This document provides information about heart disease including:
1. It defines heart disease and lists the common types such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, heart attack, and heart failure.
2. It identifies major risk factors for heart disease such as high cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and obesity.
3. The signs and symptoms of common heart conditions like hypertension, heart attack, and heart failure are described.
4. Common diagnostic tests and treatments for heart disease are outlined.
5. Lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, weight management and reducing alcohol/tobacco are discussed as ways to prevent heart disease.
This slide explains about chambers,circulation and anatomy of heart. And also about the diseases of heart and blood vessels. gives explanation about diagnosis of the cardiovascular diseases, with both surgical and pharmacological treatment.
High blood pressure causes many types of cardiovascular disease, such as stroke and heart failure, and renal disease. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is caused by atherosclerosis, which is the narrowing and / or blockage of the blood vessels in the legs.
This slide explains about chambers,circulation and anatomy of heart. And also about the diseases of heart and blood vessels. gives explanation about diagnosis of the cardiovascular diseases, with both surgical and pharmacological treatment.
High blood pressure causes many types of cardiovascular disease, such as stroke and heart failure, and renal disease. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is caused by atherosclerosis, which is the narrowing and / or blockage of the blood vessels in the legs.
Atherosclerosis - Definition - Risk Factors - Lesser and Non Quantitated risk factors - Arterial wall - The development of Atherosclerosis - Many Features of the injury Hypothesis - The process of Atherogenesis - Pathogenesis in short - Morphology of Atheroma - Components of Atheromatous Plaque (MP) - Complications and clinical significance - Cardiovascular risk and its assessment.
Angina also known as angina pectoris is a medical condition characterized by chest pain usually left sided due to inadequate blood supply (ischemia) to the heart muscles due to obstruction (like presence of blood clot), narrowing or contraction (vasospasm) of the supplying coronary arteries.
Atherosclerosis - Definition - Risk Factors - Lesser and Non Quantitated risk factors - Arterial wall - The development of Atherosclerosis - Many Features of the injury Hypothesis - The process of Atherogenesis - Pathogenesis in short - Morphology of Atheroma - Components of Atheromatous Plaque (MP) - Complications and clinical significance - Cardiovascular risk and its assessment.
Angina also known as angina pectoris is a medical condition characterized by chest pain usually left sided due to inadequate blood supply (ischemia) to the heart muscles due to obstruction (like presence of blood clot), narrowing or contraction (vasospasm) of the supplying coronary arteries.
Cardiomyopathy (KAR-de-o-mi-OP-ah-thee) refers to diseases of the heart muscle. These diseases have many causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments.
In cardiomyopathy, the heart muscle becomes enlarged, thick, or rigid. In rare cases, the muscle tissue in the heart is replaced with scar tissue.
As cardiomyopathy worsens, the heart becomes weaker. It's less able to pump blood through the body and maintain a normal electrical rhythm. This can lead toheart failure or irregular heartbeats called arrhythmias (ah-RITH-me-ahs). In turn, heart failure can cause fluid to build up in the lungs, ankles, feet, legs, or abdomen.
The weakening of the heart also can cause other complications, such as heart valve problems.
OverviewThe main types of cardiomyopathy are:
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic (hi-per-TROF-ik) cardiomyopathy
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmogenic (ah-rith-mo-JEN-ik) right ventricular dysplasia
(dis-PLA-ze-ah)
Other types of cardiomyopathy sometimes are referred to as "unclassified cardiomyopathy."
Cardiomyopathy can be acquired or inherited. "Acquired" means you aren't born with the disease, but you develop it due to another disease, condition, or factor. "Inherited" means your parents passed the gene for the disease on to you. Many times, the cause of cardiomyopathy isn't known.
Cardiomyopathy can affect people of all ages. However, people in certain age groups are more likely to have certain types of cardiomyopathy. This article focuses on cardiomyopathy in adults.
OutlookSome people who have cardiomyopathy have no signs or symptoms and need no treatment. For other people, the disease develops quickly, symptoms are severe, and serious complications occur.
Treatments for cardiomyopathy include lifestyle changes, medicines, surgery, implanted devices to correct arrhythmias, and a nonsurgical procedure. These treatments can control symptoms, reduce complications, and stop the disease from getting worse.
National Heart Lung and Blood Institute
A brief presentation on anatomy of heart, different types of cardiovascular disease, their symptoms, causes, prevention methods and medical treatments available to cure heart disease.
Understanding the problems of having Lifestyle Disorders / Diseases and how to prevent these deadly Diseases. These are simple slides for creating awareness for Common men / Women
this article discusses about coronary artery disease, its symptoms, presentations, risk factors, pathophysiology in short and primary prevention. this article is intended to present to a group of physicians in various disciplines other than cardiology.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
2. Group #3
Group members
• Ashley Adams
• Luciean Andrews • Olly Perreira
• Audit Arjun • Dominique Russel
• Omesh Balmacoon • Leeann Sills
• Kizzy Cooke-Mcrae • Gwen Tinnie
• Stefon Dundas
• Imran Khan
• Samuel King
• Monique Miller
• Shavon Moses
3. Objectives
• Define the term heart disease
• Discuss the common types of heart diseases
• Identify risk factors of Heart disease.
• Describe the signs and symptoms of heart disease .
• Describe the common diagnostic measures used in heart disease.
• Describe the common treatment interventions
• Discuss the preventative measures .
4. What Is Heart
Disease?
• Heart disease /cardiovascular disease is a class of
diseases that affects the heart and blood vessel
many of which are related to a process called
atherosclerosis.
• Cardio –relates to the heart
• Vascular –relates to the veins and arteries
• Atherosclerosis is a condition that develops when a
substance called plaque builds up in the walls of the
arteries This buildup narrows the arteries, making
it harder for blood to flow through. If a blood clot
forms, it can stop the blood flow.
5. Incidence
and prevalence
GLOBALLY
• CVDs are the number one cause of death globally: more people die annually from
CVDs than from any other cause.
• An estimated 17.3 million people died from CVDs in 2008, representing 30% of all
global deaths. Of these deaths, an estimated 7.3 million were due to coronary
heart disease.
• Over 80% of CVD deaths take place in low- and middle-income countries and occur
almost equally in men and women.
• By 2030, almost 23.6 million people will die from CVDs, mainly from heart disease
and stroke(WHO ,20011)
GUYANA
• CVD is one of the leading causes of death in Guyana
• SEX -Males are more affected than females with heart disease
• AGE – greater prevalence of hypertensive diseases 45 and greater age group and
the 4th amongst 15 -44 yrs old .
• RACE -Most common cause of death among indo and afro-Guyanese ,Chinese and
Portuguese .
• REGION -Major cause of death in regions 2,3,6,10(MOH ,GUYANA,2008)
6. COMMON TYPES OF
HEART DISEASE
Preventable –
• Heart disease can affect the structure of the heart –valves ,muscles ,fibers and
blood supply e.g. coronary heart disease – disease of the blood vessels supplying the
heart muscle.
• The common cause of coronary heart disease result from - Atherosclerosis –this is a
condition that develops when a substance called plaque builds up in the walls of the
arteries. Coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle become blocked And as a
result can cause:
• Hypertension (increased pressure )
• Angina /Ischemic heart disease (partially blocked)
• Heart attack /M.I(Fully blocked )
• Heart failure (damaged valves and enlargement),arrythmias (damaged heart fibers)
7.
8. COMMON TYPES OF
HEART DISEASE
• Heart disease can also result from infection –rheumatic heart
disease – damage to the heart muscle and heart valves from
rheumatic fever, caused by streptococcal bacteria ,and
endocarditis .
Non-preventable –
• Heart disease can also be congenital -congenital heart disease -
malformations of heart structure existing at birth
9. Risk Factors
Modifiable risk factors-Some risk factors can be avoided or
altered, potentially slowing the disease process or even reversing it. These
factors include:
• elevated serum lipid levels
• hypertension
• cigarette smoking
• diabetes mellitus
• sedentary lifestyle
• stress
• obesity—especially abdominal (waist measurement greater than 40″ [101.6
cm] in men and greater than 35″ [88.9 cm] in women)
• excessive intake of saturated fats, carbohydrates, and salt.
10. Risk Factors Con’t
Non-modifiable risk factors- there are four non-modifiable
factors increase a person's risk of cardiovascular disease:
• age
• male gender
• family history
• race.
11. Common signs and
symptoms
Heart disease Signs and symptoms
Hypertension -A sustained blood Dizziness ,or may be
pressure above 140/90mmhg . ASYMPTOMATIC
Complications- Cardiac
complications include CAD, angina,
MI, heart failure, arrhythmias, and
sudden
death,stroke,blindness,kidney
failure
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy— shortness of breath,fatigue
primary disease of the heart dry cough at
muscle that's characterized by a night,palpitations,nausea
thickened, inflexible heart muscle- Edema of the legs , chest pain
results from extensively damaged
myocardial muscle fibers
12. Common signs
and symptoms
Heart disease Signs and symptoms
Heart attack /MI Symptoms: chest /thumb /back
pains that is not relieved by rest
or medications .(nitrates)
light headedness
Anxiety/nervousness
Paleness
Increased, irregular heart rate
Chest pain is relieved by
Angina /ischemic heart disease medications and rest.
Heart failure -When the heart Fatigue, Difficulty breathing,
can't pump effectively enough dependent edema, unexplained,
to meet the body's metabolic steady weight gain,nausea,chest
needs, heart failure occurs tightness
slowed mental response, anorexia
13. How is heart disease
diagnosed?
LABORATORY TESTING –measures heart enzymes/proteins and reveals the
extent of damage and monitor healing.
• Creatine kinase (CK)-Elevated levels indicate death to heart muscles.
• Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA)-indicates lack of oxygen supply to
the heart .
• Myoglobin- indicates damage to the heart muscle
• Troponin I and T-indicates heart damage
• Cholesterol levels-detects cholesterol levels-LDL/HDL
GRAPHIC RECORDING STUDIES –used to detect heart disorders .
• ECG- graphically records electrical current generated by the heart.
• Exercise ECG(stress test)-assess heart response to an increased
workload.
14. How is heart disease
diagnosed?
Imaging studies –
• Chest X-ray-may detect enlargement or structural
changes of the heart
• Echo- visualize heart size and shape, heart wall thickness
and motion, and cardiac valve structure and function
• CT /MRI-detect changes in the structure of the heart
Interventional studies –
• Cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography-
determines location of blockage ,pressure and oxygen levels
of the heart.
15. How is heart
disease treated ?
Treatment of heart disease depends on the causative factor or
the disorder present;
• Pharmacological –medications may be used to reduce blood
pressure(anti –hypertensives),control heart rate(ant-
arrythmias) ,reduce pain(anti –anginal) ,lower cholesterol(anti
–lipidemics),dissolve or prevent blood clots (anti –platelet
/thrombolytics)and reduce fluid accumulation(diuretics)
16. How is heart
disease treated ?
• Non –pharmacological -lifestyle changes-education,diet (DASH
diet ),exercise
• Invasive interventions (surgery)
• Coronary artery with an autogenous graft-restores blood flow to
the heart
• Bypass grafting -bypasses the obstruction resulting from
arteriosclerosis
• Embolectomy- removes the blockage (blood clot)
Valve repair
17. HOW CAN HEART DISEASE
BE PREVENTED ?
DIETARY MEASURES-These are based on the DASH (Dietary
Approaches to Stop Hypertension)
• • Limiting use of salt to less than 2.4 grams of sodium (6 gm
salt) per day i.e. no added salt in cooking or at table); avoid
canned foods, salted meat, etc.
• • Reducing excessive dietary fat (especially saturated fat and
trans-fatty acids) to no more than 30% of calories. Saturated
fat should not exceed 10% of total calories.
• • Ensuring intake of fibre of at least 30-40 gm/day.
• • Ensuring intake of potassium between 70-80 mmol/l daily. This
can be achieved by a good selection of fruits and vegetables
especially bananas,tomatoes and oranges as well as coconut
water.
• Avoiding red meat .
18. HOW CAN HEART DISEASE
BE PREVENTED ?
Physical Exercise
• This should be undertaken for 30-60 minutes at least five times each
week,but preferably daily. Walking is the easiest form of exercise for
most people.
Weight Management
• This aims at the attainment and maintenance of desirable body weight
i.e.
• BMI <25 or at least a significant reduction, if overweight or obese.
There is a possibility of 5-20 mmHg decrease in systolic pressure for
every 10kg (22lb) weight loss.
19. HOW CAN HEART DISEASE
BE PREVENTED ?
Reduction of Alcohol Intake
• Alcohol use should not exceed 2 drinks/day for men and 1
drink/day for women. (1 drink = one ounce of spirits or 1
bottle of beer or 1 glass of wine)
Cessation of Tobacco Use
• Tobacco should be avoided.
Education
• Every opportunity should be taken for education of the
patient, with partner and relatives. The education should
include diet, exercise and other lifestyle advice(stress
reduction)
20. References
• Statistical Bulletin 2007 - Ministry of Health
• www.health.gov.gy/pub/moh_stats_bulletin_07.pdf
• 2.MINISTRY OF HEALTH ,GUYANA ,STATISTICAL BULLETIN ,2008
• http://www.who.int/topics/cardiovascular_diseases/en/
• http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Caregiver/Resources/WhatisCardiovasc
ularDisease/What-is-Cardiovascular-Disease_UCM_301852_Article.jsp
• http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/heart-disease/DS01120
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002091/
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001238/
• http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/heart-
disease/DS01120/DSECTION=causes
