trent to combat heresy and reform the Church. This led to a divided Europe and era of religious wars between Protestant and Catholic states.
This document provides an overview of the history of Christian missions from the time of Constantine to the Middle Ages. It discusses several key missionaries who helped spread Christianity in Europe, including Augustine of Canterbury's mission to England in the 6th century which led to the conversion of King Ethelbert and many others. It also covers the work of missionaries like Columban in France, Willibrord in the Netherlands, and Boniface in Germany during the time of Charlemagne's empire. The document then discusses the spread of Christianity to Scandinavian countries through the efforts of missionaries like Anskar to Denmark and Sweden. By 1000 AD, Christianity had become the dominant religion in most of Europe.
This document appears to be a series of lecture slides for an art history course on religious art from the Roman Empire through the Gothic period in Europe. It covers topics like Constantine and early Christian art in Rome, the Hagia Sophia and Byzantine art, illuminated manuscripts like the Book of Kells, Romanesque sculpture like at Autun cathedral, and Gothic cathedrals like Chartres with its stained glass windows. Key artists mentioned include Giotto, known for frescoes and altarpieces in Florence during the late Gothic era. The course is taught by Professor James Greene and focuses on the relationship between art and faith during the Middle Ages.
This document provides a list of medieval Islamic applied art objects from the 7th to 15th centuries, including their material (such as crystal, silk, bronze), type (such as bowls, jugs, textiles, incense burners), place of origin (such as Iran, Egypt, Spain), and date. The art objects span different mediums and regions across the Islamic world during the medieval period.
This document provides an overview of medieval architecture in the Byzantine Empire, Islamic world, and Western Europe between the 5th and 15th centuries. It showcases important architectural styles including Byzantine, Romanesque, and Gothic as well as Islamic influences. Examples of religious buildings, palaces, castles, and domestic architecture from Constantinople, Ravenna, Jerusalem, Cairo, Granada, Paris, and other cities are depicted through images and brief descriptions.
Early Medieval Art developed after the fall of the Western Roman Empire and preceded the Romanesque period of the 11th century. Christian monks played a key role in preserving art by creating illuminated manuscripts. Northern European peoples like the Merovingians and Anglo-Saxons developed artistic styles using interlaced designs and abstract animal imagery. Under Charlemagne's empire, Carolingian art revived Roman forms and focused on book illuminations. Ottonian art flourished in Germany with architectural styles influenced by Byzantium and illuminated manuscripts featuring linear figures.
The document provides an overview of Islamic art history from the 7th century to the early 20th century. It describes the early period following Muhammad which saw important architectural works like the Dome of the Rock. The medieval period saw rule by the Fatimids in North Africa and the Seljuqs in the east. The later period was marked by the rise of the Ottoman Empire which conquered a vast region including Constantinople.
The document provides an overview of Islamic art from 650 CE to the present. It discusses key ideas such as the importance of calligraphy and mosques facing Mecca. Major architectural works are summarized, including the Dome of the Rock featuring Byzantine influences, the Great Mosque of Cordoba with double arches, and the Alhambra's intricate muqarnas ceiling decorations. The Taj Mahal is highlighted as a masterpiece commemorating Shah Jahan's wife. Persian manuscripts are also summarized as illustrated books that married text and calligraphy. The document covers historical and religious context for Islamic art traditions.
By the 4th century, Christianity had become dominant in the Roman Empire and the Church played an increasing role in the new European civilization. Local parishes were led by priests and bishops, and people demonstrated their faith by building magnificent Gothic cathedrals between the 11th-12th centuries, featuring pointed arches, stained glass windows, and sculptures. The Pope grew in power and established the Roman Catholic Church and its laws, wielding authority over kings. Monks lived dedicated religious lives in monasteries and played an important social role through missionary work, education, medicine, and agriculture.
This document discusses the state of the Catholic Church in England before the Protestant Reformation. It presents differing views on whether the Church was in need of reform or still satisfied people's needs. Some historians like John Foxe argued the Church was unpopular and corrupt, while others note that most people's lives still centered around the Church. The document also examines popular religious practices, criticisms of clergy, and early figures who opposed some Catholic doctrines, like humanists and reformers John Colet. It introduces Martin Luther's challenges to Catholic theology and indulgences, and how his ideas began spreading to England through figures like William Tyndale.
The document summarizes the key causes and events that led to the Protestant Reformation in Europe in the 16th century. It discusses that by the 15th century, the Roman Catholic Church had become very powerful but was also facing criticism over corrupt practices. Martin Luther then challenged the Church's authority by posting his 95 Theses criticizing the selling of indulgences in 1517, which spread widely due to the printing press. Luther's teachings emphasized faith over works and that the Bible was the sole religious authority, threatening the Church's power and leading to the broader Protestant Reformation.
The Roman Catholic Church grew in importance and became the central unifying institution in Western Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire. The Church spread Christianity through missionary work, brought Roman culture to Germanic tribes, and served important social, political, and religious roles for people during the Middle Ages. Church scholars in monasteries preserved classical literature and laid the foundations for later universities in Europe.
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. Catholic Mass is the weekly ritual service in the Catholic Church where Communion is taken. It commemorates Jesus's death and sacrifice on the cross.
2. The building monks live in is called a monastery.
3. One example of power the Catholic Church had was that it could excommunicate people, essentially kicking them out of the Church and preventing them from receiving sacraments and going to heaven.
4. One of the Catholic reform movements was the Friars in the 1200s. Friars were wandering preachers that lived among common people to encourage reform and preach the gospel.
A People’s History of Christianity May 24, 2015typeknerd
The document discusses the history of the Protestant Reformation in Europe beginning in the 15th century. It covers key figures like John Wycliffe, Jan Hus, Martin Luther, and others who challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and helped establish new Christian denominations. The text also summarizes the creation of the Church of England under King Henry VIII and the religious settlements put in place by later monarchs like Elizabeth I to balance Protestant and Catholic interests in England.
The Medieval Catholic Church was the central authority in Western Europe and taught that people were inherently sinful and dependent on God's grace to reach heaven. People participated in sacraments like baptism, communion, and confession that were administered by the Church. While Christianity could be complex, monks and nuns helped spread the religion through missionary work, teaching literacy, and operating hospitals. The Church held significant political and social power through the 1100s when calls for reform began regarding issues like corruption among clergy.
The removal of the papacy to Avignon signaled a change in its status and relationship with rulers. Living away from Rome in France, the Avignon popes demanded increasingly higher taxes. This disturbed the people and countries like England who were against French domination of the church during the Hundred Years' War. The French king also gained confidence in controlling the papacy after arresting Pope Boniface VIII.
The document discusses the Byzantine Catholic tradition, which originated from Eastern Orthodox Christians that reunited with the Roman Catholic Church after the Great Schism of 1054. Byzantine Catholic Churches are in full communion with the Pope but maintain their own liturgical traditions and spiritual heritage. They are structured into patriarchal, major archiepiscopal, and metropolitan churches headed by bishops. Byzantine Catholics celebrate the Christian life through daily prayer cycles and annual cycles of movable and fixed feasts centered around the Paschal Mystery.
The document discusses the Byzantine Catholic tradition, which originated from Eastern Orthodox Christians that reunited with the Roman Catholic Church after the Great Schism of 1054. Byzantine Catholic Churches are in full communion with the Pope but maintain their own liturgical traditions and spiritual patrimony. They are structured into patriarchal, major archiepiscopal, and metropolitan churches headed by bishops. Byzantine Catholics celebrate the Christian life through daily prayer cycles and annual cycles of movable and fixed feasts centered around the Paschal Mystery.
Under the rule of Lord Protector Somerset during Edward VI's reign, the English Church underwent moderate Protestant reforms to prevent Catholic backlash while not fully satisfying more radical Protestants. The reforms included requiring the Book of Common Prayer and sermons in English but kept fast days and saints' days. This cautious approach was due to opposition from conservative bishops and uncertainty about how far to push reforms without provoking unrest.
Archbishop Parker enforced Elizabeth's 1559 religious settlement, requiring clergy to wear the surplice vestment. Parker held a fashion show where 37 clergy refused and were removed. While Elizabeth allowed Protestant reforms like married clergy, she maintained Catholic traditions like clerical hierarchy and vestments for continuity. Her financial exploitation of the church weakened bishops' independence. Overall, Elizabeth intervened in church matters primarily for political stability rather than doctrinal reasons.
The document summarizes some of the key historical factors that contributed to the roots of the Protestant Reformation in 3 parts:
1) The rise of towns, capitalism, and democracy in the High Middle Ages led to clashes between kings and popes over church taxes and revelations of corruption in the Catholic Church.
2) Events like the Babylonian Captivity, Great Schism, and criticisms of John Wycliffe and John Hus further damaged the church's reputation.
3) Developments in northern Europe like the spread of ideas through the printing press and Germany's decentralized political structure enabled Luther's reforms to take hold.
U3A Comparative religion: Anglicanism and Anglo-Catholicismsimonrundell
Presentation to the U3A Comparative Religion Group in Gosport on the history of Anglicanism and its manifestation as Anglio-Catholicism.
These are all personal opinions and are not the views of the Church of England or the Diocese of Portsmouth
During the High Middle Ages, church bells played an important role in medieval communities by notifying people of events and telling time. This signified the Roman Catholic Church's powerful central role in society, as people relied on the Church for leadership, answers to life's questions, and assurances of safety from disasters or salvation after death. The Church hierarchy was structured in a pyramid form similar to the feudal system, with the Pope at the top governing the Church across Europe through layers of Cardinals, Archbishops, Bishops and local Priests. This hierarchical structure and the Church's vast land holdings through gifts and taxes cemented its significant economic and social influence during this period.
The document outlines the hierarchy or levels of authority in the Catholic Church. At the top is the Pope, who is the head of the over 1.2 billion Catholics worldwide and successor to St. Peter. Cardinals are appointed by the Pope and vote for new Popes. Bishops oversee local dioceses and report to the Pope every five years. Priests proclaim the word of God by preparing and performing sacraments like Eucharist, Reconciliation, Baptism, and funerals.
Early Modern Society, Politics And ReligionStrathallan
Early 16th century Europe was politically unstable with five main power blocs vying for influence - France, Iberia, the Italian states, the Holy Roman Empire, and the Ottoman Empire. The Catholic Church was also criticized for issues like simony, pluralism, and clergy acting immorally. Most people firmly believed in the existence of heaven, hell, and purgatory and that the Church and priests provided the only path to salvation and assurance about the afterlife. Growing anticlericalism and desire for reform among the laity would help spark the Protestant Reformation.
Most of sub-Saharan Africa lies within the tropics and has a tropical climate determined mainly by rainfall, ocean currents, prevailing winds, elevation, and latitude. The region contains rainforests near the equator with very high rainfall, canopy trees over 150 feet tall, and cash crops that can be grown. However, the rainforests are threatened by deforestation from farmers and loggers. Tropical savannas with seasonal rainfall and scattered trees cover almost half the region, including the famous Serengeti grasslands that can reach 15 feet tall. The Sahel region receives declining rainfall and is expanding southward due to overgrazing and population growth. Much of southern, northern, and eastern Africa is desert
1) The highlands and plateaus that make up much of Sub-Saharan Africa's geography have created physical barriers to travel and transportation.
2) The Great Rift Valley stretches from Syria to Mozambique and contains lakes like Tanganyika and Malawi.
3) Major river systems like the Niger and Congo are vital transport routes but contain waterfalls and rapids that impede navigation.
4) While natural resources are abundant throughout the region, developing energy infrastructure to harness the power of resources like hydroelectricity remains a challenge.
The Great Schism began as a power struggle between Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV of France over taxation of the church. This led to the papacy being moved to Avignon, France, outraging other Christian groups. Eventually, there were two popes, one in Rome and one in Avignon, dividing Western Christianity until the Council of Constance in 1417 ended the Schism by electing Martin V as the sole pope. Key figures like John Wycliffe and Jan Hus challenged the authority and actions of the divided papacy during this time period.
The document summarizes changes in Europe between 1000-1500 AD, from the early to high Middle Ages. It describes improvements to agriculture like the heavy plow and three field system that increased food production. As populations grew, more people moved to towns to join the emerging middle class of burghers, bourgeoisie, and merchants. Trade also expanded through routes like the Mediterranean and Hanseatic League, supported by the establishment of local and great trade fairs. New social classes and business practices like guilds emerged as Europe transitioned from feudalism.
The Hundred Years' War consisted of three major wars between England and France from 1337 to 1453 over the English monarchy's claims to the French throne. It established nation-states, ended medieval warfare, and strengthened French nationalism through the efforts of Joan of Arc. Monarchs gained broader taxing powers and professional standing armies at the expense of feudal nobility. France emerged victorious in 1453 with only the port of Calais remaining under English control.
1) As royal power grew in Europe during the Middle Ages, there was a need for more officials trained in law and record keeping, leading to a revival of learning and literacy outside the Church.
2) The first universities were established in the late 12th century, starting with Bologna in Italy, and theology and scholasticism were most highly regarded subjects.
3) Scholars began looking to ancient Greek classics and translating Arabic copies into Latin, contributing to the growth of knowledge in Western Europe.
The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic that struck Europe between 1347 and 1351. It is estimated to have killed around 25 million people in Europe, reducing the population by around one third. The plague originated in Asia and was brought to Europe via trade routes. It had devastating effects on population levels and society, and contributed to increased wages for laborers as well as religious and social unrest across the continent.
The document summarizes key population patterns and cultural geography of Africa. It notes that Africa has a very young population that is growing rapidly. It also discusses the uneven population density, challenges of food insecurity and disease, rapid urbanization, and cultural and linguistic diversity across hundreds of ethnic groups. The document traces Africa's history from early civilizations to European colonization and the independence movements of the 1900s. It concludes by looking at current challenges around literacy, governance, and water crises.
The Rwandan genocide occurred in 1994 when extremist Hutu groups, including the Interahamwe militia, began systematically killing Tutsi and moderate Hutus. Over the course of 100 days, an estimated 800,000 Rwandans were murdered in a government-led genocide. The violence was sparked by the death of Rwanda's president, a Hutu, in a plane crash that Hutu extremists blamed on the Tutsi. Centuries of ethnic tensions between the Hutu and Tutsi peoples, exacerbated by colonial influences, laid the groundwork for this tragic genocide.
The document summarizes the early history of three major world religions - Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - and the civilizations of the Middle East where they originated. It describes the rise of early river valley civilizations like Mesopotamia and Egypt, the establishment of Judaism through Abraham and the Hebrews, the founding of Christianity based on the teachings of Jesus Christ, and the origins of Islam in 7th century Arabia under the prophet Muhammad. It also outlines some of the core beliefs and texts of each religion.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses population patterns and densities in the Middle East and North Africa region. It states that Turkey, Egypt, and Iran have the largest populations, while Morocco, Algeria, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Afghanistan also have large populations. The total population of the region is around 400 million people and growing. Many people migrate within the region to find work.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
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Article: https://pecb.com/article
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How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
4. Religious Reforms
!During the Early Middle Ages, the Church
had acted as the preserver of civilization
in western Europe
5. Religious Reforms
!During the Early Middle Ages, the Church
had acted as the preserver of civilization
in western Europe
!However, the Viking raids had plundered
many monasteries, thus a decline in
education
6. Religious Reforms
!During the Early Middle Ages, the Church
had acted as the preserver of civilization
in western Europe
!However, the Viking raids had plundered
many monasteries, thus a decline in
education
!The Church also became a part of the
feudal system & many officials became
wealthy land owners
8. Religious Reforms..cont
! One of the first aspects of the Christian Church that underwent change was
in the monasteries
9. Religious Reforms..cont
! One of the first aspects of the Christian Church that underwent change was
in the monasteries
!Cluny: Monastery founded in
France by the Duke of
Aquitane
10. Religious Reforms..cont
! One of the first aspects of the Christian Church that underwent change was
in the monasteries
!Cluny: Monastery founded in
France by the Duke of
Aquitane
!Cluny, unlike many monasteries established by
Cluny
nobles, was subject only to the pope.
acted as the headquarters
13. Religious Reform..cont
! For some monks & nuns, the Benedictine rule no longer seemed strict
enough for monastic life
14. Religious Reform..cont
! For some monks & nuns, the Benedictine rule no longer seemed strict
enough for monastic life
! By 1000 A.D., new monastic orders formed that lived by even stricter
rules
15. Religious Reform..cont
! For some monks & nuns, the Benedictine rule no longer seemed strict
enough for monastic life
! By 1000 A.D., new monastic orders formed that lived by even stricter
rules
!Cistercians: Monastic
order founded in 1098,
vowed to only build their
monasteries in the
wilderness
18. Religious Reform..cont
! Eventually, religious reformers hoped to purify the Church by
freeing it from the control of nobles.
!Cardinals: Leading
bishops who would be
responsible for choosing
the new pope
19. Religious Reform..cont
! Eventually, religious reformers hoped to purify the Church by
freeing it from the control of nobles.
!Cardinals: Leading
bishops who would be
responsible for choosing
the new pope
!This took some power away from nobles and even kings
& emperors
21. Religious reforms..cont
! Reformers were also concerned with abolishing three conditions
that were widespread in the Church in the Early Middle Ages
22. Religious reforms..cont
! Reformers were also concerned with abolishing three conditions
that were widespread in the Church in the Early Middle Ages
!1. The Marriage of Priests
23. Religious reforms..cont
! Reformers were also concerned with abolishing three conditions
that were widespread in the Church in the Early Middle Ages
!1. The Marriage of Priests
!2. Simony: The buying &
selling of Church offices
24. Religious reforms..cont
! Reformers were also concerned with abolishing three conditions
that were widespread in the Church in the Early Middle Ages
!1. The Marriage of Priests
!2. Simony: The buying &
selling of Church offices
!3. Lay Investiture: Receiving
land from a noble whose not
a church official
28. Religious Reform..cont
!Gregory VII: Became Pope
in 1073
!As Pope, Gregory ordered all
married priests to abandon
their wives & children
!In 1075, he banned lay
investiture
32. Religious Reform..cont
!Henry IV: German king
who challenged Gregory
VII
! Because of his actions, Pope Gregory VII had Henry IV excommunicated
33. Religious Reform..cont
!Henry IV: German king
who challenged Gregory
VII
! Because of his actions, Pope Gregory VII had Henry IV excommunicated
!Canossa: Italian town where
Henry IV went to seek the
Pope’s forgiveness
34. Religious Reform..cont
!Henry IV: German king
who challenged Gregory
VII
! Because of his actions, Pope Gregory VII had Henry IV excommunicated
!Canossa: Italian town where
Henry IV went to seek the
Pope’s forgiveness
!This gave the Pope the upper-hand
37. Religious Reform..cont
!Concordat of Worms: An
agreement between the
Church & the Holy Roman
Empire that stated the
Church alone would grant
a bishop his office
38. Religious Reform..cont
!Concordat of Worms: An
agreement between the
Church & the Holy Roman
Empire that stated the
Church alone would grant
a bishop his office
!However, the emperor kept the power to grant the
bishop lands that went with his office
42. Religious Reform..cont
!Interdict: Stated no church
ceremonies could be performed
in an offending ruler’s lands
!Curia: The Pope’s advisory
staff
!Legates: Papal diplomats
who dealt with Bishops &
Kings
45. Religious Reform..cont
!Canon Law: The law of the
Church
!Tithe: A yearly tax the church
collected from individuals.
One-tenth of a person’s yearly
income
46. Religious Reform..cont
!Canon Law: The law of the
Church
!Tithe: A yearly tax the church
collected from individuals.
One-tenth of a person’s yearly
income
! According to canon law, Bishops were to use at least one
fourth of all tithes to care for the sick & poor
47. Religious Reform..cont
!Canon Law: The law of the
Church
!Tithe: A yearly tax the church
collected from individuals.
One-tenth of a person’s yearly
income
! According to canon law, Bishops were to use at least one
fourth of all tithes to care for the sick & poor
! Most hospitals & orphanages were ran by the Church
50. Religious Reform..cont
!The Inquisition: Church
organization of experts
whose job was to find &
judge heretics
!A person who was suspected of heresy might be held &
questioned for weeks
51. Religious Reform..cont
!The Inquisition: Church
organization of experts
whose job was to find &
judge heretics
!A person who was suspected of heresy might be held &
questioned for weeks
!Torture was a common tool in extracting a confession
54. Religious Reform..cont
!Friars: Wandering preachers
who traveled place to place
to carry the Church’s ideas
more widely
!A major goal of the friars was to win back heretics to
the Church
55. Religious Reform..cont
!Friars: Wandering preachers
who traveled place to place
to carry the Church’s ideas
more widely
!A major goal of the friars was to win back heretics to
the Church
!Like monks, friars took vows of chastity, poverty, &
obedience. Unlike monks they lived among the poor in
towns
60. Religious Reform..cont
!Dominicans: The first order
of friars
!Named after Dominic, a Spanish-priest
!The Dominicans emphasized learning
!Franciscans: Second largest
friar order
61. Religious Reform..cont
!Dominicans: The first order
of friars
!Named after Dominic, a Spanish-priest
!The Dominicans emphasized learning
!Franciscans: Second largest
friar order
!Francis of Assisi: Founded
the order
70. Religious Reform
!While the friars lived in poverty, evidence
of the Church’s wealth could be seen
everywhere during the High Middle Ages
71. Religious Reform
!While the friars lived in poverty, evidence
of the Church’s wealth could be seen
everywhere during the High Middle Ages
!Massive churches were being built to
showcase the wealth & stature of the
Church in Europe
72. Religious Reform
!While the friars lived in poverty, evidence
of the Church’s wealth could be seen
everywhere during the High Middle Ages
!Massive churches were being built to
showcase the wealth & stature of the
Church in Europe
!Two main style of architecture began to
emerge
75. Religious Reform..cont
!Romanesque: The first
major architecture style in
which churches & cathedrals
were being built in
! There was an emphasis placed on arches
76. Religious Reform..cont
!Romanesque: The first
major architecture style in
which churches & cathedrals
were being built in
! There was an emphasis placed on arches
! A heavy roof would press down on thick walls & two rows of
thick pillars within the church
77. Religious Reform..cont
!Romanesque: The first
major architecture style in
which churches & cathedrals
were being built in
! There was an emphasis placed on arches
! A heavy roof would press down on thick walls & two rows of
thick pillars within the church
! Walls were painted in brilliant colors
87. Religious Reforms..cont
!Gothic: Style of
architecture developed
by Suger
!Suger wanted the design of the church to extend
upward
!He wanted light to stream in from all sides
88. Religious Reforms..cont
!Gothic: Style of
architecture developed
by Suger
!Suger wanted the design of the church to extend
upward
!He wanted light to stream in from all sides
!This style was much more difficult to build
90. 3 Main Features of a Gothic
Church
1. Pointed, ribbed
vaults: Narrow bands of stone that
ran from the roof to the columns below &
helped support the roof’s weight
91. 3 Main Features of a Gothic
Church
1. Pointed, ribbed
vaults: Narrow bands of stone that
ran from the roof to the columns below &
helped support the roof’s weight
! The sections of walls between the pillars carried no weight &
became frames for huge stained-glass windows
96. Religious Reform…cont
!2. Flying Buttresses:
Stone roofs pushed outward & downward
from the building
!These braces were beautifully carved
97. Religious Reform…cont
!2. Flying Buttresses:
Stone roofs pushed outward & downward
from the building
!These braces were beautifully carved
!These braces slanted up against the
outside walls of the church or cathedral
98.
99.
100. Religious Reform..cont
!3. Pointed Arches: To
emphasize the height of a Gothic
church, all arches rose to points
!The highest arch was the vaulted
ceiling where all lines joined as
pointing to heaven
Editor's Notes
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Monks adeyted stricter rules. One of the first signs of reform in the Church was the founding in 910 of a new French moaastery at Cluny ). Clunv was founded by a nobleman, the Duke of Aqux^ine. Unlike many lords, the duke did not r make Cluny a source of personal wealth an ^ower. Instead, he arranged that the monastery be subject only to the pope not to any nearby lord or bishop. The abbots of Chmy held cdy to the Benedictine rule. Soon Climy's rcpucaticHi for purity inspired the founding of similar monasteries throughout western Europe. By the year 1000, there were 300 houses under Cluny's leadership. Cluny acted as a headquarters for Church reform. For many men and women/ the Benedictine rule no longer seemed strict enough for a holy life. After the year 1000, new groups of monks and nuns chose to live by even stricter rules. For example/ the members of the Cistercian (sihs-TOHR-shuhn) order/ founded in 1098, vowed to build their monasteries only in the wilderness. The Cistercians often took the lead in the great movement to clear new farmlands. Their life of hflrrlfihin wnn manv ffttlnivpr®\n
Monks adeyted stricter rules. One of the first signs of reform in the Church was the founding in 910 of a new French moaastery at Cluny ). Clunv was founded by a nobleman, the Duke of Aqux^ine. Unlike many lords, the duke did not r make Cluny a source of personal wealth an ^ower. Instead, he arranged that the monastery be subject only to the pope not to any nearby lord or bishop. The abbots of Chmy held cdy to the Benedictine rule. Soon Climy's rcpucaticHi for purity inspired the founding of similar monasteries throughout western Europe. By the year 1000, there were 300 houses under Cluny's leadership. Cluny acted as a headquarters for Church reform. For many men and women/ the Benedictine rule no longer seemed strict enough for a holy life. After the year 1000, new groups of monks and nuns chose to live by even stricter rules. For example/ the members of the Cistercian (sihs-TOHR-shuhn) order/ founded in 1098, vowed to build their monasteries only in the wilderness. The Cistercians often took the lead in the great movement to clear new farmlands. Their life of hflrrlfihin wnn manv ffttlnivpr®\n
Monks adeyted stricter rules. One of the first signs of reform in the Church was the founding in 910 of a new French moaastery at Cluny ). Clunv was founded by a nobleman, the Duke of Aqux^ine. Unlike many lords, the duke did not r make Cluny a source of personal wealth an ^ower. Instead, he arranged that the monastery be subject only to the pope not to any nearby lord or bishop. The abbots of Chmy held cdy to the Benedictine rule. Soon Climy's rcpucaticHi for purity inspired the founding of similar monasteries throughout western Europe. By the year 1000, there were 300 houses under Cluny's leadership. Cluny acted as a headquarters for Church reform. For many men and women/ the Benedictine rule no longer seemed strict enough for a holy life. After the year 1000, new groups of monks and nuns chose to live by even stricter rules. For example/ the members of the Cistercian (sihs-TOHR-shuhn) order/ founded in 1098, vowed to build their monasteries only in the wilderness. The Cistercians often took the lead in the great movement to clear new farmlands. Their life of hflrrlfihin wnn manv ffttlnivpr®\n
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Cistercian, byname White Monk, or Bernardine, \n\nmember of a Roman Catholic monastic order that was founded in 1098 and named after the original establishment at Cîteaux (Latin: Cistercium), a locality in Burgundy, near Dijon. The order’s founding fathers, led by St. Robert of Molesme, were a group of Benedictine monks from the abbey of Molesme who were dissatisfied with the relaxed observance of their abbey and desired to live a solitary life under the guidance of the strictest interpretation of the Rule of St. Benedict. Robert was succeeded by St. Alberic and then by St. Stephen Harding, who proved to be the real organizer of the Cistercian rule and order. The new regulations demanded severe asceticism; they rejected all feudal revenues and reintroduced manual labour for monks, making it a principal feature of their life. Communities of nuns adopting the Cistercian customs were founded as early as 1120–30, but they were excluded from the order until about 1200, when the nuns began to be directed, spiritually and materially, by the White Monks.\n\n\n\nCistercian government was based on three features: (1) uniformity—all monasteries were to observe exactly the same rules and customs; (2) general chapter meeting—the abbots of all the houses were to meet in annual general chapter at Cîteaux; (3) visitation—each daughter house was to be visited yearly by the founding abbot, who should ensure the observance of uniform discipline. The individual house preserved its internal autonomy, and the individual monk belonged for life to the house where he made his vows; the system of visitation and chapter provided external means for maintaining standards and enforcing legislation and sanctions.\n
Cistercian, byname White Monk, or Bernardine, \n\nmember of a Roman Catholic monastic order that was founded in 1098 and named after the original establishment at Cîteaux (Latin: Cistercium), a locality in Burgundy, near Dijon. The order’s founding fathers, led by St. Robert of Molesme, were a group of Benedictine monks from the abbey of Molesme who were dissatisfied with the relaxed observance of their abbey and desired to live a solitary life under the guidance of the strictest interpretation of the Rule of St. Benedict. Robert was succeeded by St. Alberic and then by St. Stephen Harding, who proved to be the real organizer of the Cistercian rule and order. The new regulations demanded severe asceticism; they rejected all feudal revenues and reintroduced manual labour for monks, making it a principal feature of their life. Communities of nuns adopting the Cistercian customs were founded as early as 1120–30, but they were excluded from the order until about 1200, when the nuns began to be directed, spiritually and materially, by the White Monks.\n\n\n\nCistercian government was based on three features: (1) uniformity—all monasteries were to observe exactly the same rules and customs; (2) general chapter meeting—the abbots of all the houses were to meet in annual general chapter at Cîteaux; (3) visitation—each daughter house was to be visited yearly by the founding abbot, who should ensure the observance of uniform discipline. The individual house preserved its internal autonomy, and the individual monk belonged for life to the house where he made his vows; the system of visitation and chapter provided external means for maintaining standards and enforcing legislation and sanctions.\n
Cistercian, byname White Monk, or Bernardine, \n\nmember of a Roman Catholic monastic order that was founded in 1098 and named after the original establishment at Cîteaux (Latin: Cistercium), a locality in Burgundy, near Dijon. The order’s founding fathers, led by St. Robert of Molesme, were a group of Benedictine monks from the abbey of Molesme who were dissatisfied with the relaxed observance of their abbey and desired to live a solitary life under the guidance of the strictest interpretation of the Rule of St. Benedict. Robert was succeeded by St. Alberic and then by St. Stephen Harding, who proved to be the real organizer of the Cistercian rule and order. The new regulations demanded severe asceticism; they rejected all feudal revenues and reintroduced manual labour for monks, making it a principal feature of their life. Communities of nuns adopting the Cistercian customs were founded as early as 1120–30, but they were excluded from the order until about 1200, when the nuns began to be directed, spiritually and materially, by the White Monks.\n\n\n\nCistercian government was based on three features: (1) uniformity—all monasteries were to observe exactly the same rules and customs; (2) general chapter meeting—the abbots of all the houses were to meet in annual general chapter at Cîteaux; (3) visitation—each daughter house was to be visited yearly by the founding abbot, who should ensure the observance of uniform discipline. The individual house preserved its internal autonomy, and the individual monk belonged for life to the house where he made his vows; the system of visitation and chapter provided external means for maintaining standards and enforcing legislation and sanctions.\n
cardinal, \n\na member of the Sacred College of Cardinals, whose duties include electing the pope, acting as his principal counselors, and aiding in the government of the Roman Catholic church throughout the world. Cardinals serve as chief officials of the Roman Curia (the papal bureaucracy), as bishops of major dioceses, and often as papal envoys. They wear distinctive red attire, are addressed as “Eminence,” and are known as princes of the church.\n\n\n\n
cardinal, \n\na member of the Sacred College of Cardinals, whose duties include electing the pope, acting as his principal counselors, and aiding in the government of the Roman Catholic church throughout the world. Cardinals serve as chief officials of the Roman Curia (the papal bureaucracy), as bishops of major dioceses, and often as papal envoys. They wear distinctive red attire, are addressed as “Eminence,” and are known as princes of the church.\n\n\n\n
cardinal, \n\na member of the Sacred College of Cardinals, whose duties include electing the pope, acting as his principal counselors, and aiding in the government of the Roman Catholic church throughout the world. Cardinals serve as chief officials of the Roman Curia (the papal bureaucracy), as bishops of major dioceses, and often as papal envoys. They wear distinctive red attire, are addressed as “Eminence,” and are known as princes of the church.\n\n\n\n
simony,  buying or selling of something spiritual or closely connected with the spiritual. More widely, it is any contract of this kind forbidden by divine or ecclesiastical law. The name is taken from Simon Magus (Acts 8:18), who endeavoured to buy from the Apostles the power of conferring the gifts of the Holy Spirit.\n\nSimony, in the form of buying holy orders, or church offices, was virtually unknown in the first three centuries of the Christian church, but it became familiar when the church had positions of wealth and influence to bestow. The first legislation on the point was the second canon of the Council of Chalcedon (451). From that time prohibitions and penalties were reiterated against buying or selling promotions to the episcopate, priesthood, and diaconate. Later, the offense of simony was extended to include all traffic in benefices and all pecuniary transactions on masses (apart from the authorized offering), blessed oils, and other consecrated objects.\n\nFrom an occasional scandal, simony became widespread in Europe in the 9th and 10th centuries. Pope Gregory VII (1073–85) rigorously attacked the problem, and the practice again became occasional rather than normal. After the 16th century, it gradually disappeared in its most flagrant forms with the disendowment and secularization of church property.\n
simony,  buying or selling of something spiritual or closely connected with the spiritual. More widely, it is any contract of this kind forbidden by divine or ecclesiastical law. The name is taken from Simon Magus (Acts 8:18), who endeavoured to buy from the Apostles the power of conferring the gifts of the Holy Spirit.\n\nSimony, in the form of buying holy orders, or church offices, was virtually unknown in the first three centuries of the Christian church, but it became familiar when the church had positions of wealth and influence to bestow. The first legislation on the point was the second canon of the Council of Chalcedon (451). From that time prohibitions and penalties were reiterated against buying or selling promotions to the episcopate, priesthood, and diaconate. Later, the offense of simony was extended to include all traffic in benefices and all pecuniary transactions on masses (apart from the authorized offering), blessed oils, and other consecrated objects.\n\nFrom an occasional scandal, simony became widespread in Europe in the 9th and 10th centuries. Pope Gregory VII (1073–85) rigorously attacked the problem, and the practice again became occasional rather than normal. After the 16th century, it gradually disappeared in its most flagrant forms with the disendowment and secularization of church property.\n
simony,  buying or selling of something spiritual or closely connected with the spiritual. More widely, it is any contract of this kind forbidden by divine or ecclesiastical law. The name is taken from Simon Magus (Acts 8:18), who endeavoured to buy from the Apostles the power of conferring the gifts of the Holy Spirit.\n\nSimony, in the form of buying holy orders, or church offices, was virtually unknown in the first three centuries of the Christian church, but it became familiar when the church had positions of wealth and influence to bestow. The first legislation on the point was the second canon of the Council of Chalcedon (451). From that time prohibitions and penalties were reiterated against buying or selling promotions to the episcopate, priesthood, and diaconate. Later, the offense of simony was extended to include all traffic in benefices and all pecuniary transactions on masses (apart from the authorized offering), blessed oils, and other consecrated objects.\n\nFrom an occasional scandal, simony became widespread in Europe in the 9th and 10th centuries. Pope Gregory VII (1073–85) rigorously attacked the problem, and the practice again became occasional rather than normal. After the 16th century, it gradually disappeared in its most flagrant forms with the disendowment and secularization of church property.\n
simony,  buying or selling of something spiritual or closely connected with the spiritual. More widely, it is any contract of this kind forbidden by divine or ecclesiastical law. The name is taken from Simon Magus (Acts 8:18), who endeavoured to buy from the Apostles the power of conferring the gifts of the Holy Spirit.\n\nSimony, in the form of buying holy orders, or church offices, was virtually unknown in the first three centuries of the Christian church, but it became familiar when the church had positions of wealth and influence to bestow. The first legislation on the point was the second canon of the Council of Chalcedon (451). From that time prohibitions and penalties were reiterated against buying or selling promotions to the episcopate, priesthood, and diaconate. Later, the offense of simony was extended to include all traffic in benefices and all pecuniary transactions on masses (apart from the authorized offering), blessed oils, and other consecrated objects.\n\nFrom an occasional scandal, simony became widespread in Europe in the 9th and 10th centuries. Pope Gregory VII (1073–85) rigorously attacked the problem, and the practice again became occasional rather than normal. After the 16th century, it gradually disappeared in its most flagrant forms with the disendowment and secularization of church property.\n
Gregory VII eventually banned completely the investiture of ecclesiastics by all laymen, including kings. The prohibition was first promulgated in September 1077 in France by the papal legate Hugh of Die at the Council of Autun. At a council in Rome in November 1078 Gregory himself announced that clerics were not to accept lay investiture and extended and formalized the prohibition in March 1080. The renunciation of this customary prerogative was problematic for all rulers but especially for Henry IV. He now found himself opposed by an alliance of papal supporters and German princes bent on his removal from office. Civil war resulted, along with the princes’ election of an antiking, Rudolf of Rheinfelden, and Henry’s elevation of the antipope Clement III. Gregory was driven from Rome and\ndied in exile in Salerno under the protection of his Norman vassal Robert Guiscard.\n
Gregory VII eventually banned completely the investiture of ecclesiastics by all laymen, including kings. The prohibition was first promulgated in September 1077 in France by the papal legate Hugh of Die at the Council of Autun. At a council in Rome in November 1078 Gregory himself announced that clerics were not to accept lay investiture and extended and formalized the prohibition in March 1080. The renunciation of this customary prerogative was problematic for all rulers but especially for Henry IV. He now found himself opposed by an alliance of papal supporters and German princes bent on his removal from office. Civil war resulted, along with the princes’ election of an antiking, Rudolf of Rheinfelden, and Henry’s elevation of the antipope Clement III. Gregory was driven from Rome and\ndied in exile in Salerno under the protection of his Norman vassal Robert Guiscard.\n
Gregory VII eventually banned completely the investiture of ecclesiastics by all laymen, including kings. The prohibition was first promulgated in September 1077 in France by the papal legate Hugh of Die at the Council of Autun. At a council in Rome in November 1078 Gregory himself announced that clerics were not to accept lay investiture and extended and formalized the prohibition in March 1080. The renunciation of this customary prerogative was problematic for all rulers but especially for Henry IV. He now found himself opposed by an alliance of papal supporters and German princes bent on his removal from office. Civil war resulted, along with the princes’ election of an antiking, Rudolf of Rheinfelden, and Henry’s elevation of the antipope Clement III. Gregory was driven from Rome and\ndied in exile in Salerno under the protection of his Norman vassal Robert Guiscard.\n
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Concordat of Worms, \n\ncompromise arranged in 1122 between Pope Calixtus II (1119–24) and the Holy Roman emperor Henry V (reigned 1106–25) settling the Investiture Controversy, a struggle between the empire and the papacy over the control of church offices. It had arisen between Emperor Henry IV (1056–1106) and Pope Gregory VII (1073–85). The concordat marked the end of the first phase of the conflict between these two powers. A similar conflict, between the papacy and the king of England, had been composed in 1107; that settlement provided the basis for the Concordat of Worms, which made a clear distinction between the spiritual side of a prelate’s office and his position as a landed magnate and vassal of the crown. Bishops and abbots were to be chosen by the clergy, but the emperor was authorized to decide contested elections. The man chosen was first to be invested with the regalia, or powers, privileges, and lands pertaining to his office as vassal, for which he did homage to the emperor, and then with the spiritualia, or ecclesiastical powers and lands, symbolized by the staff and ring, which he acquired by his consecration and from his ecclesiastical superior, who represented the authority of the church.\n
Concordat of Worms, \n\ncompromise arranged in 1122 between Pope Calixtus II (1119–24) and the Holy Roman emperor Henry V (reigned 1106–25) settling the Investiture Controversy, a struggle between the empire and the papacy over the control of church offices. It had arisen between Emperor Henry IV (1056–1106) and Pope Gregory VII (1073–85). The concordat marked the end of the first phase of the conflict between these two powers. A similar conflict, between the papacy and the king of England, had been composed in 1107; that settlement provided the basis for the Concordat of Worms, which made a clear distinction between the spiritual side of a prelate’s office and his position as a landed magnate and vassal of the crown. Bishops and abbots were to be chosen by the clergy, but the emperor was authorized to decide contested elections. The man chosen was first to be invested with the regalia, or powers, privileges, and lands pertaining to his office as vassal, for which he did homage to the emperor, and then with the spiritualia, or ecclesiastical powers and lands, symbolized by the staff and ring, which he acquired by his consecration and from his ecclesiastical superior, who represented the authority of the church.\n
interdict,  in Roman and civil law, a remedy granted by a magistrate on the sole basis of his authority, against a breach of civil law for which there is no stipulated remedy. Interdicts can be provisionary (opening the way for further action) or final.\n\nAn exhibitory interdict, which usually involves rights over things, is an order requiring that a person or thing be produced. A restorative interdict is an order requiring someone to restore something taken away, undo something that has been done, or end a specific type of interference with a right.\n\nIn medieval canon law, an interdict involves the withholding of certain sacraments and clerical offices from certain persons and even territories, usually to enforce some type of obedience. The power to impose interdict on states or dioceses belongs to the pope and general councils of the church, but individual parishes, groups, or persons may be placed under interdict by local bishops. Interdicts were frequently used, either actually or as a threat, against recalcitrant monarchs throughout the Middle Ages.\n\n\nto acheive his political ends, Innocent used hte pirtiual wapons at his command. His favorite was the interdict. An interdict forbis priests from gibing sacraments of the churhc to a prticular group of people. the goal was to cuase the peopel under interdiction whoe were deprived of the comforts of releigion . to exert pressure agoinst their ruler. with an interdict. Innocent the 3rd forced the king of france, philip Augustuts to take back his wife after phillip had tried to have his marriage annulled. \n
interdict,  in Roman and civil law, a remedy granted by a magistrate on the sole basis of his authority, against a breach of civil law for which there is no stipulated remedy. Interdicts can be provisionary (opening the way for further action) or final.\n\nAn exhibitory interdict, which usually involves rights over things, is an order requiring that a person or thing be produced. A restorative interdict is an order requiring someone to restore something taken away, undo something that has been done, or end a specific type of interference with a right.\n\nIn medieval canon law, an interdict involves the withholding of certain sacraments and clerical offices from certain persons and even territories, usually to enforce some type of obedience. The power to impose interdict on states or dioceses belongs to the pope and general councils of the church, but individual parishes, groups, or persons may be placed under interdict by local bishops. Interdicts were frequently used, either actually or as a threat, against recalcitrant monarchs throughout the Middle Ages.\n\n\nto acheive his political ends, Innocent used hte pirtiual wapons at his command. His favorite was the interdict. An interdict forbis priests from gibing sacraments of the churhc to a prticular group of people. the goal was to cuase the peopel under interdiction whoe were deprived of the comforts of releigion . to exert pressure agoinst their ruler. with an interdict. Innocent the 3rd forced the king of france, philip Augustuts to take back his wife after phillip had tried to have his marriage annulled. \n
interdict,  in Roman and civil law, a remedy granted by a magistrate on the sole basis of his authority, against a breach of civil law for which there is no stipulated remedy. Interdicts can be provisionary (opening the way for further action) or final.\n\nAn exhibitory interdict, which usually involves rights over things, is an order requiring that a person or thing be produced. A restorative interdict is an order requiring someone to restore something taken away, undo something that has been done, or end a specific type of interference with a right.\n\nIn medieval canon law, an interdict involves the withholding of certain sacraments and clerical offices from certain persons and even territories, usually to enforce some type of obedience. The power to impose interdict on states or dioceses belongs to the pope and general councils of the church, but individual parishes, groups, or persons may be placed under interdict by local bishops. Interdicts were frequently used, either actually or as a threat, against recalcitrant monarchs throughout the Middle Ages.\n\n\nto acheive his political ends, Innocent used hte pirtiual wapons at his command. His favorite was the interdict. An interdict forbis priests from gibing sacraments of the churhc to a prticular group of people. the goal was to cuase the peopel under interdiction whoe were deprived of the comforts of releigion . to exert pressure agoinst their ruler. with an interdict. Innocent the 3rd forced the king of france, philip Augustuts to take back his wife after phillip had tried to have his marriage annulled. \n
w, Latin jus canonicum,  body of laws made within certain Christian churches (Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, independent churches of Eastern Christianity, and the Anglican Communion) by lawful ecclesiastical authority for the government of both the whole church and parts thereof and of the behaviour and actions of individuals. In a wider sense the term includes precepts of divine law, natural or positive, incorporated in the canonical collections and codes.\n\n\nAlthough canon law is historically continuous from the early church to the present, it has, as a result of doctrinal and ecclesiastical schisms, developed differing, though often similar, patterns of codification and norms in the various churches that have incorporated it into their ecclesiastical frameworks. The canon law of the Eastern and Western churches was much the same in form until these two groups of churches separated in the Schism of 1054. In Eastern Christianity, however, because of doctrinal and nationalistic disputes during the 5th to 7th centuries, several church groups (especially non-Greek) separated themselves from the nominal head of Eastern Christianity, the patriarch of Constantinople, and developed their own bodies of canon law, often reflecting nationalistic concerns.\nCanon law in the Western churches after 1054 developed without interruption until the Reformation of the 16th century. Though other churches of the Reformation rejected the canon law of the Roman Catholic church, the Church of England retained the concept of canon law and developed its own type, which has acceptance in the churches of the Anglican Communion.\n\n\n\na custom dating back to Old Testament times and adopted by the Christian church whereby lay people contributed a 10th of their income for religious purposes, often under ecclesiastical or legal obligation. The money (or its equivalent in crops, farm stock, etc.) was used to support the clergy, maintain churches, and assist the poor. Tithing was also a prime source of subsidy for the construction of many magnificent cathedrals in Europe.\n\n\nDespite serious resistance, tithing became obligatory as Christianity spread across Europe. It was enjoined by ecclesiastical law from the 6th century and enforced in Europe by secular law from the 8th century. In England in the 10th century, payment was made obligatory under ecclesiastical penalties by Edmund I and under temporal penalties by Edgar. In the 14th century Pope Gregory VII, in an effort to control abuses, outlawed lay ownership of tithes.\n\n
w, Latin jus canonicum,  body of laws made within certain Christian churches (Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, independent churches of Eastern Christianity, and the Anglican Communion) by lawful ecclesiastical authority for the government of both the whole church and parts thereof and of the behaviour and actions of individuals. In a wider sense the term includes precepts of divine law, natural or positive, incorporated in the canonical collections and codes.\n\n\nAlthough canon law is historically continuous from the early church to the present, it has, as a result of doctrinal and ecclesiastical schisms, developed differing, though often similar, patterns of codification and norms in the various churches that have incorporated it into their ecclesiastical frameworks. The canon law of the Eastern and Western churches was much the same in form until these two groups of churches separated in the Schism of 1054. In Eastern Christianity, however, because of doctrinal and nationalistic disputes during the 5th to 7th centuries, several church groups (especially non-Greek) separated themselves from the nominal head of Eastern Christianity, the patriarch of Constantinople, and developed their own bodies of canon law, often reflecting nationalistic concerns.\nCanon law in the Western churches after 1054 developed without interruption until the Reformation of the 16th century. Though other churches of the Reformation rejected the canon law of the Roman Catholic church, the Church of England retained the concept of canon law and developed its own type, which has acceptance in the churches of the Anglican Communion.\n\n\n\na custom dating back to Old Testament times and adopted by the Christian church whereby lay people contributed a 10th of their income for religious purposes, often under ecclesiastical or legal obligation. The money (or its equivalent in crops, farm stock, etc.) was used to support the clergy, maintain churches, and assist the poor. Tithing was also a prime source of subsidy for the construction of many magnificent cathedrals in Europe.\n\n\nDespite serious resistance, tithing became obligatory as Christianity spread across Europe. It was enjoined by ecclesiastical law from the 6th century and enforced in Europe by secular law from the 8th century. In England in the 10th century, payment was made obligatory under ecclesiastical penalties by Edmund I and under temporal penalties by Edgar. In the 14th century Pope Gregory VII, in an effort to control abuses, outlawed lay ownership of tithes.\n\n
w, Latin jus canonicum,  body of laws made within certain Christian churches (Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, independent churches of Eastern Christianity, and the Anglican Communion) by lawful ecclesiastical authority for the government of both the whole church and parts thereof and of the behaviour and actions of individuals. In a wider sense the term includes precepts of divine law, natural or positive, incorporated in the canonical collections and codes.\n\n\nAlthough canon law is historically continuous from the early church to the present, it has, as a result of doctrinal and ecclesiastical schisms, developed differing, though often similar, patterns of codification and norms in the various churches that have incorporated it into their ecclesiastical frameworks. The canon law of the Eastern and Western churches was much the same in form until these two groups of churches separated in the Schism of 1054. In Eastern Christianity, however, because of doctrinal and nationalistic disputes during the 5th to 7th centuries, several church groups (especially non-Greek) separated themselves from the nominal head of Eastern Christianity, the patriarch of Constantinople, and developed their own bodies of canon law, often reflecting nationalistic concerns.\nCanon law in the Western churches after 1054 developed without interruption until the Reformation of the 16th century. Though other churches of the Reformation rejected the canon law of the Roman Catholic church, the Church of England retained the concept of canon law and developed its own type, which has acceptance in the churches of the Anglican Communion.\n\n\n\na custom dating back to Old Testament times and adopted by the Christian church whereby lay people contributed a 10th of their income for religious purposes, often under ecclesiastical or legal obligation. The money (or its equivalent in crops, farm stock, etc.) was used to support the clergy, maintain churches, and assist the poor. Tithing was also a prime source of subsidy for the construction of many magnificent cathedrals in Europe.\n\n\nDespite serious resistance, tithing became obligatory as Christianity spread across Europe. It was enjoined by ecclesiastical law from the 6th century and enforced in Europe by secular law from the 8th century. In England in the 10th century, payment was made obligatory under ecclesiastical penalties by Edmund I and under temporal penalties by Edgar. In the 14th century Pope Gregory VII, in an effort to control abuses, outlawed lay ownership of tithes.\n\n
w, Latin jus canonicum,  body of laws made within certain Christian churches (Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, independent churches of Eastern Christianity, and the Anglican Communion) by lawful ecclesiastical authority for the government of both the whole church and parts thereof and of the behaviour and actions of individuals. In a wider sense the term includes precepts of divine law, natural or positive, incorporated in the canonical collections and codes.\n\n\nAlthough canon law is historically continuous from the early church to the present, it has, as a result of doctrinal and ecclesiastical schisms, developed differing, though often similar, patterns of codification and norms in the various churches that have incorporated it into their ecclesiastical frameworks. The canon law of the Eastern and Western churches was much the same in form until these two groups of churches separated in the Schism of 1054. In Eastern Christianity, however, because of doctrinal and nationalistic disputes during the 5th to 7th centuries, several church groups (especially non-Greek) separated themselves from the nominal head of Eastern Christianity, the patriarch of Constantinople, and developed their own bodies of canon law, often reflecting nationalistic concerns.\nCanon law in the Western churches after 1054 developed without interruption until the Reformation of the 16th century. Though other churches of the Reformation rejected the canon law of the Roman Catholic church, the Church of England retained the concept of canon law and developed its own type, which has acceptance in the churches of the Anglican Communion.\n\n\n\na custom dating back to Old Testament times and adopted by the Christian church whereby lay people contributed a 10th of their income for religious purposes, often under ecclesiastical or legal obligation. The money (or its equivalent in crops, farm stock, etc.) was used to support the clergy, maintain churches, and assist the poor. Tithing was also a prime source of subsidy for the construction of many magnificent cathedrals in Europe.\n\n\nDespite serious resistance, tithing became obligatory as Christianity spread across Europe. It was enjoined by ecclesiastical law from the 6th century and enforced in Europe by secular law from the 8th century. In England in the 10th century, payment was made obligatory under ecclesiastical penalties by Edmund I and under temporal penalties by Edgar. In the 14th century Pope Gregory VII, in an effort to control abuses, outlawed lay ownership of tithes.\n\n
inquisition, \n\na judicial procedure and later an institution that was established by the papacy and, sometimes, by secular governments to combat heresy. Derived from the Latin verb inquiro (“inquire into”), the name was applied to commissions in the 13th century and subsequently to similar structures in early modern Europe.\n\n\nIn 1184 Pope Lucius III required bishops to make a judicial inquiry, or inquisition, for heresy in their dioceses, a provision renewed by the fourth Lateran Council in 1215. Episcopal inquisitions, however, proved ineffective because of the regional nature of the bishop’s power and because not all bishops introduced inquisitions in their dioceses; the papacy gradually assumed authority over the process, though bishops never lost the right to lead inquisitions. In 1227 Pope Gregory IX appointed the first judges delegate as inquisitors for heretical depravity—many, though not all, of whom were Dominican and Franciscan friars. Papal inquisitors had authority over everyone except bishops and their officials. There was no central authority to coordinate their activities, but after 1248 or 1249, when the first handbook of inquisitorial practice was written, inquisitors adopted common procedures.\n\n\nIn 1252 Pope Innocent IV licensed inquisitors to allow obdurate heretics to be tortured by lay henchmen. It is difficult to determine how common this practice was in the 13th century, but the inquisition certainly acquiesced in the use of torture in the trial of the Knights Templar, a military-religious order, in 1307. Persecution by the inquisition also contributed to the collapse of Catharism, a dualist heresy that had great influence in southern France and northern Italy, by about 1325; although established to defeat that heresy, the inquisition was assisted by the pastoral work of the mendicant orders in its triumph over the Cathars.\n
inquisition, \n\na judicial procedure and later an institution that was established by the papacy and, sometimes, by secular governments to combat heresy. Derived from the Latin verb inquiro (“inquire into”), the name was applied to commissions in the 13th century and subsequently to similar structures in early modern Europe.\n\n\nIn 1184 Pope Lucius III required bishops to make a judicial inquiry, or inquisition, for heresy in their dioceses, a provision renewed by the fourth Lateran Council in 1215. Episcopal inquisitions, however, proved ineffective because of the regional nature of the bishop’s power and because not all bishops introduced inquisitions in their dioceses; the papacy gradually assumed authority over the process, though bishops never lost the right to lead inquisitions. In 1227 Pope Gregory IX appointed the first judges delegate as inquisitors for heretical depravity—many, though not all, of whom were Dominican and Franciscan friars. Papal inquisitors had authority over everyone except bishops and their officials. There was no central authority to coordinate their activities, but after 1248 or 1249, when the first handbook of inquisitorial practice was written, inquisitors adopted common procedures.\n\n\nIn 1252 Pope Innocent IV licensed inquisitors to allow obdurate heretics to be tortured by lay henchmen. It is difficult to determine how common this practice was in the 13th century, but the inquisition certainly acquiesced in the use of torture in the trial of the Knights Templar, a military-religious order, in 1307. Persecution by the inquisition also contributed to the collapse of Catharism, a dualist heresy that had great influence in southern France and northern Italy, by about 1325; although established to defeat that heresy, the inquisition was assisted by the pastoral work of the mendicant orders in its triumph over the Cathars.\n
inquisition, \n\na judicial procedure and later an institution that was established by the papacy and, sometimes, by secular governments to combat heresy. Derived from the Latin verb inquiro (“inquire into”), the name was applied to commissions in the 13th century and subsequently to similar structures in early modern Europe.\n\n\nIn 1184 Pope Lucius III required bishops to make a judicial inquiry, or inquisition, for heresy in their dioceses, a provision renewed by the fourth Lateran Council in 1215. Episcopal inquisitions, however, proved ineffective because of the regional nature of the bishop’s power and because not all bishops introduced inquisitions in their dioceses; the papacy gradually assumed authority over the process, though bishops never lost the right to lead inquisitions. In 1227 Pope Gregory IX appointed the first judges delegate as inquisitors for heretical depravity—many, though not all, of whom were Dominican and Franciscan friars. Papal inquisitors had authority over everyone except bishops and their officials. There was no central authority to coordinate their activities, but after 1248 or 1249, when the first handbook of inquisitorial practice was written, inquisitors adopted common procedures.\n\n\nIn 1252 Pope Innocent IV licensed inquisitors to allow obdurate heretics to be tortured by lay henchmen. It is difficult to determine how common this practice was in the 13th century, but the inquisition certainly acquiesced in the use of torture in the trial of the Knights Templar, a military-religious order, in 1307. Persecution by the inquisition also contributed to the collapse of Catharism, a dualist heresy that had great influence in southern France and northern Italy, by about 1325; although established to defeat that heresy, the inquisition was assisted by the pastoral work of the mendicant orders in its triumph over the Cathars.\n
friar,  (from Latin frater through French frère, “brother”), one belonging to a Roman Catholic religious order of mendicants. Formerly, friar was the title given to individual members of these orders, as Friar Laurence (in Romeo and Juliet), but this is no longer common. The 10 mendicant orders are the Dominicans, Franciscans, Augustinians (Augustian Hermits), Carmelites, Trinitarians, Mercedarians, Servites, Minims, Hospitallers of St. John of God, and the Teutonic Order (the Austrian branch).\n
friar,  (from Latin frater through French frère, “brother”), one belonging to a Roman Catholic religious order of mendicants. Formerly, friar was the title given to individual members of these orders, as Friar Laurence (in Romeo and Juliet), but this is no longer common. The 10 mendicant orders are the Dominicans, Franciscans, Augustinians (Augustian Hermits), Carmelites, Trinitarians, Mercedarians, Servites, Minims, Hospitallers of St. John of God, and the Teutonic Order (the Austrian branch).\n
friar,  (from Latin frater through French frère, “brother”), one belonging to a Roman Catholic religious order of mendicants. Formerly, friar was the title given to individual members of these orders, as Friar Laurence (in Romeo and Juliet), but this is no longer common. The 10 mendicant orders are the Dominicans, Franciscans, Augustinians (Augustian Hermits), Carmelites, Trinitarians, Mercedarians, Servites, Minims, Hospitallers of St. John of God, and the Teutonic Order (the Austrian branch).\n
In the 1200 two new religious orders emerfed that had a strong impact on the lives of ordinary people. They were the Fanciscans and the Dominicans. \n\nThe fanciscans were founded by francis of Assisi. Francis was born to a wealthy italian merchant family in Assisi. After having been captured and imprisoned during a local war, he had a series of dramatic spritual experiences. Therse experiences led him to abandon all worldly goods and material pursuits and to live and preach in poverty, working and begging for his food. His simplicity, joyful nature, and love for others soon attracted a band of followers all of whom took bows of abosulte poverty, agreeing to reject all property and live by working and begging for food. \n\nthe dominican order was founded by a Spanish priest, Dominic de Guzman. Dominic wanted to defenx church teachings from heresy, the denial of basic chruch doctrines. the spiritual revibial of the hight middle ages had led to the emergence of heriesies within the church. Adherents of these movements were called heretics. the heretical movements became especially wiedspresd in southern france. Dopinic beleived that a new releigious ordre of men who lived in poverty and could preach effectivly would best be able to attack heresy. \n\nSaint Dominic, Spanish in full Santo Domingo De Guzmán    (born c. 1170, Caleruega, Castile—died Aug. 6, 1221, Bologna, Romagna; canonized July 3, 1234; feast day August 8), founder of the Order of Friars Preachers (Dominicans), a religious order of mendicant friars with a universal mission of preaching, a centralized organization and government, and a great emphasis on scholarship.\n\n\n\n
In the 1200 two new religious orders emerfed that had a strong impact on the lives of ordinary people. They were the Fanciscans and the Dominicans. \n\nThe fanciscans were founded by francis of Assisi. Francis was born to a wealthy italian merchant family in Assisi. After having been captured and imprisoned during a local war, he had a series of dramatic spritual experiences. Therse experiences led him to abandon all worldly goods and material pursuits and to live and preach in poverty, working and begging for his food. His simplicity, joyful nature, and love for others soon attracted a band of followers all of whom took bows of abosulte poverty, agreeing to reject all property and live by working and begging for food. \n\nthe dominican order was founded by a Spanish priest, Dominic de Guzman. Dominic wanted to defenx church teachings from heresy, the denial of basic chruch doctrines. the spiritual revibial of the hight middle ages had led to the emergence of heriesies within the church. Adherents of these movements were called heretics. the heretical movements became especially wiedspresd in southern france. Dopinic beleived that a new releigious ordre of men who lived in poverty and could preach effectivly would best be able to attack heresy. \n\nSaint Dominic, Spanish in full Santo Domingo De Guzmán    (born c. 1170, Caleruega, Castile—died Aug. 6, 1221, Bologna, Romagna; canonized July 3, 1234; feast day August 8), founder of the Order of Friars Preachers (Dominicans), a religious order of mendicant friars with a universal mission of preaching, a centralized organization and government, and a great emphasis on scholarship.\n\n\n\n
In the 1200 two new religious orders emerfed that had a strong impact on the lives of ordinary people. They were the Fanciscans and the Dominicans. \n\nThe fanciscans were founded by francis of Assisi. Francis was born to a wealthy italian merchant family in Assisi. After having been captured and imprisoned during a local war, he had a series of dramatic spritual experiences. Therse experiences led him to abandon all worldly goods and material pursuits and to live and preach in poverty, working and begging for his food. His simplicity, joyful nature, and love for others soon attracted a band of followers all of whom took bows of abosulte poverty, agreeing to reject all property and live by working and begging for food. \n\nthe dominican order was founded by a Spanish priest, Dominic de Guzman. Dominic wanted to defenx church teachings from heresy, the denial of basic chruch doctrines. the spiritual revibial of the hight middle ages had led to the emergence of heriesies within the church. Adherents of these movements were called heretics. the heretical movements became especially wiedspresd in southern france. Dopinic beleived that a new releigious ordre of men who lived in poverty and could preach effectivly would best be able to attack heresy. \n\nSaint Dominic, Spanish in full Santo Domingo De Guzmán    (born c. 1170, Caleruega, Castile—died Aug. 6, 1221, Bologna, Romagna; canonized July 3, 1234; feast day August 8), founder of the Order of Friars Preachers (Dominicans), a religious order of mendicant friars with a universal mission of preaching, a centralized organization and government, and a great emphasis on scholarship.\n\n\n\n
In the 1200 two new religious orders emerfed that had a strong impact on the lives of ordinary people. They were the Fanciscans and the Dominicans. \n\nThe fanciscans were founded by francis of Assisi. Francis was born to a wealthy italian merchant family in Assisi. After having been captured and imprisoned during a local war, he had a series of dramatic spritual experiences. Therse experiences led him to abandon all worldly goods and material pursuits and to live and preach in poverty, working and begging for his food. His simplicity, joyful nature, and love for others soon attracted a band of followers all of whom took bows of abosulte poverty, agreeing to reject all property and live by working and begging for food. \n\nthe dominican order was founded by a Spanish priest, Dominic de Guzman. Dominic wanted to defenx church teachings from heresy, the denial of basic chruch doctrines. the spiritual revibial of the hight middle ages had led to the emergence of heriesies within the church. Adherents of these movements were called heretics. the heretical movements became especially wiedspresd in southern france. Dopinic beleived that a new releigious ordre of men who lived in poverty and could preach effectivly would best be able to attack heresy. \n\nSaint Dominic, Spanish in full Santo Domingo De Guzmán    (born c. 1170, Caleruega, Castile—died Aug. 6, 1221, Bologna, Romagna; canonized July 3, 1234; feast day August 8), founder of the Order of Friars Preachers (Dominicans), a religious order of mendicant friars with a universal mission of preaching, a centralized organization and government, and a great emphasis on scholarship.\n\n\n\n
In the 1200 two new religious orders emerfed that had a strong impact on the lives of ordinary people. They were the Fanciscans and the Dominicans. \n\nThe fanciscans were founded by francis of Assisi. Francis was born to a wealthy italian merchant family in Assisi. After having been captured and imprisoned during a local war, he had a series of dramatic spritual experiences. Therse experiences led him to abandon all worldly goods and material pursuits and to live and preach in poverty, working and begging for his food. His simplicity, joyful nature, and love for others soon attracted a band of followers all of whom took bows of abosulte poverty, agreeing to reject all property and live by working and begging for food. \n\nthe dominican order was founded by a Spanish priest, Dominic de Guzman. Dominic wanted to defenx church teachings from heresy, the denial of basic chruch doctrines. the spiritual revibial of the hight middle ages had led to the emergence of heriesies within the church. Adherents of these movements were called heretics. the heretical movements became especially wiedspresd in southern france. Dopinic beleived that a new releigious ordre of men who lived in poverty and could preach effectivly would best be able to attack heresy. \n\nSaint Dominic, Spanish in full Santo Domingo De Guzmán    (born c. 1170, Caleruega, Castile—died Aug. 6, 1221, Bologna, Romagna; canonized July 3, 1234; feast day August 8), founder of the Order of Friars Preachers (Dominicans), a religious order of mendicant friars with a universal mission of preaching, a centralized organization and government, and a great emphasis on scholarship.\n\n\n\n
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Hildegard was born of noble parents and was educated at the Benedictine cloister of Disibodenberg by Jutta, an anchorite and sister of the count of Spanheim. Hildegard was 15 years old when she began wearing the Benedictine habit and pursuing a religious life. She succeeded Jutta as prioress in 1136. Having experienced visions since she was a child, at age 43 she consulted her confessor, who in turn reported the matter to the archbishop of Mainz. A committee of theologians subsequently confirmed the authenticity of Hildegard’s visions, and a monk was appointed to help her record them in writing. The finished work, Scivias (1141–52), consists of 26 visions that are prophetic and apocalyptic in form and in their treatment of such topics as the church, the relationship between God and man, and redemption. About 1147 Hildegard left Disibodenberg with several nuns to found a new convent at Rupertsberg, where she continued to exercise the gift of prophecy and to record her visions in writing.\n\n\nA talented poet and composer, Hildegard collected 77 of her lyric poems, each with a musical setting composed by her, in Symphonia armonie celestium revelationum. Her numerous other writings include lives of saints; two treatises on medicine and natural history, reflecting a quality of scientific observation rare at that period; and extensive correspondence, in which are to be found further prophecies and allegorical treatises. She also for amusement contrived her own language. She traveled widely throughout Germany, evangelizing to large groups of people about her visions and religious insights. Though her earliest biographer proclaimed her a saint and miracles were reported during her life and at her tomb, she was never formally canonized. She is, however, listed as a saint in the Roman Martyrology and is honoured on her feast day in certain German dioceses.\n
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Romanesque architecture, \n\narchitecture current in Europe from about the mid-11th century to the advent of Gothic architecture. A fusion of Roman, Carolingian and Ottonian, Byzantine, and local Germanic traditions, it was a product of the great expansion of monasticism in the 10th–11th century. Larger churches were needed to accommodate the numerous monks and priests, as well as the pilgrims who came to view saints’ relics. For the sake of fire resistance, masonry vaulting began to replace timber construction. Romanesque churches characteristically incorporated semicircular arches for windows, doors, and arcades; barrel or groin vaults to support the roof of the nave; massive piers and walls, with few windows, to contain the outward thrust of the vaults; side aisles with galleries above them; a large tower over the crossing of nave and transept; and smaller towers at the church’s western end. French churches commonly expanded on the early Christian basilica plan, incorporating radiating chapels to accommodate more priests, ambulatories around the sanctuary apse for visiting pilgrims, and large transepts between the sanctuary and nave.\n
Romanesque architecture, \n\narchitecture current in Europe from about the mid-11th century to the advent of Gothic architecture. A fusion of Roman, Carolingian and Ottonian, Byzantine, and local Germanic traditions, it was a product of the great expansion of monasticism in the 10th–11th century. Larger churches were needed to accommodate the numerous monks and priests, as well as the pilgrims who came to view saints’ relics. For the sake of fire resistance, masonry vaulting began to replace timber construction. Romanesque churches characteristically incorporated semicircular arches for windows, doors, and arcades; barrel or groin vaults to support the roof of the nave; massive piers and walls, with few windows, to contain the outward thrust of the vaults; side aisles with galleries above them; a large tower over the crossing of nave and transept; and smaller towers at the church’s western end. French churches commonly expanded on the early Christian basilica plan, incorporating radiating chapels to accommodate more priests, ambulatories around the sanctuary apse for visiting pilgrims, and large transepts between the sanctuary and nave.\n
Romanesque architecture, \n\narchitecture current in Europe from about the mid-11th century to the advent of Gothic architecture. A fusion of Roman, Carolingian and Ottonian, Byzantine, and local Germanic traditions, it was a product of the great expansion of monasticism in the 10th–11th century. Larger churches were needed to accommodate the numerous monks and priests, as well as the pilgrims who came to view saints’ relics. For the sake of fire resistance, masonry vaulting began to replace timber construction. Romanesque churches characteristically incorporated semicircular arches for windows, doors, and arcades; barrel or groin vaults to support the roof of the nave; massive piers and walls, with few windows, to contain the outward thrust of the vaults; side aisles with galleries above them; a large tower over the crossing of nave and transept; and smaller towers at the church’s western end. French churches commonly expanded on the early Christian basilica plan, incorporating radiating chapels to accommodate more priests, ambulatories around the sanctuary apse for visiting pilgrims, and large transepts between the sanctuary and nave.\n
Romanesque architecture, \n\narchitecture current in Europe from about the mid-11th century to the advent of Gothic architecture. A fusion of Roman, Carolingian and Ottonian, Byzantine, and local Germanic traditions, it was a product of the great expansion of monasticism in the 10th–11th century. Larger churches were needed to accommodate the numerous monks and priests, as well as the pilgrims who came to view saints’ relics. For the sake of fire resistance, masonry vaulting began to replace timber construction. Romanesque churches characteristically incorporated semicircular arches for windows, doors, and arcades; barrel or groin vaults to support the roof of the nave; massive piers and walls, with few windows, to contain the outward thrust of the vaults; side aisles with galleries above them; a large tower over the crossing of nave and transept; and smaller towers at the church’s western end. French churches commonly expanded on the early Christian basilica plan, incorporating radiating chapels to accommodate more priests, ambulatories around the sanctuary apse for visiting pilgrims, and large transepts between the sanctuary and nave.\n
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The earliest manifestations of an interest in the medieval era were in the private domain, but by the 1820s public buildings in England were also being designed in the Gothic mode. Perhaps no example is more familiar than the new Houses of Parliament (1840), designed by Sir Charles Barry and A.W.N. Pugin. In that large cluster of buildings, the haphazard picturesque quality of the early revival was replaced by a more conscientious adaptation of the medieval English style. Other structures built around mid-century were within this basic pattern. Later, the desire for more elegant and sumptuous landmarks created the last flowering of the style.\n
The earliest manifestations of an interest in the medieval era were in the private domain, but by the 1820s public buildings in England were also being designed in the Gothic mode. Perhaps no example is more familiar than the new Houses of Parliament (1840), designed by Sir Charles Barry and A.W.N. Pugin. In that large cluster of buildings, the haphazard picturesque quality of the early revival was replaced by a more conscientious adaptation of the medieval English style. Other structures built around mid-century were within this basic pattern. Later, the desire for more elegant and sumptuous landmarks created the last flowering of the style.\n
The earliest manifestations of an interest in the medieval era were in the private domain, but by the 1820s public buildings in England were also being designed in the Gothic mode. Perhaps no example is more familiar than the new Houses of Parliament (1840), designed by Sir Charles Barry and A.W.N. Pugin. In that large cluster of buildings, the haphazard picturesque quality of the early revival was replaced by a more conscientious adaptation of the medieval English style. Other structures built around mid-century were within this basic pattern. Later, the desire for more elegant and sumptuous landmarks created the last flowering of the style.\n
The earliest manifestations of an interest in the medieval era were in the private domain, but by the 1820s public buildings in England were also being designed in the Gothic mode. Perhaps no example is more familiar than the new Houses of Parliament (1840), designed by Sir Charles Barry and A.W.N. Pugin. In that large cluster of buildings, the haphazard picturesque quality of the early revival was replaced by a more conscientious adaptation of the medieval English style. Other structures built around mid-century were within this basic pattern. Later, the desire for more elegant and sumptuous landmarks created the last flowering of the style.\n
First, to build a groin vault, a form must be made to pour or lay the entire vault, and this requires complex scaffolding from the ground up; second, the groin vault must be more or less square, and a single vault cannot span extended rectangular areas. The rib vault provided a skeleton of arches or ribs along the sides of the area and crossing it diagonally; on these the masonry of the vault could be laid; a simple centring sufficed for the ribs. To cover the rectangular areas, the medieval mason used pointed arches, which, unlike round arches, can be raised as high over a short span as over a long one. Thus, the vault could be composed of the intersection of two vaults of different widths but the same height.\n
First, to build a groin vault, a form must be made to pour or lay the entire vault, and this requires complex scaffolding from the ground up; second, the groin vault must be more or less square, and a single vault cannot span extended rectangular areas. The rib vault provided a skeleton of arches or ribs along the sides of the area and crossing it diagonally; on these the masonry of the vault could be laid; a simple centring sufficed for the ribs. To cover the rectangular areas, the medieval mason used pointed arches, which, unlike round arches, can be raised as high over a short span as over a long one. Thus, the vault could be composed of the intersection of two vaults of different widths but the same height.\n
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flying buttress, \n\nMasonry structure typically consisting of an inclined bar carried on a half arch that extends (“flies”) from the upper part of a wall to a pier some distance away and carries the thrust of a roof or vault. A pinnacle (vertical ornament of pyramidal or conical shape) often crowns the pier, adding weight and enhancing stability. The flying buttress evolved in the Gothic era from earlier simpler, hidden supports. The design increased the supporting power of the buttress and allowed for the creation of the high-ceilinged churches typical of Gothic architecture.\n
flying buttress, \n\nMasonry structure typically consisting of an inclined bar carried on a half arch that extends (“flies”) from the upper part of a wall to a pier some distance away and carries the thrust of a roof or vault. A pinnacle (vertical ornament of pyramidal or conical shape) often crowns the pier, adding weight and enhancing stability. The flying buttress evolved in the Gothic era from earlier simpler, hidden supports. The design increased the supporting power of the buttress and allowed for the creation of the high-ceilinged churches typical of Gothic architecture.\n
flying buttress, \n\nMasonry structure typically consisting of an inclined bar carried on a half arch that extends (“flies”) from the upper part of a wall to a pier some distance away and carries the thrust of a roof or vault. A pinnacle (vertical ornament of pyramidal or conical shape) often crowns the pier, adding weight and enhancing stability. The flying buttress evolved in the Gothic era from earlier simpler, hidden supports. The design increased the supporting power of the buttress and allowed for the creation of the high-ceilinged churches typical of Gothic architecture.\n