The document provides a comprehensive overview of lower gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage due to hemorrhoids, including their causes, classifications, clinical features, investigations, complications, and treatment options. It details the etiopathogenesis of hemorrhoids, the diagnostic process, and various nonoperative and operative treatment methods. Specific case studies exemplify the presentation and diagnosis of hemorrhoids, highlighting both internal and external forms.

1. LOWER GI HEMORRHAGE
HEMORRHOIDS
Dr.B.SELVARAJ MS;Mch;FICS:
PROFESSOR OF SURGERY
MELAKA MANIPAL MEDICAL COLLEGE
MELAKA 75150 MALAYSIA

2. HEMORRHOIDS
✓Causes of Lower GI Hemorrhage
✓Etiopathogenesis
✓Classification of Hemorrhoids
✓Clinical features
✓Investigations
✓Complications
✓Treatment
✓Mindmap
✓Diagnostic algorithm
✓Management Algorithm

3. Causes for Lower GI Hemorrhage
✓Diverticular disease
✓Angiodysplasia- AV Malformation
✓Colorectal carcinoma
✓Hemorrhoids
✓Fissure-in-ano
✓Ischemic colitis
✓Inflammatory bowel disease
✓Meckel’s diverticulum
✓Upper GI hemorrhage

4. CLASSICAL CLINICAL VIGNETTE
✓A 72 year old man with H/O chronic constipation presented with BRBPR after
straining to pass stools each time, for past 3 months. Bleeding was painless-
Painless hematochezia. Colonoscopy six months ago was normal.
✓O/E: BP: 150/70 mms of Hg; HR- 90/min;
✓PT, PTT & INR- Normal; Platelet count- 250,000, INR- 1.1
✓Proctoscopy- revealed primary hemorrhoids at 3,7 & 11* clock positions
✓Diagnosis: Internal Hemorrhoids
✓Altered scenario: Apart from BRBPR during straining to pass stools, patient
presented with anal itching and discomfort, particularly towards the end of the
day and has perianal pain when sitting down and finds himself sitting sideways
to avoid the discomfort. He is afebrile.
✓Diagnosis: External Hemorrhoids

5. ETIOPATHOGENESIS
✓ Hemorrhoids are cushions of submucosal
tissue containing venules, arterioles,
smooth muscle fibers, and elastic
connective tissues.
✓Three hemorrhoidal cushions are there at
3, 7, 11 O’clock positions
✓ During defecation, they become engorged
with blood, cushion the anal canal, and
support the lining of canal.
✓Hemorrhoid is a condition, where there is
varicosity in the veins of anorectal region
which subsequently leads to hemorrhage.

6. ETIOPATHOGENESIS
✓ Idiopathic or primary—The
predisposing factors are pregnancy,
prolonged standing Etc
✓Secondary Causes:
✓Carcinoma of rectum—By blocking
the veins, produces back pressure
and manifest as piles.
✓Prolonged constipation
✓Persistent straining at micturition,
e.g. enlarged prostate

7. Classification Of Hemorrhoids
✓ Internal hemorrhoids—Situated above
the pectinate line.
✓ External hemorrhoids—Situated below
the pectinate line.
✓ Internoexternal hemorrhoids—
Situated both above and below the
pectinate line.

8. Clinical Features
✓Bleeding per rectum: Bleeding is painless and bright red which
usually appears as a fresh smear on the toilet paper.
✓Pain: Pain is not characteristic of hemorrhoid, unless it is associated
with fissure in ano or thrombosis. Strangulated piles are extremely
painful.
✓Mucus discharge: In 3rd and 4th degree internal haemorrhoids and in
all external hemorrhoids
✓Pruritus ani: This results from excessive mucus discharge, secreted
from the congested mucosa.
✓Tenesmus: Sensation of incomplete evacuation of bowel

9. Clinical Features

10. INVESTIGATIONS
✓Digital Rectal Examination(DRE): A digital examination should
always be done. A pile mass cannot be palpated, because it collapses
to digital pressure. It can be palpated only when it is thrombosed.
✓Proctoscopy(Anoscopy): As the proctoscope is removed, the piles
prolapses into the lumen of proctoscope as cherry red masses.
✓Sigmoidoscopy/Colonoscopy: Do Sigmoidoscopy and Colonoscopy to
R/O any colonic pathology

11. COMPLICATIONS
✓Anemia: Following severe or continued bleeding.
✓Strangulation: This occurs when the prolapsed hemorrhoids are
gripped by the internal sphincter and get irreducible.
✓Thrombosis: In strangulated piles, venous return is occluded and
thrombosis occurs. The thrombosis is accompanied by considerable
pain.
✓Suppuration or ulceration: may occur in a thrombosed hemorrhoids.
✓Fibrosis: After 2 to 3 weeks, thrombosed hemorrhoids become
fibrosed, often with spontaneous cure.

12. TREATMENT
✓Nonoperative
✓a. Sitz bath—The patient is asked to sit inwarm water with the anal
region and buttocks dipped in water for about 20 minutes,2 to 3 times
a day. This reduces pain edema and promotes healing.
✓b. Antibiotics, laxatives (stool softener) and antiinflammatory drugs
are beneficial.
✓c. Regulation of bowel habit with a high fiber diet.
✓d. Local application of astringent ointments.
✓e. Injection of Sclerosant—The agent commonly used is 5 percent
phenol in almond oil. This is done in case of first and second degree
hemorrhoids.

13. TREATMENT
✓Operative Treatment:
✓First and second degree hemorrhoids are treated by Lord’s procedure,
Barron’s band application and cryosurgery.
✓Third and fourth degree haemorrhoids require hemorrhoidectomy
✓1. Lord’s procedure: Under general anesthesiathe internal sphincter
is widely stretched. It results is dilatation and disruption of the fibers
of internal sphincter. Thus venous congestion is relieved to improve
the hemorrhoids.
✓2. Barron’s Band Ligation: Bands are applied at the neck of
hemorrhoids which undergo healing by fibrosis.

14. TREATMENT

15. TREATMENT
✓Operative Treatment:
✓3. Cryosurgery: Liquid nitrogen at –196°C is applied to pile masses
which coagulate the tissues. The procedure is painless but there will
be continuous mucus discharge for 3 to 4 weeks.
✓4. Infrared photocoagulation coagulates tissue protein or evaporates
water in the cells. This technique can be used for first-degree and
second-degree haemorrhoids.
✓5. Hemorrhoidectomy—This is the ligation and excision of the
hemorrhoidal mass under spinal or general anesthesia.
-Milligan & Morgan’s Open Hemorrhoidectomy
-Farquharsan’s Closed Hemorrhoidectomy

16. TREATMENT

17. TREATMENT
Farquharsen’s Milligan & Morgan’s
CLOSED OPEN

18. TREATMENT
✓ 6. Stapled Hemorrhoidectomy
/Procedure for Prolapsed Hemorrhoid-
PPH:
7. UGHAL- ultrasound Guided
Hemorrhoidal Artery Ligation:

19. MINDMAP

20. Diagnostic Algorithm

21. Treatment Algorithm

22. THANK YOU
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