1. The document describes an experiment to determine the specific heat capacity of a metal using the method of mixtures.
2. A metal sample was boiled in water for 5 minutes and then quickly transferred to a Styrofoam cup containing water.
3. The temperatures of the metal and water were measured before and after mixing to calculate the specific heat capacity of the metal, which was found to be 368°C compared to the theoretical value of 380°C.
This paper seeks to serve as a guide to unconscious CAPE students who could use a push or central idea of what a Caribbean Studies internal assessment should look like.
English SBA for CSEC. *The file has been protected and has been submitted to CXC. Do not copy as the digital signature of the file cannot be removed or edited. Use as a guide only
Human & Social Biology - Sample Project on 'The Impact of Heath Practices on ...Raheme Matthie
H.S.B research that was carried out on The Impact of Heath Practices on the Environment. This will help to guide you as to how you should go about doing this assignment.
This paper seeks to serve as a guide to unconscious CAPE students who could use a push or central idea of what a Caribbean Studies internal assessment should look like.
English SBA for CSEC. *The file has been protected and has been submitted to CXC. Do not copy as the digital signature of the file cannot be removed or edited. Use as a guide only
Human & Social Biology - Sample Project on 'The Impact of Heath Practices on ...Raheme Matthie
H.S.B research that was carried out on The Impact of Heath Practices on the Environment. This will help to guide you as to how you should go about doing this assignment.
Comparison of Calorific Values of Various Fuels from Different Fuel Stationsresearchinventy
Current research takes in to account of calorific value of various fuel (Diesel) available in the state of Telangana (India). The purpose of this experiment is to determine the heat of combustion for diesel and to learn basic bomb procedures. This experiment will be accomplished by using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter. The fuel sold by different company show different calorific value; by finding out the change in the calorific we can find out the high quality fuel available in the market. This research had covered the importance of calorific value of different fuel (diesel) with the help of a case study from Lords Institute of Engineering & Technology
This is a very simple experiment designed to show heat conduction. There are two assumptions made when this experiment was done. First, it was assumed that the heat source conditions are known and that all of the heat generated flows through one end of the rod to generate a steady-state process. Second, it is assumed that enough heat is generated by the heat source in the specified time frame to melt the wax or cause the candles to drop.
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Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
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Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
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30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
1. Metal: Brass
Scale is very sensitive
Mass 49.99
You use two stryfoam cups to increase insulation to prevent heat loss.
Mass of cup 4.64, Both 9.28
289.32g Mass of both cup and water
Mass of water 280.04
Initial temperature of pure water 29°C
Final temperature of water 30°C
Initial Temperature of water with metal 94
You transfer the metal as quick as possible to prevent heat loss to the environment
When you stir do not let the rod touch the bottom of the cup
Specific Heat Capacity - 368°C
Theoritical value is 380
2. Aim: To find the specific heat capacity of a metal using the method of mixtures.
Apparatus: metal, liquid, Styrofoam cup, thermometer, balance, beaker, tripod, gauze, B
unsen Burner, string.
Procedure:
1. The mass, ms, of the metal was found using the balance and was recorded.
2. A string was tied to the metal.
3. The metal was placed in a beaker of water and the water was boiled with the metal in
it for at least 5 mins.
4. The mass of the Styrofoam cups alone and the combined mass of the cups and the wa
ter were found using the balance. These values were used to find the mass of the water i
n the cup.
5.The initial temperature of the liquid in the cup was found using the thermometer.
6. The temperature of the boiling water was measured and was recorded as the initial te
mperature of the metal.
7. The metal was transferred from the beaker to the water in the Styrofoam cup as quick
ly as possible and was stirred.
8. The highest temperature of the liquid in the cup was recorded.
Results: Below shows the results of the experiment
Mass of Brass Metal - 49.99g
Mass of Styrofoam Cups - 9.28g
Mass of Cup and Water - 289.32g
Mass of Water - 280.04g
Initial Temperature of Water - 29°C
Final Temperature of Water - 30°C
Initial Temperature of Metal- 94 ° C
Calculations:
1. Below shows how the mass of the water in the Styrofoam cup was calculated
Mass of Cups & Water - Mass of Cups
289.32 - 9.28 = 280.04g
2. Below shows how the change in temperatures of the different substances were
calculated
3. Discussion
The metal must be transferred quickly to prevent heat loss to the environment.
The temperature falls after a while due to heat lost to the cup and surroundings
Styrofoam is a good insulator so it is a good choice as a container.
The assumption is not strictly true because heat is lost during the experiment making the
value lower than the true value.
Sources of Error:
Heat lost to the surroundings when transferring the metal, heat lost to the cup,
There was a possibility that the thermometer came in colntact with the apparatus thus ta
king the temperature of the apparatus and not the material