Hemorrhoids, also known as piles, are swollen veins in the anus and lower rectum that can cause symptoms like itching, pain and bleeding. They are classified as either internal or external hemorrhoids depending on their location. Internal hemorrhoids are further classified by their degree of prolapse. Risk factors include prolonged sitting or standing, obesity, pregnancy and liver diseases. Symptoms are usually treated conservatively with fiber, fluids, creams and sitz baths while surgical procedures like rubber band ligation or hemorrhoidectomy may be used for more severe cases. Nursing care focuses on preventing constipation and infection.
Haemorrhoids are vascular cushions in the anal canal that can become swollen and engorged with blood due to increased pressure in the anal veins, common symptoms include bleeding, pain, itching and bulging during bowel movements, and treatment ranges from lifestyle and diet changes to minimally invasive procedures like rubber band ligation or injection sclerotherapy to surgery.
This document discusses different types of leg ulcers including venous, arterial, diabetic neuropathic, and hypertensive ulcers. It provides information on:
1. The causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, investigations and management for each type of ulcer.
2. Venous ulcers are the most common type, caused by venous insufficiency and reflux, and are typically treated with compression therapy and dressings.
3. Arterial ulcers are caused by peripheral arterial disease and present with dry necrotic wounds, often over bony prominences of the feet. Revascularization may be required for healing.
4. Diabetic and neuropathic ulcers occur due to loss of sensation from
1) Venous ulcers are caused by venous insufficiency and often occur on the lower medial aspect of the leg.
2) Compression therapy is the standard treatment to reduce edema and enhance healing. Elastic compression stockings are recommended.
3) Debriding and dressing the wound along with treating underlying causes such as varicose veins or eczema also aids healing.
4) Surgery to remove incompetent veins may be considered if conservative measures fail to heal the ulcer. Lifelong compression is still needed after healing to prevent recurrence.
Anal fissure and haemorrhoids are common painful conditions caused by constipation or hard stools. Anal fissures are tears in the lining of the anal canal that cause sharp pain during bowel movements. Haemorrhoids are swollen veins in the anal canal that can cause bleeding. Treatment depends on severity but includes dietary changes, topical ointments, injection therapy, surgery. Sphincterotomy or fissurectomy may be needed for chronic anal fissures that do not heal with conservative treatment.
The document discusses several anorectal conditions including hemorrhoids, anal fissures, anorectal abscesses, and anal fistulas. It describes the anatomy of the rectum and provides details on the causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment options for each condition. Conservative and surgical treatments are covered. The role of the nurse in assessing patients, providing comfort measures, educating on prevention, and monitoring postoperative recovery is also outlined.
This document discusses several painful anal conditions including anal fissures, proctalgia fugax, anorectal abscesses, perianal hematomas, complicated hemorrhoids, and anal cancer. It provides information on the typical causative microorganisms for anorectal abscesses, appropriate treatment options for various conditions which may include drainage, examination under anesthesia, antibiotics in some cases, and surgery. Sitz baths and conservative measures are recommended for treating some hemorrhoids and hematomas.
This document discusses hemorrhoids including defining them as vascular masses in the lower rectum or anus. It lists the learning objectives as defining hemorrhoids, discussing their etiology and risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, and management. The document covers the sites of hemorrhoids, predisposing factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, medical management including lifestyle changes and procedures, surgical management options, potential complications, and the nursing role in post-operative care and patient education.
Hemorrhoids, also known as piles, are swollen veins in the anus and lower rectum that can cause symptoms like itching, pain and bleeding. They are classified as either internal or external hemorrhoids depending on their location. Internal hemorrhoids are further classified by their degree of prolapse. Risk factors include prolonged sitting or standing, obesity, pregnancy and liver diseases. Symptoms are usually treated conservatively with fiber, fluids, creams and sitz baths while surgical procedures like rubber band ligation or hemorrhoidectomy may be used for more severe cases. Nursing care focuses on preventing constipation and infection.
Haemorrhoids are vascular cushions in the anal canal that can become swollen and engorged with blood due to increased pressure in the anal veins, common symptoms include bleeding, pain, itching and bulging during bowel movements, and treatment ranges from lifestyle and diet changes to minimally invasive procedures like rubber band ligation or injection sclerotherapy to surgery.
This document discusses different types of leg ulcers including venous, arterial, diabetic neuropathic, and hypertensive ulcers. It provides information on:
1. The causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, investigations and management for each type of ulcer.
2. Venous ulcers are the most common type, caused by venous insufficiency and reflux, and are typically treated with compression therapy and dressings.
3. Arterial ulcers are caused by peripheral arterial disease and present with dry necrotic wounds, often over bony prominences of the feet. Revascularization may be required for healing.
4. Diabetic and neuropathic ulcers occur due to loss of sensation from
1) Venous ulcers are caused by venous insufficiency and often occur on the lower medial aspect of the leg.
2) Compression therapy is the standard treatment to reduce edema and enhance healing. Elastic compression stockings are recommended.
3) Debriding and dressing the wound along with treating underlying causes such as varicose veins or eczema also aids healing.
4) Surgery to remove incompetent veins may be considered if conservative measures fail to heal the ulcer. Lifelong compression is still needed after healing to prevent recurrence.
Anal fissure and haemorrhoids are common painful conditions caused by constipation or hard stools. Anal fissures are tears in the lining of the anal canal that cause sharp pain during bowel movements. Haemorrhoids are swollen veins in the anal canal that can cause bleeding. Treatment depends on severity but includes dietary changes, topical ointments, injection therapy, surgery. Sphincterotomy or fissurectomy may be needed for chronic anal fissures that do not heal with conservative treatment.
The document discusses several anorectal conditions including hemorrhoids, anal fissures, anorectal abscesses, and anal fistulas. It describes the anatomy of the rectum and provides details on the causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment options for each condition. Conservative and surgical treatments are covered. The role of the nurse in assessing patients, providing comfort measures, educating on prevention, and monitoring postoperative recovery is also outlined.
This document discusses several painful anal conditions including anal fissures, proctalgia fugax, anorectal abscesses, perianal hematomas, complicated hemorrhoids, and anal cancer. It provides information on the typical causative microorganisms for anorectal abscesses, appropriate treatment options for various conditions which may include drainage, examination under anesthesia, antibiotics in some cases, and surgery. Sitz baths and conservative measures are recommended for treating some hemorrhoids and hematomas.
This document discusses hemorrhoids including defining them as vascular masses in the lower rectum or anus. It lists the learning objectives as defining hemorrhoids, discussing their etiology and risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, and management. The document covers the sites of hemorrhoids, predisposing factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, medical management including lifestyle changes and procedures, surgical management options, potential complications, and the nursing role in post-operative care and patient education.
In the recent years, there is a rise in the number of people suffering from piles, a condition medically termed as Haemorrhoids. Since time immemorial haemorrhoids have plagued humankind, yet many misunderstandings regarding haemorrhoidal complaints and disease still exist. Proportionately, there is a hike in the advertisements in different media on various patent products that are supposed to cure piles. But the fact is, majority of the piles patients we come across are self diagnosed cases. Most of them suffer from occasional burning pains or soreness in the anal region and diagnose themselves as piles without a medical consultation. Thereafter, they go on taking patent preparations over the counter without a doctor’s prescription. The present article focuses on homoeopathic approach to a case of haemorrhoids.
This document provides information on haemorrhoids (also known as hemorrhoids), including:
- Anatomy of the anal canal and haemorrhoidal tissue
- Epidemiology of symptomatic haemorrhoids, affecting around 4.4% of the global population
- Common causes like straining, pregnancy, obesity, and familial tendency
- Grading of internal haemorrhoids from first to fourth degree based on degree of prolapse
- Treatment options like rubber band ligation, sclerotherapy, excisional or stapled haemorrhoidectomy depending on severity
Hemorrhoids are dilated vascular cushions in the anal canal that can prolapse due to straining. Common causes include constipation, frequent bowel movements, pregnancy, and older age. Hemorrhoids are graded based on their degree of prolapse. Treatment ranges from lifestyle changes and topical medications for mild cases to procedures like band ligation, cryotherapy, and surgery for more severe cases. Surgical removal of hemorrhoids is indicated for grade III/IV cases that do not improve with conservative measures.
This document defines and discusses rectovaginal fistula (RVF) and perineal tears. It provides information on the causes, classification, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of RVF and perineal tears. For RVF, the most common cause is obstetric trauma, and management involves initial medical therapy followed by surgical repair if needed. Perineal tears are commonly caused by vaginal childbirth and are classified based on the extent of tissue involved. Higher degree tears involving the anal sphincter require surgical repair in an operating room setting.
This document provides an overview of common anorectal diseases including hemorrhoids, anal fissure, and anorectal abscesses. It discusses the anatomy, risk factors, types, clinical features, and treatment options for each condition. Key points include that hemorrhoids are normal cushions in the anal canal that only require treatment if symptomatic, anal fissures are tears in the anoderm that cause pain with bowel movements, and anorectal abscesses form from infected anal glands that can spread along different anatomic planes requiring surgical drainage.
Define Anorectal Disorder
Gain knowledge about the pathophysiology of anorectal disorders
Knows about the major contributing factor in development disease.
To know about nursing management of Disorders.
This document discusses lower gastrointestinal bleeding, including definitions, classifications, differential diagnoses, investigations, and treatments. It covers conditions such as hemorrhoids, carcinoma of the rectum, diverticular disease, peri-anal hematoma, and fissure-in-ano. For each condition, it describes symptoms, signs on examination, investigations, differential diagnoses, complications, and treatment approaches.
The document provides information on anal fissures and hemorrhoids. It discusses the anatomy and examination of the anal canal. It describes the symptoms, causes, and treatments of hemorrhoids including conservative treatments like diet changes and surgical options like banding or hemorrhoidectomy. It discusses complications of hemorrhoids like thrombosis, incarceration, and anal stenosis. Differential diagnoses including anal fissures, infections, and inflammatory bowel disease are mentioned. Anal fissures are defined as longitudinal tears in the anal canal caused by hard stools or diarrhea.
This document discusses venous thrombosis, which occurs when blood clots form in the veins. Three main factors that contribute to venous thrombosis are stasis of blood, injury to vessel walls, and hypercoagulability of blood. Symptoms can include leg swelling and pain. Diagnostic tests include Doppler ultrasound, duplex imaging, and contrast phlebography. Treatment involves anticoagulant drugs like heparin and warfarin. Nursing care focuses on preventing complications through leg elevation, compression stockings, and patient education about anticoagulant therapy and risk factors.
This document provides tips and instructions for using a PowerPoint presentation on lower limb ulceration. It discusses actively engaging students by showing blank slides first to elicit what they know before providing information. Treatment of lower limb ulcers focuses on compression therapy, wound care, infection control and improving circulation and nutrition. Surgical options are available for advanced cases that do not heal with compression, including procedures to remove veins and treat varicose veins. Lifelong compression therapy is important after healing to prevent recurrence.
This document discusses hemorrhoids, including their anatomy, classification, pathophysiology, symptoms, physical examination, evaluation, and treatment options. Hemorrhoids are enlarged or swollen veins in the anal canal. They are classified based on their location and degree of prolapse. Common symptoms include rectal bleeding and anal mass or bulge. Treatment ranges from lifestyle modifications to office procedures like banding or coagulation to surgical hemorrhoidectomy.
This document discusses hemorrhoids, including their anatomy, classification, pathophysiology, symptoms, physical examination, evaluation, and treatment options. Hemorrhoids are enlarged or swollen veins in the anal canal. They are classified based on their location and degree of prolapse. Common symptoms include rectal bleeding and anal mass or bulge. Treatment ranges from lifestyle and dietary changes to office-based procedures like rubber band ligation or infrared coagulation to surgical hemorrhoidectomy.
This document discusses hemorrhoids, including their anatomy, classification, pathophysiology, symptoms, physical examination, evaluation, and treatment options. Hemorrhoids are enlarged or swollen veins in the anal canal. They are classified based on their location and degree of prolapse. Common symptoms include rectal bleeding and anal mass or bulge. Treatment ranges from lifestyle modifications to office procedures like banding or coagulation to surgical hemorrhoidectomy.
Tonsillectomy is the surgical removal of the tonsils. It is usually done to treat chronic tonsil infections, sleep apnea, or other conditions. The document discusses various indications for tonsillectomy including recurrent infections or enlarged tonsils causing obstruction. It describes contraindications and provides details on techniques, equipment, positioning, anesthesia, steps of the procedure, post-operative care, complications, and other methods for tonsillectomy.
This document discusses puerperal genital haematomas, which are collections of blood outside blood vessels in the genital tract following childbirth. It covers the types (infralevator below levator ani muscle, supralevator above), causes (injury during birth, coagulopathies), risk factors (episiotomy, instruments), symptoms (pain, bleeding), investigations (blood tests, imaging), and management (conservative for small, surgery or embolization for large). Prompt diagnosis is key as excessive perineal pain should prompt examination, and treatment may require resuscitation, antibiotics, and monitoring for recurrence of bleeding.
An anal abscess is a painful infection near the anus caused by bacteria entering anal glands. It presents as severe anal pain and a tender lump at the anal verge. Treatment involves drainage of pus and antibiotics only if the patient is immunocompromised or has extensive surrounding cellulitis. An anal fissure is a tear in the lining of the anus causing sharp pain during bowel movements. It is usually treated conservatively with laxatives, dilatation, or topical medications but may require surgery if conservative treatment fails. A perianal hematoma appears as a tender, purple lump around the anus caused by a collection of blood. It is drained through a small incision. Painful hemor
Venous ulcers are caused by venous hypertension due to incompetent valves in the veins of the lower leg. Risk factors include older age, family history, obesity, smoking, and prior deep vein thrombosis. Clinically, venous ulcers present as shallow wounds on the medial ankle that never penetrate deep tissue. Diagnosis involves assessing signs of venous insufficiency and duplex ultrasound to identify refluxing veins. Treatment focuses on compression therapy to reduce venous pressure along with wound care, pharmacotherapy, and sometimes surgical ablation of refluxing superficial veins to prevent recurrence. Prognosis is good for wound healing but recurrence rates remain high without continued compression.
Many people suffer from venous disease. A good percentage of them are having superficial venous disease. Mostly these diseases are neglected due to ignorance or lack of awareness. Here is a brief description on management of superficial venous disease.
Made by Ranjith R Thampi. A surgery powerpoint I made during internship for Management of Varicose Veins. Tried to cover as much as possible on the topic. Kindly comment before you download. Thanks!
Hearing loss (Ear Nose and Throat)... By Shapi.pdfShapi. MD
The document discusses hearing loss, its classification, causes, and terminology. It defines hearing loss as a deficiency in hearing capacity from normal levels (0-20db) and classifies it as either conductive, affecting the external auditory meatus to oval window, or sensorineural, affecting the oval window to the inferior temporal gyrus. Hearing loss is also graded from mild to profound based on decibel levels. Causes of hearing loss are classified as congenital, including infections and drugs during pregnancy, or acquired, including wax buildup, trauma, infections like otitis media, tumors, meningitis, acoustic trauma, drugs, ageing, and more.
Allergic Rhinitis( Ear Nose and Throat).... By Shapi.pdfShapi. MD
This document discusses allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever. It begins by explaining the immunological mechanisms behind the immediate and late phase reactions to airborne allergens. Common symptoms include nasal congestion, sneezing, and itchy eyes. Diagnosis involves skin testing or blood tests to identify IgE antibodies to specific allergens. Treatment focuses on avoidance of triggers, antihistamines, decongestants, and nasal corticosteroid sprays. Complications can include secondary infection, sinusitis or decreased pulmonary function if left untreated.
In the recent years, there is a rise in the number of people suffering from piles, a condition medically termed as Haemorrhoids. Since time immemorial haemorrhoids have plagued humankind, yet many misunderstandings regarding haemorrhoidal complaints and disease still exist. Proportionately, there is a hike in the advertisements in different media on various patent products that are supposed to cure piles. But the fact is, majority of the piles patients we come across are self diagnosed cases. Most of them suffer from occasional burning pains or soreness in the anal region and diagnose themselves as piles without a medical consultation. Thereafter, they go on taking patent preparations over the counter without a doctor’s prescription. The present article focuses on homoeopathic approach to a case of haemorrhoids.
This document provides information on haemorrhoids (also known as hemorrhoids), including:
- Anatomy of the anal canal and haemorrhoidal tissue
- Epidemiology of symptomatic haemorrhoids, affecting around 4.4% of the global population
- Common causes like straining, pregnancy, obesity, and familial tendency
- Grading of internal haemorrhoids from first to fourth degree based on degree of prolapse
- Treatment options like rubber band ligation, sclerotherapy, excisional or stapled haemorrhoidectomy depending on severity
Hemorrhoids are dilated vascular cushions in the anal canal that can prolapse due to straining. Common causes include constipation, frequent bowel movements, pregnancy, and older age. Hemorrhoids are graded based on their degree of prolapse. Treatment ranges from lifestyle changes and topical medications for mild cases to procedures like band ligation, cryotherapy, and surgery for more severe cases. Surgical removal of hemorrhoids is indicated for grade III/IV cases that do not improve with conservative measures.
This document defines and discusses rectovaginal fistula (RVF) and perineal tears. It provides information on the causes, classification, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of RVF and perineal tears. For RVF, the most common cause is obstetric trauma, and management involves initial medical therapy followed by surgical repair if needed. Perineal tears are commonly caused by vaginal childbirth and are classified based on the extent of tissue involved. Higher degree tears involving the anal sphincter require surgical repair in an operating room setting.
This document provides an overview of common anorectal diseases including hemorrhoids, anal fissure, and anorectal abscesses. It discusses the anatomy, risk factors, types, clinical features, and treatment options for each condition. Key points include that hemorrhoids are normal cushions in the anal canal that only require treatment if symptomatic, anal fissures are tears in the anoderm that cause pain with bowel movements, and anorectal abscesses form from infected anal glands that can spread along different anatomic planes requiring surgical drainage.
Define Anorectal Disorder
Gain knowledge about the pathophysiology of anorectal disorders
Knows about the major contributing factor in development disease.
To know about nursing management of Disorders.
This document discusses lower gastrointestinal bleeding, including definitions, classifications, differential diagnoses, investigations, and treatments. It covers conditions such as hemorrhoids, carcinoma of the rectum, diverticular disease, peri-anal hematoma, and fissure-in-ano. For each condition, it describes symptoms, signs on examination, investigations, differential diagnoses, complications, and treatment approaches.
The document provides information on anal fissures and hemorrhoids. It discusses the anatomy and examination of the anal canal. It describes the symptoms, causes, and treatments of hemorrhoids including conservative treatments like diet changes and surgical options like banding or hemorrhoidectomy. It discusses complications of hemorrhoids like thrombosis, incarceration, and anal stenosis. Differential diagnoses including anal fissures, infections, and inflammatory bowel disease are mentioned. Anal fissures are defined as longitudinal tears in the anal canal caused by hard stools or diarrhea.
This document discusses venous thrombosis, which occurs when blood clots form in the veins. Three main factors that contribute to venous thrombosis are stasis of blood, injury to vessel walls, and hypercoagulability of blood. Symptoms can include leg swelling and pain. Diagnostic tests include Doppler ultrasound, duplex imaging, and contrast phlebography. Treatment involves anticoagulant drugs like heparin and warfarin. Nursing care focuses on preventing complications through leg elevation, compression stockings, and patient education about anticoagulant therapy and risk factors.
This document provides tips and instructions for using a PowerPoint presentation on lower limb ulceration. It discusses actively engaging students by showing blank slides first to elicit what they know before providing information. Treatment of lower limb ulcers focuses on compression therapy, wound care, infection control and improving circulation and nutrition. Surgical options are available for advanced cases that do not heal with compression, including procedures to remove veins and treat varicose veins. Lifelong compression therapy is important after healing to prevent recurrence.
This document discusses hemorrhoids, including their anatomy, classification, pathophysiology, symptoms, physical examination, evaluation, and treatment options. Hemorrhoids are enlarged or swollen veins in the anal canal. They are classified based on their location and degree of prolapse. Common symptoms include rectal bleeding and anal mass or bulge. Treatment ranges from lifestyle modifications to office procedures like banding or coagulation to surgical hemorrhoidectomy.
This document discusses hemorrhoids, including their anatomy, classification, pathophysiology, symptoms, physical examination, evaluation, and treatment options. Hemorrhoids are enlarged or swollen veins in the anal canal. They are classified based on their location and degree of prolapse. Common symptoms include rectal bleeding and anal mass or bulge. Treatment ranges from lifestyle and dietary changes to office-based procedures like rubber band ligation or infrared coagulation to surgical hemorrhoidectomy.
This document discusses hemorrhoids, including their anatomy, classification, pathophysiology, symptoms, physical examination, evaluation, and treatment options. Hemorrhoids are enlarged or swollen veins in the anal canal. They are classified based on their location and degree of prolapse. Common symptoms include rectal bleeding and anal mass or bulge. Treatment ranges from lifestyle modifications to office procedures like banding or coagulation to surgical hemorrhoidectomy.
Tonsillectomy is the surgical removal of the tonsils. It is usually done to treat chronic tonsil infections, sleep apnea, or other conditions. The document discusses various indications for tonsillectomy including recurrent infections or enlarged tonsils causing obstruction. It describes contraindications and provides details on techniques, equipment, positioning, anesthesia, steps of the procedure, post-operative care, complications, and other methods for tonsillectomy.
This document discusses puerperal genital haematomas, which are collections of blood outside blood vessels in the genital tract following childbirth. It covers the types (infralevator below levator ani muscle, supralevator above), causes (injury during birth, coagulopathies), risk factors (episiotomy, instruments), symptoms (pain, bleeding), investigations (blood tests, imaging), and management (conservative for small, surgery or embolization for large). Prompt diagnosis is key as excessive perineal pain should prompt examination, and treatment may require resuscitation, antibiotics, and monitoring for recurrence of bleeding.
An anal abscess is a painful infection near the anus caused by bacteria entering anal glands. It presents as severe anal pain and a tender lump at the anal verge. Treatment involves drainage of pus and antibiotics only if the patient is immunocompromised or has extensive surrounding cellulitis. An anal fissure is a tear in the lining of the anus causing sharp pain during bowel movements. It is usually treated conservatively with laxatives, dilatation, or topical medications but may require surgery if conservative treatment fails. A perianal hematoma appears as a tender, purple lump around the anus caused by a collection of blood. It is drained through a small incision. Painful hemor
Venous ulcers are caused by venous hypertension due to incompetent valves in the veins of the lower leg. Risk factors include older age, family history, obesity, smoking, and prior deep vein thrombosis. Clinically, venous ulcers present as shallow wounds on the medial ankle that never penetrate deep tissue. Diagnosis involves assessing signs of venous insufficiency and duplex ultrasound to identify refluxing veins. Treatment focuses on compression therapy to reduce venous pressure along with wound care, pharmacotherapy, and sometimes surgical ablation of refluxing superficial veins to prevent recurrence. Prognosis is good for wound healing but recurrence rates remain high without continued compression.
Many people suffer from venous disease. A good percentage of them are having superficial venous disease. Mostly these diseases are neglected due to ignorance or lack of awareness. Here is a brief description on management of superficial venous disease.
Made by Ranjith R Thampi. A surgery powerpoint I made during internship for Management of Varicose Veins. Tried to cover as much as possible on the topic. Kindly comment before you download. Thanks!
Hearing loss (Ear Nose and Throat)... By Shapi.pdfShapi. MD
The document discusses hearing loss, its classification, causes, and terminology. It defines hearing loss as a deficiency in hearing capacity from normal levels (0-20db) and classifies it as either conductive, affecting the external auditory meatus to oval window, or sensorineural, affecting the oval window to the inferior temporal gyrus. Hearing loss is also graded from mild to profound based on decibel levels. Causes of hearing loss are classified as congenital, including infections and drugs during pregnancy, or acquired, including wax buildup, trauma, infections like otitis media, tumors, meningitis, acoustic trauma, drugs, ageing, and more.
Allergic Rhinitis( Ear Nose and Throat).... By Shapi.pdfShapi. MD
This document discusses allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever. It begins by explaining the immunological mechanisms behind the immediate and late phase reactions to airborne allergens. Common symptoms include nasal congestion, sneezing, and itchy eyes. Diagnosis involves skin testing or blood tests to identify IgE antibodies to specific allergens. Treatment focuses on avoidance of triggers, antihistamines, decongestants, and nasal corticosteroid sprays. Complications can include secondary infection, sinusitis or decreased pulmonary function if left untreated.
Otitis Media and Otitis Externa... By Shapi.pdfShapi. MD
This document discusses otitis media and otitis externa. It provides definitions and classifications of different types of otitis media such as acute otitis media, recurrent AOM, and otitis media with effusion. It describes the pathogenesis, symptoms, investigations, management including medications and surgery, as well as complications. For otitis externa it defines acute diffuse and circumscribed forms and chronic, eczematous, and necrotizing types. It lists causes and risk factors for each condition.
HERPES ZOSTER OTICUS (Ramsey Hunt's Syndrome).. By Shapi.pdfShapi. MD
The document discusses Herpes Zoster Oticus (Ramsey Hunt's Syndrome), caused by invasion of the geniculate ganglion and CN VIII nerve ganglia by the herpes zoster virus. This produces severe ear pain, hearing loss that may be permanent or recover partially, vertigo lasting days to weeks, and transient or permanent facial nerve palsy with loss of taste in the front two-thirds of the tongue. Investigation shows increased lymphocytes and protein in cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment involves prompt corticosteroid therapy, acyclovir for 10 days to shorten the clinical course, codeine for pain relief, and diazepam to suppress vertigo.
The document discusses bronchiectasis, a chronic lung condition characterized by permanent dilatation of the bronchi. It causes include congenital disorders, past infections, and idiopathic cases. Common symptoms are persistent cough, copious sputum, and intermittent coughing of blood. Investigations include sputum culture, chest x-ray, and high-resolution CT scan of the chest. Management involves airway clearance techniques, antibiotics, bronchodilators, and sometimes surgery for severe cases.
Introduction to GI Medicine.... By Shapi.pdfShapi. MD
Dr. Chongo Shapi provides an overview of common gastrointestinal conditions and definitions. These include leucoplakia, aphthous ulcers, candidiasis, cheilitis, and glossitis. Investigative procedures for gastrointestinal issues like sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, upper endoscopy, duodenal biopsy, and liver biopsy are also outlined. Risks, preparations, and procedures for each test are described. The document aims to introduce common terms and investigations in gastrointestinal medicine.
Hypoglycemia (As in the ER)...... By Shapi.pdfShapi. MD
This document discusses hypoglycemia, including its symptoms, causes, investigation, and treatment. Hypoglycemia is defined as a plasma glucose level less than or equal to 3mmol/L and can cause brain damage or death if severe or prolonged. Symptoms include autonomic symptoms like sweating and hunger as well as neuroglycopenic symptoms like confusion and seizures. Causes in diabetics are most commonly insulin or sulfonylurea treatment, while in non-diabetics include drugs, liver failure, and rare tumors. Investigation involves documenting blood glucose and symptoms during attacks. Treatment of conscious patients involves carbohydrate intake, while unconscious patients require intravenous or intramuscular glucose or glucagon administration.
Biochemistry of Carbohydrates.. By Shapi.pdfShapi. MD
1. Carbohydrates are an essential part of biochemistry and serve important functions in the body. They include sugars, starches, and fibers.
2. Monosaccharides like glucose and fructose are the simplest forms of carbohydrates and cannot be broken down further. They undergo various reactions and participate in metabolic pathways.
3. Derangements in carbohydrate metabolism can lead to disorders like diabetes, while inherited deficiencies of enzymes cause diseases like glycogen storage disorders and galactosemia.
Anatomy of the GLUTEAL REGION........ By Shapi.pdfShapi. MD
The gluteal region contains important muscles and structures. It is bounded superiorly by the iliac crest, medially by the intergluteal cleft, and inferiorly by the gluteal fold. The main muscles are the gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus. The gluteus maximus is the largest muscle and extends the hip. The medius and minimus are important abductors of the hip. Other short rotator muscles include the piriformis, obturator internus, gemelli, and quadratus femoris. Major nerves are branches of the sacral plexus and vessels are branches of the internal iliac artery.
BioChemistry of Lipids......... By Shapi.Shapi. MD
This document discusses lipids and fatty acids. It defines lipids and outlines their structural features and classification. Lipids are classified into simple lipids, compound lipids, and derived lipids. The document discusses the biomedical importance of lipids as important dietary constituents, building materials, and as carriers of fat-soluble vitamins. It also summarizes the different types of fatty acids including saturated, unsaturated, essential fatty acids, and eicosanoids derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Acute Coronary Syndromes and Angina.. By Shapi.Shapi. MD
Angina pectoris is a symptom of reversible myocardial ischemia characterized by chest pain or discomfort due to an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. It is usually precipitated by exertion or stress and relieved by rest. The document discusses the causes, types, clinical features, investigations, and management of angina pectoris and acute coronary syndromes.
Pneumonia (Community Aqcuired and Hospital Aqcuired).. By ShapiShapi. MD
This document discusses pneumonia, including its causes, classification, symptoms, investigations, management, complications, and types. Pneumonia can be community-acquired, hospital-acquired, or occur in immunocompromised patients. Common causes include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumophila. Severity is assessed using CURB-65 scoring. Management involves antibiotics, oxygen therapy, IV fluids, and ICU care for severe cases. Complications include pleural effusions, abscesses, respiratory failure, and sepsis.
Development Urinary system by Shapi. MD.pdfShapi. MD
A well summarized presentation on the Basics in the science of the Human Anatomy that'll effectively deliver information in an incredibly remarkable way to the reader.
DEVELOPMENT OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by Shapi. MD.pdfShapi. MD
A well summarized presentation on the Basics in the science of the Human Anatomy that'll effectively deliver information in an incredibly remarkable way to the reader.
A well summarized presentation on the Basics in the science of the Human Anatomy that'll effectively deliver information in an incredibly remarkable way to the reader.
Bilaminar and trilaminar discs formation.pdfShapi. MD
The document discusses embryology, specifically the formation of the bilaminar and trilaminar germ discs. It describes how during the second week of development, the blastocyst differentiates into trophoblast layers and the inner cell mass forms the hypoblast and epiblast. Extraembryonic mesoderm and the chorionic plate then develop. In the third week, gastrulation occurs as the epiblast differentiates into the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm - from which all tissues and organs develop. Diagrams are included showing notochord formation.
Gametogenesis and Pre-ebryonic life by Shapi. MDpdfShapi. MD
A well summarized presentation on the Basics in the science of the Human Anatomy that'll effectively deliver information in an incredibly remarkable way to the reader.
NOTOCHORD, NEURULATION AND NTDs by Shapi. MD.pdfShapi. MD
The document discusses embryology and neural tube defects. It includes diagrams of notochord formation and neurulation. Neural tube defects discussed include myelomeningocele, meningocele, spina bifida occulta, and hydrocephalus. The document was authored by Dr. Chongo Shapi, a medical doctor, and contains 15 pages with diagrams related to embryology and neural tube development.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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2. HEMORRHOIDS
Definition
-Are vascular and connective tissue cushions in anal
mucosa.
-Hemorrhoids function as protective pillows that engorge
with blood during the act of defecation, protecting the anal
canal from direct trauma due to passage of stool.
-Hemorrhoidal tissues engorge when intra-abdominal
pressure is increased.
This occurs with obesity, pregnancy, lifting, and
defecation.
Classification
Internal hemorrhoids
-Are found superior to the dentate line and lined with
columnar epithelium.
-They have autonomic innervation and thus not painful.
-They are further classified as:
1st degree, Do not prolapse only bleeding announces their
presence
2nd degree -Spontaneously reducing prolapse at defecation
3rd
degree, prolapse requiring manual replacement;
4th
degree, permanent prolapse.
External hemorrhoids
-Are found below the dentate line and lined by squamous
epithelium .
-Are innervated by cutaneous nerves that supply the
perianal area. These nerves include the pudendal nerve and
sacral plexus. Thus are very painful.
Etiology-not clearly known but risk factors
1. Pregnancy
2. Colon malignancy
3. Liver disease-Portal hypertension
4. Constipation
5. low-fiber diets cause small-caliber stools, which
result in straining with defecation
6. Occupations that require prolonged sitting
7. Loss of muscle tone in old age
8. rectal surgery, episiotomy, anal intercourse
9. Obesity
Pathopysiology
-Hemorrhoids generally cause symptoms when they
become enlarged, inflamed, thrombosed, or prolapsed
-Abnormal hemorrhoidal tissue development is related to
chronic straining that leads to engorgement, vascular
dilatation due to decreased venous return.
-This leads to stretching of the supporting connective
tissue. The most common cause of prolonged straining is
the act of defecation.
-Aging causes weakening of the support structures, which
facilitates prolapse. Weakening of support structures can
occur as early as the third decade of life.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
1. Constipation
2. Straining with defecation
3. Episodic bleeding on stool
4. Feeling of incomplete evacuation
5. Pruritus
6. Severe acute pain may be due to thrombosis of
the veins but hemmorhoids are classically
painless.
7. Ulceration
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES:
· Ano-rectal examination including anoscopy
· Sigmoidoscopy
· Inspection following straining at stool
Differential diagnosis
1.carcinoma of the colon and rectum, diverticular disease,
2.adenomatous polyps
3.ulcerative colitis
4.Rectal prolapse (procidentia
MANAGEMENT
-This is only done when the hemorrhoids become
symptomatic.
-The goal of treatment is not to obliterate hemorrhoidal
plexuses but rather to render the patient asymptomatic.
A.Medical Treatment:
Most patients with early hemorrhoids (first- and second-
degree) can be managed by simple local measures and
dietary advice.
Decreasing straining and constipation shrinks internal
hemorrhoids and decreases their symptoms; therefore,
first-line treatment for all first- and second-degree (and
many third- and fourth-degree) internal hemorrhoids
should include measures to decrease straining and
constipation.
1. Avoid constipation-The diet should be high in fiber
(vegetables, fruits), and increased water intake must be
stressed. Unrefined bran can be used to augment dietary
bulk.
2.Avoid straining-no prolonged stay in the toilet seat
2.Stool softeners may be used-lactulose
3. Rectal suppositories and astringents-local
anaesthetics+steroids sometimes antibiotics
Topical hydrocortisone can sometimes ease internal
hemorrhoidal bleeding.
4. Warm sitz baths may also offer symptomatic relief.
Done 3times a day for 30 minutes each time on just warm
water-tasted first
5.Sclerotherapy-Injection treatment, a form of
sclerotherapy, consists of injecting an irritating chemical
solution (eg, 5% phenol in vegetable oil) submucosally
into the loose areolar tissue above the internal hemorrhoid
6.Cryosurgery: Hemorrhoids can be necrosed by freezing
with a cryoprobe, using CO2 or N2O.
7. Strangulation -Rubber Band Ligation: For enlarged
or prolapsing hemorrhoids, band ligation is excellent
treatment. With the aid of an anoscope, the redundant
mucosa above the hemorrhoid is grasped with forceps and
advanced through the barrel of a special ligator. Ischemic
necrosis occurs over several days, with eventual slough,
fibrosis, and fixation of the tissues. major complication of
this technique is pain severe enough to require removal of
the band
Others
- Infrared photocoagulation
-Laser ablation
-Lord dilatation
3. Surgical therapy:
Operative resection is reserved for patients with
1. grade III and grade IV hemorrhoids
2. Fail non operative therapy
3. Significant symptoms from external
hemorrhoids or skin tags
-External hemorrhoids generally elicit symptoms due to
acute thrombosis, recurrent thromboses, or hygiene
problems.
-Manage acute thromboses and recurrent thromboses in a
similar fashion.
-Identify the offending vascular cluster inject local
anesthetic, then perform excision of the overlying skin and
underlying veins.
- Enucleation of the thrombosis alone can result in
recurrence of the hemorrhoid at the same spot in the
future. Excision of the underlying vein completely
prevents this . Electrocoagulation or topical astringent
(Monsel solution) provides hemostasis.
-Suturing the wound closed is not necessary and may
cause more pain.
Stapled hemorrhoid surgery, or procedure for prolapse and
hemorrhoids (PPH), a specially designed circular stapler
with smaller staples is used.
The technique involves placing a suture in the mucosa and
submucosal layers circumferentially approximately 3-4 cm
above the dentate line. The stapler is placed and slowly
closed around the purse string. Care is taken to draw
excess hemorrhoid tissue into the stapler. The stapler is
fired, resecting the excess tissue and placing a circular
staple line above the dentate line. This results in resection
of excessive internal hemorrhoidal tissue, pexy of the
internal hemorrhoidal tissue left behind and interruption of
the blood supply from above
COMPLICATIONS
1. Stenosis
2. Haemorrhage
3. Infection-perianal abscesses
4. Recurrence
5. Non healing wounds
6. fistula formation
7. Urinary retention is directly related to the
anesthetic technique used and to the peri
operative fluids administered
Summary of Management 6 S
1.Stool softeners and diet modification- diet rich in
roughage as fruits and vegetables plus a lot of water
2.Suppositories and astrigents
3.Sitz baths
4.Sclerotherapy
5.Strangulation-band
6.Surgery