Paravertebral nerve blocks involve injecting local anesthetic in the space lateral to where spinal nerves exit the vertebral canal. This technique can be used at any vertebral level to block the dorsal and ventral rami as well as the sympathetic chain ganglion. It provides analgesia of the skin, muscles, and peritoneum innervated by the blocked spinal nerves. The inverted L block is a nonspecific regional block that anesthetizes tissue along the caudal thirteenth rib and ventral transverse processes through multiple small injections of up to 100mL total local anesthetic solution.
Epidural anesthesia can be effectively performed in cattle, horses, sheep, and goats. The injection site is between the coccygeal vertebrae. For cattle, 5-10 ml of 2% lidocaine provides adequate caudal anesthesia for minor procedures while 100-150 ml provides anterior anesthesia, though the animal may become recumbent. For horses, a mixture of xylazine and mepivacaine at the sacrococcygeal junction provides effective caudal epidural anesthesia. Sheep and goats can receive lumbosacral epidural injections of lignocaine for abdominal surgery or c-sections. Correct needle placement in the epidural space is important to avoid complications.
Local anesthesia and nerve blocks in large animals.GangaYadav4
Local anesthesia involves the reversible loss of sensation in a limited area of the body using chemical agents without loss of consciousness. It is useful for reducing pain and stress during surgery. The document discusses various local anesthetics used in veterinary practice like lidocaine, bupivacaine and mepivacaine. It also covers the mechanisms of action, classifications, advantages, disadvantages and methods of administering local anesthesia like infiltration, regional and intravenous regional anesthesia. Toxicities can occur if the anesthetic is absorbed systemically. Proper technique and dose are important for safe use of local anesthesia.
Caesarean section, also known as a C-section, is a surgical procedure where incisions are made through a woman's abdomen and uterus to deliver one or more babies. Indications for a C-section include uterine inertia, obstructive dystocia, rupture of the uterus, animal in compromised condition, twin pregnancy in mares, and incomplete cervical dilation. The ideal conditions for surgery include a clean area with minimal airborne contamination to prevent post-operative complications. The incision site varies by species, with dogs receiving a ventral midline incision and cattle receiving a left lower flank incision. During the procedure, the fetus is removed, the umbilical cord is ligated and
Caesarean section, also known as a C-section, is a surgical procedure where the uterus is cut open to deliver one or more fetuses due to complications such as uterine inertia, dystocia, or rupture of the uterus. The key steps of a C-section in bovines include preparing the surgical area, giving local anesthesia, making an incision in the left lower flank, exteriorizing the uterus, removing the fetus, delivering the placenta, suturing the uterus, and closing the abdominal wall. Post-operative care including antibiotics, fluids, and oxytocin are important to prevent complications such as infection, adhesions, and hemorrhage.
Angels presenting chronic patellar luxation in cattle.by pavulPavulraj Selvaraj
Patellar luxation is a non-inflammatory disorder of the femoropatellar articulation in cattle and dogs where the patella is displaced from its normal position. In cattle, it causes jerky limb movements and an extended limb stance. Surgical treatment involves cutting the medial patellar ligament to allow the patella to move freely. In dogs, it causes intermittent lameness and abnormal gaits. Surgical options aim to deepen the trochlear groove or reinforce the lateral soft tissues to stabilize the patella.
Chemical destruction of the teat involves injecting solutions such as diluted formalin, silver nitrate, acriflavine, copper sulfate, or chlorhexidine into the teat to destroy the teat tissue. This is done as a last resort when the teat cannot otherwise be salvaged due to extensive damage or infection. The solutions work to kill the teat tissue over the course of a few days through their disinfectant and caustic properties. Pretreating with a local anesthetic like megludyne can help reduce pain from the chemical destruction process.
Paravertebral anesthesia involves blocking specific spinal nerves as they emerge from the vertebral canal to provide analgesia to a particular region. In ruminants, it is mainly used to provide lumbar anesthesia and is effective for standing surgeries like C-sections. There are two main techniques - the proximal paravertebral block targets the dorsal and ventral nerve roots at the last thoracic and first two lumbar vertebrae, while the distal technique targets the nerves at the distal ends of the first, second and fourth lumbar vertebrae. Both techniques use 10-20mL of 2% lidocaine and provide around 90 minutes of analgesia.
This document describes the procedure for ovariohysterectomy (spaying) in dogs. It discusses the indications for spaying, including birth control, uterine diseases, and reducing risks of certain cancers. It outlines the pre-anesthetic drugs commonly used like atropine, xylazine, ketamine and diazepam. The steps of the surgical technique are explained, including making a midline incision, exteriorizing the uterus, clamping and ligating the ovarian pedicles, and closing in layers. The required equipment is also listed.
Epidural anesthesia can be effectively performed in cattle, horses, sheep, and goats. The injection site is between the coccygeal vertebrae. For cattle, 5-10 ml of 2% lidocaine provides adequate caudal anesthesia for minor procedures while 100-150 ml provides anterior anesthesia, though the animal may become recumbent. For horses, a mixture of xylazine and mepivacaine at the sacrococcygeal junction provides effective caudal epidural anesthesia. Sheep and goats can receive lumbosacral epidural injections of lignocaine for abdominal surgery or c-sections. Correct needle placement in the epidural space is important to avoid complications.
Local anesthesia and nerve blocks in large animals.GangaYadav4
Local anesthesia involves the reversible loss of sensation in a limited area of the body using chemical agents without loss of consciousness. It is useful for reducing pain and stress during surgery. The document discusses various local anesthetics used in veterinary practice like lidocaine, bupivacaine and mepivacaine. It also covers the mechanisms of action, classifications, advantages, disadvantages and methods of administering local anesthesia like infiltration, regional and intravenous regional anesthesia. Toxicities can occur if the anesthetic is absorbed systemically. Proper technique and dose are important for safe use of local anesthesia.
Caesarean section, also known as a C-section, is a surgical procedure where incisions are made through a woman's abdomen and uterus to deliver one or more babies. Indications for a C-section include uterine inertia, obstructive dystocia, rupture of the uterus, animal in compromised condition, twin pregnancy in mares, and incomplete cervical dilation. The ideal conditions for surgery include a clean area with minimal airborne contamination to prevent post-operative complications. The incision site varies by species, with dogs receiving a ventral midline incision and cattle receiving a left lower flank incision. During the procedure, the fetus is removed, the umbilical cord is ligated and
Caesarean section, also known as a C-section, is a surgical procedure where the uterus is cut open to deliver one or more fetuses due to complications such as uterine inertia, dystocia, or rupture of the uterus. The key steps of a C-section in bovines include preparing the surgical area, giving local anesthesia, making an incision in the left lower flank, exteriorizing the uterus, removing the fetus, delivering the placenta, suturing the uterus, and closing the abdominal wall. Post-operative care including antibiotics, fluids, and oxytocin are important to prevent complications such as infection, adhesions, and hemorrhage.
Angels presenting chronic patellar luxation in cattle.by pavulPavulraj Selvaraj
Patellar luxation is a non-inflammatory disorder of the femoropatellar articulation in cattle and dogs where the patella is displaced from its normal position. In cattle, it causes jerky limb movements and an extended limb stance. Surgical treatment involves cutting the medial patellar ligament to allow the patella to move freely. In dogs, it causes intermittent lameness and abnormal gaits. Surgical options aim to deepen the trochlear groove or reinforce the lateral soft tissues to stabilize the patella.
Chemical destruction of the teat involves injecting solutions such as diluted formalin, silver nitrate, acriflavine, copper sulfate, or chlorhexidine into the teat to destroy the teat tissue. This is done as a last resort when the teat cannot otherwise be salvaged due to extensive damage or infection. The solutions work to kill the teat tissue over the course of a few days through their disinfectant and caustic properties. Pretreating with a local anesthetic like megludyne can help reduce pain from the chemical destruction process.
Paravertebral anesthesia involves blocking specific spinal nerves as they emerge from the vertebral canal to provide analgesia to a particular region. In ruminants, it is mainly used to provide lumbar anesthesia and is effective for standing surgeries like C-sections. There are two main techniques - the proximal paravertebral block targets the dorsal and ventral nerve roots at the last thoracic and first two lumbar vertebrae, while the distal technique targets the nerves at the distal ends of the first, second and fourth lumbar vertebrae. Both techniques use 10-20mL of 2% lidocaine and provide around 90 minutes of analgesia.
This document describes the procedure for ovariohysterectomy (spaying) in dogs. It discusses the indications for spaying, including birth control, uterine diseases, and reducing risks of certain cancers. It outlines the pre-anesthetic drugs commonly used like atropine, xylazine, ketamine and diazepam. The steps of the surgical technique are explained, including making a midline incision, exteriorizing the uterus, clamping and ligating the ovarian pedicles, and closing in layers. The required equipment is also listed.
Canine pyometra is a uterine infection in intact female dogs that occurs during diestrus. It is caused by bacterial infection, usually E. coli, within the uterus under the influence of progesterone. Clinical signs include vaginal discharge, fever, lethargy, vomiting, and polyuria/polydipsia. Diagnosis involves abdominal palpation, ultrasonography, and clinical pathology. Treatment of choice is ovariohysterectomy, while antibiotics and prostaglandins may be used for medical management in some cases. Prognosis is good with early diagnosis and intervention to prevent systemic complications.
This document discusses surgical anatomy and diseases of the oesophagus. It describes the oesophagus' location and surrounding structures. Common surgical diseases include obstruction, diverticula, stenosis, and wounds/fistulas. Obstruction is often caused by foreign bodies and treated conservatively via catheterization or surgically via oesophagotomy. Stenosis is corrected by longitudinal incision and transverse suturing to enlarge the lumen. Care must be taken during surgery to control hemorrhage and avoid nerve damage.
Pregnancy diagnosis in dogs is important for owners and veterinarians to allow appropriate care and scheduling. The most reliable methods are abdominal palpation between 24-35 days, ultrasound from 24 days which is 99% accurate by 28 days, and radiography after 45 days when bones have mineralized. Less reliable methods include hormone assays, metabolic changes, and physical exams. Ultrasound allows assessment of viability while radiography determines fetal positioning and number. Hormonal relaxin assays confirm pregnancy but not litter size.
This document discusses vaginal and uterine prolapse in cattle. It defines prolapse as the downward displacement of an organ from its normal position. It describes the types and signs of simple, moderate, and severe vaginal prolapse and provides their causes, clinical signs, and treatments. Uterine prolapse is defined as the falling of the uterus from its normal position, often occurring after difficult calving. Its causes, signs, and treatments involving reduction and replacement or amputation are summarized. Surgical techniques for correcting vaginal prolapse like trusses, sutures, and Caslick's operation are also briefly outlined.
Rajeev mishra ,castration of small animal(dog and cat).Raaz Eve Mishra
This document provides information about neutering male dogs and cats. It discusses the surgical procedure for neutering, which involves making an incision to remove the testicles. The benefits of neutering include preventing unwanted litters and reducing behavioral issues. Potential risks include weight gain and delayed growth. Neutering can be done between 5 to 16 months old in dogs and at around 6 months in cats. Post-operative care involves monitoring wounds, limiting activity, and providing pain relief if needed.
The document discusses horn anatomy and affections in cattle. It notes that horns are formed by the frontal bones and become hollow. The base is thin and the horn thickens towards the apex. Blood and nerve supply are described. Major horn affections include avulsion, fracture, and horn cancer. Treatment for fractures may include amputation. Dehorning involves removing the horn at the base through elliptical incision and sawing. Disbudding young calves removes small horn buds using a caustic compound or hot iron. Procedures are done with local anesthesia and analgesia.
Ear new affection of ear and its treatmentBikas Puri
Otitis, or ear infections, can affect the outer, middle, or inner ear in dogs and cats and are commonly caused by parasites, bacteria, yeast, or skin issues. Symptoms include ear scratching, redness, discharge, and in severe cases neurological signs. Treatment involves cleaning and flushing the ears under anesthesia followed by topical and oral antibiotics, antifungals, or other medications based on diagnostic tests and addressing any underlying issues.
Hip dysplasia is an abnormal development of the hip joint where the femoral head does not fit snugly into the acetabulum. It most commonly affects large breed dogs. Clinical signs in young dogs include lameness and pain, while adult dogs exhibit loss of muscle mass, difficulty rising, and arthritis. Radiographs are used to diagnose hip dysplasia and grade its severity based on a scale from mild to severe. Treatment options include weight control, physical therapy, supplements, braces, anti-inflammatories, and in some cases surgery such as triple pelvic osteotomy or total hip replacement.
5th year practical revision fetal presentationsMohamed Wahab
The document provides descriptions of various fetal presentations and postures that may be observed during pregnancy in veterinary medicine. It lists both normal and abnormal presentations, positions, and postures for anterior and posterior longitudinal presentations as well as transverse presentations. Abnormal postures described include various limb and head flexions or deviations. Breech and twin presentations are also included.
Intussusception is a condition where a segment of intestine invaginates into the adjacent bowel, obstructing the gastrointestinal tract. It is most commonly seen in the small intestine of cattle. Clinical signs include abdominal pain, decreased appetite, and signs of obstruction. Ultrasound can be used to diagnose intussusception based on the "target-like" or "bullseye" appearance. Treatment involves surgical resection of the affected segment through an abdominal incision. The surgery is ideally performed with the animal under general anesthesia to allow for thorough exploration and resection. Untreated intussusception is fatal as the blocked blood supply causes necrosis of the invaginated bowel.
Uterine torsion in cattle occurs when the pregnant uterus rotates around its longitudinal axis, obstructing the birth canal and preventing the calf from entering the cervix. It is more common in multiparous cows and can result from sudden movements that cause the fetus to move violently within the uterus. Left untreated, it can lead to fetal death from reduced blood flow and oxygen. Veterinarians diagnose uterine torsion based on symptoms like pain and straining, as well as physical exams that reveal a twisted vagina and evidence of broad ligament twisting seen rectally. Treatment methods include manually rotating the fetus and uterus if slight, rolling the cow, using a plank to roll the cow and fix the uterus, or a cesare
This document provides guidance on safely performing injections in horses and dogs. It discusses maintaining distance, wearing gloves, using the proper needle size, cleaning the injection site, and disposing of medical waste properly. For horses, it describes performing jugular vein injections and gives examples of intramuscular and subcutaneous injection sites like the neck, rump, and hindquarters. For dogs, it discusses restraint, vein selection, and provides examples of forelimb and jugular vein venipuncture sites as well as intramuscular injection locations like the thigh, back, and front leg. Complications from injections like irritation and nerve damage are also mentioned.
This document discusses fluid therapy in animals. It begins by describing the distribution of water in the body and the composition of intracellular and extracellular fluids. It then discusses three types of fluid disturbances: changes in volume, content, and distribution. The document outlines different types of fluid therapy including replacement, adjunctive, and supportive therapies. It provides details on routes of fluid administration and indications for intravenous fluids. Throughout, it discusses evaluating and monitoring fluid therapy, diagnosing and treating dehydration, and complications of intravenous fluids.
This document discusses ear conditions in pets. It covers otitis externa (inflammation of the outer ear), including common signs like head shaking and discharge. Otoscopic examination of the ear canal is described. Treatment for otitis externa involves cleaning and applying medications to the ear canal. Other conditions covered include auricular hematoma, otitis media (middle ear inflammation), and otitis interna (inner ear). Surgical techniques like lateral ear canal resection are discussed. Diagnosis and treatment of otitis media and interna involve cytology, antibiotics, and anti-fungals based on culture results from the infected areas.
Uterine torsion occurs when the uterus rotates around its longitudinal axis, causing dystocia. It is most common in cattle and buffaloes. Risk factors include multiparity, oversized fetus, and lack of uterine tone. Clinical signs include difficulty calving, abdominal pain, and anorexia. Diagnosis involves vaginal and rectal examination to determine the degree and direction of torsion. Treatment options include rolling the dam, rotating the fetus through the birth canal, laparotomy, or caesarean section if correction fails or the cervix remains closed. Torsion can cause damage to the uterus and complications like rupture, hemorrhage, or infection if not addressed.
Mammary glands power point by Dr. Rekha Pathak senior scientist IVRIRekha Pathak
The document summarizes anatomy and common surgical procedures related to the mammary glands. It describes the structure of the mammary glands including teat anatomy. Common conditions addressed by surgery are discussed such as teat lacerations, fistulas, papillomas/warts, lactoliths, and teat spiders. Surgical techniques including anesthesia, wound closure, and treatment are outlined for various conditions affecting the mammary glands and teats.
The document discusses various methods for fracture fixation in animals, including external coaptation, splinting, casting, pinning, plating, and intramedullary nailing. The methods vary in their advantages and disadvantages depending on the location and type of fracture. Proper technique and design are important for achieving stability and preventing complications.
This document summarizes a caesarean section (C-section) procedure performed on a bovine. It describes the animal's medical history of dystocia. On examination, edema and emphysema were observed, making vaginal delivery impossible. The C-section procedure is then outlined in steps, including exteriorizing the uterus, removing the fetus, managing the placenta, and closing incisions. Potential complications are listed. Post-operative care involves antibiotics, analgesics, oxytocin, and wound dressing.
This document discusses nerve and joint blocks in large animals. It provides information on the indications, mechanisms of action, and formulations of local anesthetics used for nerve and joint blocks. Specific techniques are described for performing nerve blocks of various nerves in the limbs, as well as joint blocks of the coffin joint, fetlock joint, carpus, tibial-tarsal joint, and stifle joint. The document emphasizes the importance of anatomical knowledge and reviews considerations for determining if a block is effective and potential complications.
This document discusses flank analgesia techniques for bovine and caprine laparotomy. It describes the inverted L block technique using lignocaine infiltration for bovine flank analgesia. It also describes the paravertebral nerve block technique for bovine, which involves blocking the emergence of the 13th thoracic and first three lumbar nerves from intervertebral foramina using local anesthetic infiltration. A similar technique is used for caprine flank anesthesia. Epidural block at the lumbosacral junction is also mentioned as an alternative for caprine flank analgesia during laparotomy.
The document discusses nerve blocks at various locations in the upper extremity including the elbow, wrist, and digits. At the elbow, the radial, median, and ulnar nerves can be blocked using bony landmarks like the medial and lateral epicondyles. Each nerve is blocked slightly differently depending on its location. Distal to the elbow, the radial, median, and ulnar nerves can also be blocked at the wrist. Intravenous regional anesthesia, or Bier block, provides surgical anesthesia for short procedures on an extremity using exsanguination and tourniquets with local anesthetic injected intravenously.
Canine pyometra is a uterine infection in intact female dogs that occurs during diestrus. It is caused by bacterial infection, usually E. coli, within the uterus under the influence of progesterone. Clinical signs include vaginal discharge, fever, lethargy, vomiting, and polyuria/polydipsia. Diagnosis involves abdominal palpation, ultrasonography, and clinical pathology. Treatment of choice is ovariohysterectomy, while antibiotics and prostaglandins may be used for medical management in some cases. Prognosis is good with early diagnosis and intervention to prevent systemic complications.
This document discusses surgical anatomy and diseases of the oesophagus. It describes the oesophagus' location and surrounding structures. Common surgical diseases include obstruction, diverticula, stenosis, and wounds/fistulas. Obstruction is often caused by foreign bodies and treated conservatively via catheterization or surgically via oesophagotomy. Stenosis is corrected by longitudinal incision and transverse suturing to enlarge the lumen. Care must be taken during surgery to control hemorrhage and avoid nerve damage.
Pregnancy diagnosis in dogs is important for owners and veterinarians to allow appropriate care and scheduling. The most reliable methods are abdominal palpation between 24-35 days, ultrasound from 24 days which is 99% accurate by 28 days, and radiography after 45 days when bones have mineralized. Less reliable methods include hormone assays, metabolic changes, and physical exams. Ultrasound allows assessment of viability while radiography determines fetal positioning and number. Hormonal relaxin assays confirm pregnancy but not litter size.
This document discusses vaginal and uterine prolapse in cattle. It defines prolapse as the downward displacement of an organ from its normal position. It describes the types and signs of simple, moderate, and severe vaginal prolapse and provides their causes, clinical signs, and treatments. Uterine prolapse is defined as the falling of the uterus from its normal position, often occurring after difficult calving. Its causes, signs, and treatments involving reduction and replacement or amputation are summarized. Surgical techniques for correcting vaginal prolapse like trusses, sutures, and Caslick's operation are also briefly outlined.
Rajeev mishra ,castration of small animal(dog and cat).Raaz Eve Mishra
This document provides information about neutering male dogs and cats. It discusses the surgical procedure for neutering, which involves making an incision to remove the testicles. The benefits of neutering include preventing unwanted litters and reducing behavioral issues. Potential risks include weight gain and delayed growth. Neutering can be done between 5 to 16 months old in dogs and at around 6 months in cats. Post-operative care involves monitoring wounds, limiting activity, and providing pain relief if needed.
The document discusses horn anatomy and affections in cattle. It notes that horns are formed by the frontal bones and become hollow. The base is thin and the horn thickens towards the apex. Blood and nerve supply are described. Major horn affections include avulsion, fracture, and horn cancer. Treatment for fractures may include amputation. Dehorning involves removing the horn at the base through elliptical incision and sawing. Disbudding young calves removes small horn buds using a caustic compound or hot iron. Procedures are done with local anesthesia and analgesia.
Ear new affection of ear and its treatmentBikas Puri
Otitis, or ear infections, can affect the outer, middle, or inner ear in dogs and cats and are commonly caused by parasites, bacteria, yeast, or skin issues. Symptoms include ear scratching, redness, discharge, and in severe cases neurological signs. Treatment involves cleaning and flushing the ears under anesthesia followed by topical and oral antibiotics, antifungals, or other medications based on diagnostic tests and addressing any underlying issues.
Hip dysplasia is an abnormal development of the hip joint where the femoral head does not fit snugly into the acetabulum. It most commonly affects large breed dogs. Clinical signs in young dogs include lameness and pain, while adult dogs exhibit loss of muscle mass, difficulty rising, and arthritis. Radiographs are used to diagnose hip dysplasia and grade its severity based on a scale from mild to severe. Treatment options include weight control, physical therapy, supplements, braces, anti-inflammatories, and in some cases surgery such as triple pelvic osteotomy or total hip replacement.
5th year practical revision fetal presentationsMohamed Wahab
The document provides descriptions of various fetal presentations and postures that may be observed during pregnancy in veterinary medicine. It lists both normal and abnormal presentations, positions, and postures for anterior and posterior longitudinal presentations as well as transverse presentations. Abnormal postures described include various limb and head flexions or deviations. Breech and twin presentations are also included.
Intussusception is a condition where a segment of intestine invaginates into the adjacent bowel, obstructing the gastrointestinal tract. It is most commonly seen in the small intestine of cattle. Clinical signs include abdominal pain, decreased appetite, and signs of obstruction. Ultrasound can be used to diagnose intussusception based on the "target-like" or "bullseye" appearance. Treatment involves surgical resection of the affected segment through an abdominal incision. The surgery is ideally performed with the animal under general anesthesia to allow for thorough exploration and resection. Untreated intussusception is fatal as the blocked blood supply causes necrosis of the invaginated bowel.
Uterine torsion in cattle occurs when the pregnant uterus rotates around its longitudinal axis, obstructing the birth canal and preventing the calf from entering the cervix. It is more common in multiparous cows and can result from sudden movements that cause the fetus to move violently within the uterus. Left untreated, it can lead to fetal death from reduced blood flow and oxygen. Veterinarians diagnose uterine torsion based on symptoms like pain and straining, as well as physical exams that reveal a twisted vagina and evidence of broad ligament twisting seen rectally. Treatment methods include manually rotating the fetus and uterus if slight, rolling the cow, using a plank to roll the cow and fix the uterus, or a cesare
This document provides guidance on safely performing injections in horses and dogs. It discusses maintaining distance, wearing gloves, using the proper needle size, cleaning the injection site, and disposing of medical waste properly. For horses, it describes performing jugular vein injections and gives examples of intramuscular and subcutaneous injection sites like the neck, rump, and hindquarters. For dogs, it discusses restraint, vein selection, and provides examples of forelimb and jugular vein venipuncture sites as well as intramuscular injection locations like the thigh, back, and front leg. Complications from injections like irritation and nerve damage are also mentioned.
This document discusses fluid therapy in animals. It begins by describing the distribution of water in the body and the composition of intracellular and extracellular fluids. It then discusses three types of fluid disturbances: changes in volume, content, and distribution. The document outlines different types of fluid therapy including replacement, adjunctive, and supportive therapies. It provides details on routes of fluid administration and indications for intravenous fluids. Throughout, it discusses evaluating and monitoring fluid therapy, diagnosing and treating dehydration, and complications of intravenous fluids.
This document discusses ear conditions in pets. It covers otitis externa (inflammation of the outer ear), including common signs like head shaking and discharge. Otoscopic examination of the ear canal is described. Treatment for otitis externa involves cleaning and applying medications to the ear canal. Other conditions covered include auricular hematoma, otitis media (middle ear inflammation), and otitis interna (inner ear). Surgical techniques like lateral ear canal resection are discussed. Diagnosis and treatment of otitis media and interna involve cytology, antibiotics, and anti-fungals based on culture results from the infected areas.
Uterine torsion occurs when the uterus rotates around its longitudinal axis, causing dystocia. It is most common in cattle and buffaloes. Risk factors include multiparity, oversized fetus, and lack of uterine tone. Clinical signs include difficulty calving, abdominal pain, and anorexia. Diagnosis involves vaginal and rectal examination to determine the degree and direction of torsion. Treatment options include rolling the dam, rotating the fetus through the birth canal, laparotomy, or caesarean section if correction fails or the cervix remains closed. Torsion can cause damage to the uterus and complications like rupture, hemorrhage, or infection if not addressed.
Mammary glands power point by Dr. Rekha Pathak senior scientist IVRIRekha Pathak
The document summarizes anatomy and common surgical procedures related to the mammary glands. It describes the structure of the mammary glands including teat anatomy. Common conditions addressed by surgery are discussed such as teat lacerations, fistulas, papillomas/warts, lactoliths, and teat spiders. Surgical techniques including anesthesia, wound closure, and treatment are outlined for various conditions affecting the mammary glands and teats.
The document discusses various methods for fracture fixation in animals, including external coaptation, splinting, casting, pinning, plating, and intramedullary nailing. The methods vary in their advantages and disadvantages depending on the location and type of fracture. Proper technique and design are important for achieving stability and preventing complications.
This document summarizes a caesarean section (C-section) procedure performed on a bovine. It describes the animal's medical history of dystocia. On examination, edema and emphysema were observed, making vaginal delivery impossible. The C-section procedure is then outlined in steps, including exteriorizing the uterus, removing the fetus, managing the placenta, and closing incisions. Potential complications are listed. Post-operative care involves antibiotics, analgesics, oxytocin, and wound dressing.
This document discusses nerve and joint blocks in large animals. It provides information on the indications, mechanisms of action, and formulations of local anesthetics used for nerve and joint blocks. Specific techniques are described for performing nerve blocks of various nerves in the limbs, as well as joint blocks of the coffin joint, fetlock joint, carpus, tibial-tarsal joint, and stifle joint. The document emphasizes the importance of anatomical knowledge and reviews considerations for determining if a block is effective and potential complications.
This document discusses flank analgesia techniques for bovine and caprine laparotomy. It describes the inverted L block technique using lignocaine infiltration for bovine flank analgesia. It also describes the paravertebral nerve block technique for bovine, which involves blocking the emergence of the 13th thoracic and first three lumbar nerves from intervertebral foramina using local anesthetic infiltration. A similar technique is used for caprine flank anesthesia. Epidural block at the lumbosacral junction is also mentioned as an alternative for caprine flank analgesia during laparotomy.
The document discusses nerve blocks at various locations in the upper extremity including the elbow, wrist, and digits. At the elbow, the radial, median, and ulnar nerves can be blocked using bony landmarks like the medial and lateral epicondyles. Each nerve is blocked slightly differently depending on its location. Distal to the elbow, the radial, median, and ulnar nerves can also be blocked at the wrist. Intravenous regional anesthesia, or Bier block, provides surgical anesthesia for short procedures on an extremity using exsanguination and tourniquets with local anesthetic injected intravenously.
This document provides information on wrist and ankle nerve blocks. It summarizes the techniques for blocking the six main nerves of the wrist - the median, ulnar, radial, posterior interosseous and anterior interosseous nerves. The landmarks and techniques for blocking each nerve individually are described. It also covers the five main nerves of the ankle - the posterior tibial, sural, superficial peroneal, deep peroneal and saphenous nerves. The landmarks and techniques for blocking these nerves, both individually and in combinations, are outlined. The document is a reference for regional anesthesia techniques for the hand and foot.
Peripheral Nerve block(ankle block,wrist block, digital block)Lih Yin Chong
This document provides information on peripheral nerve blocks of the ankle, wrist, and digits. It describes the anatomy and techniques for ankle blocks of the posterior tibial, deep peroneal, superficial peroneal, sural, and saphenous nerves. Wrist blocks are outlined for the radial, ulnar, and median nerves. Digital nerve blocks involve blocking the dorsal and volar branches at the base of each finger. Complications of nerve blocks and management of local anesthetic systemic toxicity are also reviewed.
Nerve blocks and dehorning- By: Dr. Najmu Saaqib Reegoo DVM Najamu Saaqib Reegoo
The document discusses various techniques for local anesthesia and nerve blocks in veterinary medicine. It provides details on cornual nerve blocks for dehorning cattle, infraorbital blocks for dental procedures in dogs, brachial plexus blocks for forelimb surgery, intercostal nerve blocks for thoracic surgery, lumbosacral epidural blocks, Bier blocks for limb surgery, and retrobulbar and Peterson eye blocks for eye surgery. The techniques are described in terms of their indications, areas and nerves blocked, landmarks, drugs used, and approach for each procedure.
This document discusses various nerve blocks of the lower extremity and paravertebral blocks. It begins by describing techniques for localizing neural structures such as paraesthesia, nerve stimulation, and ultrasound guidance. It then discusses the nerve supply and blocks for specific nerves in the lower extremity including the lumbar plexus, sacral plexus, femoral nerve, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, obturator nerve, saphenous nerve, sciatic nerve, and ankle blocks. It also covers psoas compartment blocks, parasacral blocks, and popliteal fossa blocks. Finally, it discusses thoracic and lumbar paravertebral blocks including relevant anatomy, techniques, indications, contraindications, and complications.
The document describes nerve blocks for the median, ulnar, radial, and musculocutaneous nerves. It provides details on locating each nerve, inserting the needle, and injecting local anesthetic. It also describes digital nerve blocks, an intercostobrachial nerve block, and intravenous regional anesthesia (Bier block).
This document provides information on lower extremity regional anesthesia techniques. It discusses the indications, benefits, drugs used, anatomy, and procedures for lumbar plexus, femoral nerve, 3-in-1 nerve, and lateral cutaneous nerve blocks. Key points covered include the nerves supplying different parts of the lower limb, advantages of regional over general anesthesia, surface landmarks and techniques for various blocks, and potential complications.
This document discusses various techniques for peripheral nerve blocks, including blocks of the brachial plexus and individual nerves of the upper extremity. It provides details on the anatomy of the brachial plexus and surrounding structures. Several approaches for brachial plexus blocks are described, including interscalene, supraclavicular, infraclavicular, and axillary blocks. Each approach is outlined, including indications, technique, potential complications, and side effects. Proper patient positioning, needle placement, and administration of local anesthetic are emphasized.
This document describes various methods of local anesthesia used in preclinical models. It discusses 5 types of local anesthesia: conduction, infiltration, surface, epidural, and spinal anesthesia. For each type, it provides details on the animal model used, procedures, assessments of effectiveness, and examples of similar experiments. The goal is to outline standardized procedures for testing local anesthetics in different regions and tissues.
This document discusses various techniques for epidural anesthesia in cattle and small ruminants. It describes the epidural space and appropriate needle placement sites. Caudal and lumbosacral epidural techniques are outlined, indicating anesthetic extent and applications like obstetrics. Continuous epidural catheterization is described for tenesmus. Risks of overdose like hypotension and respiratory paralysis are also noted.
The document provides information about brachial plexus anatomy and different approaches for brachial plexus block, including interscalene, supraclavicular, infraclavicular, and axillary approaches. It discusses the anatomy relevant to each approach, positioning and needle placement techniques, methods for localizing nerves, injection procedures, expected durations and volumes of local anesthetic, and potential complications.
The document discusses various anaesthetic techniques used in veterinary practice including general anaesthesia, local anaesthesia, and other methods. General anaesthesia involves injectable and inhalation techniques. Local anaesthesia includes topical, field block, regional nerve block techniques. Specific nerve blocks are described such as auriculopalpebral nerve block, retrobulbar nerve block, maxillary nerve block. Intravenous regional anaesthesia, spinal anaesthesia techniques are also summarized. Other anaesthetic routes mentioned include electronarcosis, acupuncture, hypothermia.
This document provides information on transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks, including:
- TAP blocks are used for lower abdominal surgeries like appendectomies or cesarean sections by blocking nerves between abdominal wall muscles.
- The technique involves using ultrasound to guide a needle between the internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles, then injecting local anesthetic to expand the plane.
- Proper needle placement is confirmed by visualizing expansion of the tissue plane under ultrasound. Local anesthetic spreads anesthesia from T8 to the pubic symphysis.
- Catheters can be inserted for continuous infusion if prolonged postoperative analgesia is needed.
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4. PARAVERTEBRAL NERVE BLOCK
A paravertebral block is essentially a unilateral block of the
spinal nerve, including the dorsal and ventral rami, as well
as the sympathetic chain ganglion. These blocks can be
performed at any vertebral level.
• ParaVertebral Block (PVB) involve injection of local
anaesthetic in a space immediately lateral to where the
spinal nerves emerge from the intervertebral foramina.
This technique is being used increasingly for not only
intra-operative and post-operative analgesia but also as a
sole anaesthetic technique for carrying out various
5. CONT....
• Several features of local anesthesia render it particularly useful in
veterinary practice.
• • Many surgical procedures can be carried out satisfactorily under
local anesthesia (e.g., C section in cows).
• • Whether or not sedation is necessary as an adjunct will depend
on the species,temperament and health of the animal, and on the
magnitude of the procedure.
• • In adult cattle, many operations are performed on standing
animals and since sedation may induce the animal to lie down, it
is better avoided. Enabling operation in standing animals also
eliminates the dangers associated with forcible casting and
restraint, and prolonged recumbency.
6. MECHANISM OF ACTION OF LAs
• Mechanism of action
• • LAs block nerve conduction by inhibiting influx of sodium
ions through ion-selective sodium channels in nerve
membrane leading to impairment of the generation of
action potential.
• • The sodium channel itself is a specific receptor for local
anesthetic molecules.
7. CONT...
• Spinal nerves exiting the spinal cord run caudally beneath
the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae.
• After emerging from the foraminae of the spinal column,
the spinal nerves divide immediately into a small dorsal
branch, which supplies skin and muscle of the loins, with
some supply cutaneously down the flank, and a ventral
branch which runs obliquely down and back between the
muscles, providing the main nerve supply to the flank
(skin, muscles and peritoneum).
8. CONT...
• The 13th thoracic nerve passes cranially to the transverse
process of the first lumbar vertebra (L1); the ventral
branches of the lumbar nerves each run obliquely, just
below the intertransverse ligament, across the space
between the transverse processes.
• The paravertebral block involves perineural injection of
local anaesthetic solution around the spinal nerves as
they emerge, through the intervertebral foramina, from the
vertebral canal.
9.
10. • 1: PROXIMAL PARA VERTEBRAL NERVE BLOCK.
• 2:DISTAL PARA VERTEBRAL NERVE BLOCK.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17. • Paravertebral anesthesia
• Paravertebral anesthesia refers to the perineural injection of
local anesthesia about the spinal nerves as they emerge from
the vertebral canal through the intervertebral foraminae.
• The technique may theoretically be carried out in any species,
and at any level of the spinal cord but in practice, its main use is
to provide anesthesia of the lumbar region in ruminants.
• Its advantage is that it provides analgesia and muscle
relaxation of the whole area covered by the segmental nerves
blocked.
18. CONT...
• Paravertebral anesthesia is easy to carry out, and almost
always effective, except in the very large beef breeds where
it may be very difficult to locate the necessary landmarks.
• Indicated for standing laparotomy surgery such as C-
section, rumenotomy, cecotomy,correction of gastrointestinal
displacement, intestinal obstruction and volvulus.
19. cont...
• The dorsal aspect of the transverse processes of the last thoracic (T-
13) and first and second lumbar (L-1 and L-2) vertebrae is the site
for needle placement.
• The dorsal and ventral never roots of the last thoracic (T-13) and 1st
and 2nd lumbar spinal nerves emerge from the intervertebral foramina
are desensitized. 10-20 ml of 2% lidocaine is injected to each site
onset occurs usually within 10 minutes of injection.
=>Analgesia of the skin, scoliosis toward the desensitized side - due to
paralysis of the paravertebral muscles, increased skin temperature due
to vasodilation (paralysis of cutaneous vasomotor nerves) indicates
effective block. Duration of analgesia lasts approximately 90 minutes
20.
21. • For operations through the flank the thirteenth thoracic
nerve and the first, second and third lumbar nerves are
blocked.
• Inject 0.5 to 1.0 mL of local anaesthetic into the skin over
the midpoint of each of the first, second and third lumbar
processes.
• Wait a few minutes to allow this to take effect.
• The subsequent injections are made through the areas
desensitized by these injections to block T13 and L1:
22. CONT...
• A 6 cm 19 gauge needle is adequate
• "Walk" the needle off the cranial and caudal edges of the
transverse process of the first lumbar vertebra to block
T13 and L1 respectively.
• This is about 2 cm deep.
• Inject 4-5 mL 1% lidocaine or mepivacaine to block the
ventral nerve roots and 2 mL to block the dorsal nerve
roots, at each site.
23. cont...
:
• Place a 6 cm spinal needle 2.5 to 3 cm from the midline.
• "Walk" the needle off the cranial edge of the transverse process of
the third lumbar vertebra.
• Or: off the caudal edge of the transverse process of the second
lumbar vertebra.
• Inject local anaesthetic solution below the transverse ligament to
block the ventral nerve root and, as the needle is withdrawn,
above it to block the dorsal nerve root.
• Suggested quantities of local anaesthetic are: 4 to 5 mL 1%
lidocaine or mepivacaine to block the ventral nerve root and 2 mL
to block the dorsal nerve root.
24. cont...
, if required.
• Place the needle (16 gauge 6 cm long) over the midpoint of
the transverse process of the third lumbar vertebra and
insert 4-5 cm deep to contact the transverse process.
• Withdraw slightly and direct the needle forwards to "walk"
the needle off the caudal edge of the transverse process.
• Inject 2-3 mL of local anaesthetic solution just below the
transverse processes.
• Withdraw the needle to above the transverse process and
inject another 2 to 3 mL local anaesthetic.
25. cont...
:
• The needle may be "walked" off the cranial edges of L1,
L2 and L3 to block T13, L1 and L2 respectively.
• Onset of analgesia may occur as soon as five minutes
after injection the flank should be anaesthetised after
about 10 minutes.
• Duration of analgesia is approximately one hour with plain
lidocaine solution, longer if lidocaine solution with
adrenaline is used.
26.
27. • Indicated for same as proximal paravertebral block above.
• The dorsal and ventral rami of the spinal nerves T13, L1 and L2 are
desensitized at the distal ends of L-1, L-2 and L-4. A 7.5-cm, 18-gauge needle
is inserted ventral to the tips of the respective transverse processes in cows
where approximately 10-20 ml of a 2% lidocaine solution are injected in a fan-
shaped infiltration pattern.
• The needle is completely withdrawn and reinserted dorsal to the transverse
process, where the cutaneous branch of the dorsal rami is injected with about 5
ml of the analgesic.
• The procedure is repeated for the second and fourth lumbar transverse
processes.
• 10-20 ml 2% lidocaine is used per site and onset and duration similar to
proximal technique.
28.
29. • Identify the distal ends of the transverse processes of lumbar
vertebrae L1, L2 and L4.
• Clip and disinfect the skin over the ends of the transverse
processeS.
• For each transverse process:
• Use about 1 to 3 mL of 2% lidocaine at each site.
• Using a 7.5 cm 18 gauge needle and approaching laterally, inject
in a fan pattern ventral to each transverse process (L1, L2 and
L4), then partially withdraw the needle and reinsert slightly dorsal
and caudal to the transverse process to inject at this site. The
depth to which the needle must be inserted will vary depending on
the body condition of the animal.
30. • This block is done to enable a surgical incision in the
paralumbar fossa (flank) of a standing sedated horse.
• . Equipment and preparation – The clipping and aseptic
preparation of the flank should be extended dorsally to the
midline to include the landmarks described so that the
injections can be performed aseptically. Three
subcutaneous skin blebs are each made with a 25 gauge ⅝
inch needle and 3 ml of local anaesthetic. Then a 7 to 8
inch spinal needle, and 120 ml of local anaesthetic solution
are used for the block.
31. • Technique - A paravertebral block, involves anaesthetising
the dorsal and ventral branches of T18, L1 and L2 to
anaesthetise the paralumbar fossa.
• One, although not the only, way of performing this block is
to use a vertical line up from the most caudal point (curve)
of the 18th (last) rib. In a 450 kg horse a 7 to 8 inch spinal
needle is used through a subcutaneous bleb of local
anaesthetic. The needle is inserted about 12 cm from the
midline and directed ventrally until bone (transverse
process of L2) is contacted.
The needle is“walked” off, by withdrawing redirecting
and advancing, the caudal edge of the transverse process. 20
ml of local anaesthetic is injected just (1cm) below the
32. cont...
• The needle is then repositioned so that it is on the dorsal caudal
edge of the bone and another 20 ml is injected.
• This process is repeated 5 cm and 10 cm proximally (towards
the head end) to anaesthetise LI and T18. If at any stage when
advancing needles you see a twitch of the flank muscles then
infuse 5 ml of local anaesthetic solution at that spot in the hope
that the needle is close to a branch of a nerve.
• If the needle penetrates the peritoneum there will be negative
pressure. Keeping some local anaesthetic in the hub of the
needle will indicate when the peritoneum has been punctured
with disappearance of the fluid, an indication to withdraw the
needle to less depth.
33.
34. :Anaesthesia of the skin;
• Increased skin temperature. This occurs due to
hyperaemia resulting from paralysis of cutaneous
vasomotor nerves;
• Relaxation of flank muscles;
• Scoliosis (curving of the spine) towards the desensitised
side.
35. • Wide uniform analgesia from the last rib to the tuber coxae and
ventrally to the fold of the flank, through all layers of the
abdominal wall.
• Faster to carry out.
• Significantly smaller total volume of local anaesthetic solution is
required.
• No haematoma formation at the proposed incision site.
• Produces relaxation of flank muscles and decrease in intra-
abdominal pressure.
• Intraoperative increase in the length of the laparotomy incision
can be performed if required.
• The peritoneum is desensitised and some abdominal viscera also.
36. • This technique is technically relatively difficult particularly in fat
animals.
• It is difficult to identify the landmarks for injections in animals which are
obese or very heavily muscled.
• Vasodilatation may increase haemorrhage; this is considered of minor
importance.
• Bowing of the flank may make closure of the laparotomy incision more
difficult.
• There is a risk of penetrating the aorta or thoracic longitudinal vein on
the left side of the spine or the posterior vena cava on the right side.
• Caudal migration of the drug to the femoral nerve may occur with
resultant loss of motor control to the hind limb.
37.
38.
39.
40. • The inverted L block is a nonspecific regional block that
locally blocks the tissue bordering the caudal aspect of the
thirteenth rib and the ventral aspect of the transverse
processes of the lumbar vertebrae.
• An 18-gauge 3.8-cm needle is used to inject up to a total of
100 mL of local anesthetic solution in multiple small
injection sites into the tissues bordering the dorsocaudal
aspect of the thirteenth rib and ventrolateral aspect of the
transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae.
41. CONT...
• . This creates an area of anesthesia under the inverted L
block.
• Advantages of the inverted L block
• include that the block is simple to perform, it does not
interfere with ambulation,and deposition of anesthetic away
from the incision site minimizes incisional edema and
hematoma.
• Disadvantages include incomplete
• analgesia and muscle relaxation of the deeper layers of the
abdominal wall (particularly in obese animals); possible
toxicity after larger doses of Anesthetic; and increased cost
because of larger doses of local anesthetic.
42. • Thurmon, Tranquilli and Benson Veterinary Anesthesia Williams and Wilkins 1996
• Hall, Clarke, and Trim Veterinary Anesthesia WB Saunders 2000
• Muir, Hubbel and Skarda A handbook Skarda R. Techniques of local analgesia in ruminants
and swine. Vet Clin North Am Food
Anim Pract 1986;2:621–63.
[2] Edwards B. Regional anaesthesia techniques in cattle. In Pract 2001;23:142–9.
[3] Skarda R. Local and regional anesthesia in ruminants and swine. Vet Clin North Am Food
Anim Pract 1996;12:579–626.
[4] Elmore RG. Food animal regional anesthesia, bovine blocks: cornual. Vet Med 1980;75:
1610–2.
[5] Navarre C. Numbing: nose to tail. Proceedings from the 39th Annual Convention of AABP
2006;39:53–5.
[6] Noordsy J, Ames N. Local and regional anesthesia. In: Noordsy J, Ames N, editors. Food
animal surgery. 4th edition. Yardley (PA): Veterinary Learning Systems; 2006. p. 21–42.of
Anesthesia Mosby 1999