This document provides information about heart disease including: 1. It defines heart disease and lists the common types such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, heart attack, and heart failure. 2. It identifies major risk factors for heart disease such as high cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and obesity. 3. The signs and symptoms of common heart conditions like hypertension, heart attack, and heart failure are described. 4. Common diagnostic tests and treatments for heart disease are outlined. 5. Lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, weight management and reducing alcohol/tobacco are discussed as ways to prevent heart disease.

1. Health education and promotion
HSC 122
Lecturer :Nrs Afesha Marshall

2. Group #3
Group members
• Ashley Adams
• Luciean Andrews • Olly Perreira
• Audit Arjun • Dominique Russel
• Omesh Balmacoon • Leeann Sills
• Kizzy Cooke-Mcrae • Gwen Tinnie
• Stefon Dundas
• Imran Khan
• Samuel King
• Monique Miller
• Shavon Moses

3. Objectives
• Define the term heart disease
• Discuss the common types of heart diseases
• Identify risk factors of Heart disease.
• Describe the signs and symptoms of heart disease .
• Describe the common diagnostic measures used in heart disease.
• Describe the common treatment interventions
• Discuss the preventative measures .

4. What Is Heart
Disease?
• Heart disease /cardiovascular disease is a class of
diseases that affects the heart and blood vessel
many of which are related to a process called
atherosclerosis.
• Cardio –relates to the heart
• Vascular –relates to the veins and arteries
• Atherosclerosis is a condition that develops when a
substance called plaque builds up in the walls of the
arteries This buildup narrows the arteries, making
it harder for blood to flow through. If a blood clot
forms, it can stop the blood flow.

5. Incidence
and prevalence
GLOBALLY
• CVDs are the number one cause of death globally: more people die annually from
CVDs than from any other cause.
• An estimated 17.3 million people died from CVDs in 2008, representing 30% of all
global deaths. Of these deaths, an estimated 7.3 million were due to coronary
heart disease.
• Over 80% of CVD deaths take place in low- and middle-income countries and occur
almost equally in men and women.
• By 2030, almost 23.6 million people will die from CVDs, mainly from heart disease
and stroke(WHO ,20011)
GUYANA
• CVD is one of the leading causes of death in Guyana
• SEX -Males are more affected than females with heart disease
• AGE – greater prevalence of hypertensive diseases 45 and greater age group and
the 4th amongst 15 -44 yrs old .
• RACE -Most common cause of death among indo and afro-Guyanese ,Chinese and
Portuguese .
• REGION -Major cause of death in regions 2,3,6,10(MOH ,GUYANA,2008)

6. COMMON TYPES OF
HEART DISEASE
Preventable –
• Heart disease can affect the structure of the heart –valves ,muscles ,fibers and
blood supply e.g. coronary heart disease – disease of the blood vessels supplying the
heart muscle.
• The common cause of coronary heart disease result from - Atherosclerosis –this is a
condition that develops when a substance called plaque builds up in the walls of the
arteries. Coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle become blocked And as a
result can cause:
• Hypertension (increased pressure )
• Angina /Ischemic heart disease (partially blocked)
• Heart attack /M.I(Fully blocked )
• Heart failure (damaged valves and enlargement),arrythmias (damaged heart fibers)

8. COMMON TYPES OF
HEART DISEASE
• Heart disease can also result from infection –rheumatic heart
disease – damage to the heart muscle and heart valves from
rheumatic fever, caused by streptococcal bacteria ,and
endocarditis .
Non-preventable –
• Heart disease can also be congenital -congenital heart disease -
malformations of heart structure existing at birth

9. Risk Factors
Modifiable risk factors-Some risk factors can be avoided or
altered, potentially slowing the disease process or even reversing it. These
factors include:
• elevated serum lipid levels
• hypertension
• cigarette smoking
• diabetes mellitus
• sedentary lifestyle
• stress
• obesity—especially abdominal (waist measurement greater than 40″ [101.6
cm] in men and greater than 35″ [88.9 cm] in women)
• excessive intake of saturated fats, carbohydrates, and salt.

10. Risk Factors Con’t
Non-modifiable risk factors- there are four non-modifiable
factors increase a person's risk of cardiovascular disease:
• age
• male gender
• family history
• race.

11. Common signs and
symptoms
Heart disease Signs and symptoms
Hypertension -A sustained blood Dizziness ,or may be
pressure above 140/90mmhg . ASYMPTOMATIC
Complications- Cardiac
complications include CAD, angina,
MI, heart failure, arrhythmias, and
sudden
death,stroke,blindness,kidney
failure
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy— shortness of breath,fatigue
primary disease of the heart dry cough at
muscle that's characterized by a night,palpitations,nausea
thickened, inflexible heart muscle- Edema of the legs , chest pain
results from extensively damaged
myocardial muscle fibers

12. Common signs
and symptoms
Heart disease Signs and symptoms
Heart attack /MI Symptoms: chest /thumb /back
pains that is not relieved by rest
or medications .(nitrates)
light headedness
Anxiety/nervousness
Paleness
Increased, irregular heart rate
Chest pain is relieved by
Angina /ischemic heart disease medications and rest.
Heart failure -When the heart Fatigue, Difficulty breathing,
can't pump effectively enough dependent edema, unexplained,
to meet the body's metabolic steady weight gain,nausea,chest
needs, heart failure occurs tightness
slowed mental response, anorexia

13. How is heart disease
diagnosed?
LABORATORY TESTING –measures heart enzymes/proteins and reveals the
extent of damage and monitor healing.
• Creatine kinase (CK)-Elevated levels indicate death to heart muscles.
• Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA)-indicates lack of oxygen supply to
the heart .
• Myoglobin- indicates damage to the heart muscle
• Troponin I and T-indicates heart damage
• Cholesterol levels-detects cholesterol levels-LDL/HDL
GRAPHIC RECORDING STUDIES –used to detect heart disorders .
• ECG- graphically records electrical current generated by the heart.
• Exercise ECG(stress test)-assess heart response to an increased
workload.

14. How is heart disease
diagnosed?
Imaging studies –
• Chest X-ray-may detect enlargement or structural
changes of the heart
• Echo- visualize heart size and shape, heart wall thickness
and motion, and cardiac valve structure and function
• CT /MRI-detect changes in the structure of the heart
Interventional studies –
• Cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography-
determines location of blockage ,pressure and oxygen levels
of the heart.

15. How is heart
disease treated ?
Treatment of heart disease depends on the causative factor or
the disorder present;
• Pharmacological –medications may be used to reduce blood
pressure(anti –hypertensives),control heart rate(ant-
arrythmias) ,reduce pain(anti –anginal) ,lower cholesterol(anti
–lipidemics),dissolve or prevent blood clots (anti –platelet
/thrombolytics)and reduce fluid accumulation(diuretics)

16. How is heart
disease treated ?
• Non –pharmacological -lifestyle changes-education,diet (DASH
diet ),exercise
• Invasive interventions (surgery)
• Coronary artery with an autogenous graft-restores blood flow to
the heart
• Bypass grafting -bypasses the obstruction resulting from
arteriosclerosis
• Embolectomy- removes the blockage (blood clot)
Valve repair

17. HOW CAN HEART DISEASE
BE PREVENTED ?
DIETARY MEASURES-These are based on the DASH (Dietary
Approaches to Stop Hypertension)
• • Limiting use of salt to less than 2.4 grams of sodium (6 gm
salt) per day i.e. no added salt in cooking or at table); avoid
canned foods, salted meat, etc.
• • Reducing excessive dietary fat (especially saturated fat and
trans-fatty acids) to no more than 30% of calories. Saturated
fat should not exceed 10% of total calories.
• • Ensuring intake of fibre of at least 30-40 gm/day.
• • Ensuring intake of potassium between 70-80 mmol/l daily. This
can be achieved by a good selection of fruits and vegetables
especially bananas,tomatoes and oranges as well as coconut
water.
• Avoiding red meat .

18. HOW CAN HEART DISEASE
BE PREVENTED ?
Physical Exercise
• This should be undertaken for 30-60 minutes at least five times each
week,but preferably daily. Walking is the easiest form of exercise for
most people.
Weight Management
• This aims at the attainment and maintenance of desirable body weight
i.e.
• BMI <25 or at least a significant reduction, if overweight or obese.
There is a possibility of 5-20 mmHg decrease in systolic pressure for
every 10kg (22lb) weight loss.

19. HOW CAN HEART DISEASE
BE PREVENTED ?
Reduction of Alcohol Intake
• Alcohol use should not exceed 2 drinks/day for men and 1
drink/day for women. (1 drink = one ounce of spirits or 1
bottle of beer or 1 glass of wine)
Cessation of Tobacco Use
• Tobacco should be avoided.
Education
• Every opportunity should be taken for education of the
patient, with partner and relatives. The education should
include diet, exercise and other lifestyle advice(stress
reduction)

20. References
• Statistical Bulletin 2007 - Ministry of Health
• www.health.gov.gy/pub/moh_stats_bulletin_07.pdf
• 2.MINISTRY OF HEALTH ,GUYANA ,STATISTICAL BULLETIN ,2008
• http://www.who.int/topics/cardiovascular_diseases/en/
• http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Caregiver/Resources/WhatisCardiovasc
ularDisease/What-is-Cardiovascular-Disease_UCM_301852_Article.jsp
• http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/heart-disease/DS01120
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002091/
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001238/
• http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/heart-
disease/DS01120/DSECTION=causes