This document outlines the procedures for four experiments to determine heat of reaction: heat of precipitation by mixing silver nitrate and sodium chloride solutions; heat of displacement by adding zinc to copper nitrate; heat of neutralization by mixing hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide; and heat of combustion by burning butanol to heat water. It records the initial and highest temperatures of the reactions and solutions, as well as the mass of butanol used.

1. EXPERIMENT TO DETERMINE HEAT OF REACTION
HEAT OF PRECIPITATION HEAT OF DISPLACEMENT HEAT OF NEUTRALIZATION HEAT OF COMBUSTION
Procedure:
1. Measure 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium chloride,
NaCl solution using a measuring cylinder and pour
the solution into a polystyrene cup.
2. Measure and record the initial temperature of sodium
chloride solution.
3. Measure 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 silver nitrate, AgNO3
solution using a measuring cylinder and pour the
solution into another polystyrene cup.
4. Measure and record the initial temperature of silver
nitrate solution.
5. Pour silver nitrate, AgNO3 solution into the
polystyrene containing sodium chloride, NaCl
solution.
6. Stir the mixture and record the highest temperature,
θ3
Procedure:
1. Measure 25 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 copper(II) nitrate
solution using a measuring cylinder.
2. Pour the solution into a polystyrene cup.
3. Measure and record the initial temperature, θ1 of
copper(II) nitrate solution.
4. Measure 0.5 g of zinc powder and added into the
polystyrene quickly.
5. Stir the mixture and the highest temperature is
recorded, θ2
Procedure:
1. 50 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution is
measured using a measuring cylinder and poured
into a plastic cup.
2. The initial temperature of sodium hydroxide solution
is measured after a few minutes.
3. 50 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid is measured
using another measuring cylinder and poured into a
plastic cup.
4. The initial temperature of hydrochloric acid solution is
measured after a few minutes.
5. The hydrochloric acid is then poured quickly and
carefully into the sodium hydroxide solution.
6. The mixture is stirred using thermometer and the
highest temperature reached is recorded.
Procedure:
1. 100 cm3 of water is measured using a measuring
cylinder.
2. Poured into a copper tin.
3. The initial temperature of water is measured and
recorded, θ1 .
4. The spirit lamp is filled with butanol and weighed, x g
5. A spirit lamp is light and put under the copper tin.
6. The water is stirred continuously with a thermometer
7. When the temperature of water increased by 30 °C,
the flame is put off
8. The spirit lamp is weighed again, y g
9. The highest temperature is recorded, θ2
Tabulation of data:
Initial temperature silver nitrate
solution, °C
θ1
Initial temperature sodium chloride
solution, °C
θ2
Highest temperature, °C θ3
Tabulation of data:
Initial temperature copper(II) nitrate
solution, °C
θ1
Highest temperature, °C θ3
Tabulation of data:
Initial temperature sodium hydroxide
solution, °C
θ1
Initial temperature hydrochloric acid
solution, °C
θ2
Highest temperature, °C θ3
Tabulation of data:
Mass of weight of spirit lamp +
butanol / g
x
Final mass of spirit lamp + butanol / g y
Mass of butanol used / g x – y = z
Highest temperature of water / °C θ2
Initial temperature of water / °C θ1
Increased in temperature / °C θ2 - θ1 = θ3