Here you'll get more details about Heart related disorders.

1. Heart Disorders
Session : 2015-2018
Submitted By – Pankaj Kushwaha
Department of Biomedical Sciences
BU, Jhansi UP-284121
pankajbubms@gmail.com

2. Contents
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
Atherosclerosis
Chest pain (angina pectoris)
Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)
Congestive Heart failure (HF)
Congenital and rheumatic heart disease
Stroke
Myocardial infraction
Hypotension
Hypertension

3. Coronary heart disease (CHD)
 Coronary artery disease (CAD) refers to a pathological
condition that cause narrowing of coronary arteries so
that blood flow to the Heart is reduced.
 Also known as coronary artery disease.
 It is a condition in which plaque deposits block the
coronary blood vessels leading to a reduced supply
of blood and oxygen to the heart.
 It is the most common type of heart disease across
the world.

4. Atherosclerosis
 Atherosclerosis is a disease of the
large and intermediate-sized
arteries in which fatty lesions called
atheromatous. plaques develop on
the inside surfaces of the arterial
walls. Arteriosclerosis, in contrast,
is a general term that refers to
thickened and stiffened blood
vessels of all sizes.

5. Development of atherosclerotic plaque.
A, Attachment of a monocyte to an adhesion molecule on a damaged endothelial cell of an artery. The monocyte then
migrates through the endothelium into the intimal layer of the arterial wall and is transformed into a macrophage.
The macrophage then ingests and oxidizes lipoprotein molecules, becoming a macrophage foam cell. The foam cells
release substances that cause inflammation and growth of the intimal layer.
B, Additional accumulation of macrophages and growth of the intima cause the plaque to grow larger and
accumulate lipids. Eventually, the plaque could occlude the vessel or rupture, causing the blood in the artery to
coagulate and form a thrombus.

6. Chest pain (angina pectoris)
 In most people who develop progressive
constriction of their coronary arteries, cardiac
pain, called angina pectoris, begins to appear
whenever the load on the heart becomes too great
in relation to the available coronary blood flow.
 It is a medical term for chest pain that occurs due
to insufficient supply of blood to the heart. Also
known as angina, it is a warning signal for heart
attack. The chest pain is at intervals ranging for
few seconds or minutes.

7. Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)
 Sometimes the heart’s electrical system does not function normally. It may race,
become slow, irregular, skip beats or sometimes the heart’s electrical signal does
not move in the proper sequence. This causes the heart to beat faster or slower
than normal, or erratically. These abnormal rhythms are called arrhythmia.
 The causes of the cardiac arrhythmias are usually one or a combination of the
following abnormalities in the rhythmicity-conduction system of the heart:
1. Abnormal rhythmicity of the pacemaker
2. Shift of the pacemaker from the sinus node to another place in the heart

8. Continue…
3. Blocks at different points in
the spread of the impulse
through the heart
4. Abnormal pathways of
impulse transmission through
the heart
5. Spontaneous generation of
spurious impulses in almost any
part of the heart

9.  Heart failure (HF), often referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF), is when the heart is
unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs.
 Signs and symptoms commonly include:
shortness of breath, excessive tiredness, and leg swelling.
 Common causes of heart failure include: coronary artery disease including a previous myocardial
infarction (heart attack), high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, excess
alcohol use, infection, and cardiomyopathy of an unknown cause.
 There are two main types of heart failure: heart failure due to left ventricular
dysfunction and heart failure with normal ejection fraction depending on whether the ability of
the left ventricle to contract is affected, or the heart's ability to relax
Congestive Heart Failure

10. The condition is diagnosed based on the history of
the symptoms and a physical examination with
confirmation by echocardiography. Blood
tests, electrocardiography, and chest
radiography may be useful to determine the
underlying cause. treatment depends on the severity
and cause of the disease.
In people with chronic stable mild heart failure,
treatment commonly consists of lifestyle
modifications such as stopping smoking, physical
exercise and dietary changes, as well as
medications.

11. Rheumatic heart disease
 Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is damage to one or
more heart valves that remains after an episode
of acute rheumatic fever (ARF).
 heart muscles and valves damage due to rheumatic
fever caused by Streptococcus pyogenes a group of A
streptococcal infection.
 The heart valves can remain stretched and/or scarred,
and normal. When the heart is damaged in this way,
the heart valves are unable to function adequately,
and heart surgery may be required l blood flow
through damaged valves is interrupted.

12. Stroke
 A stroke is a serious medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death.
Like all organs, the brain needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients to function properly.
This is provided by the blood, so if your blood flow is restricted or stopped, brain cells will begin
to die. This can cause brain damage and possibly death.
 There are two main types of stroke:
1. ischemic, due to lack of blood flow,
2. hemorrhagic, due to bleeding
 Signs and symptoms of a stroke may include an inability to move or feel on one side of the
body, problems understanding or speaking, dizziness, or loss of vision to one side.
 The main risk factor for stroke is high blood pressure. Other risk factors include tobacco
smoking, obesity, high blood cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, a previous TIA, and atrial fibrillation.

13. Illustration of an embolic stroke,
showing a blockage lodged in a
blood vessel.

14. Myocardial Infraction
 Myocardial infarction (MI) or acute myocardial infarction
(AMI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when
blood flow stops to a part of the heart causing damage to
the heart muscle Most MIs occur due to coronary artery
disease Often it is in the centre or left side of the chest
lasts for more than a few minutes.
 Symptoms:
 Heartburn
 shortness of breath
 Nausea
 feeling faint
 a cold sweat
 tired

15. Hypotension
 Hypotension is low blood pressure, especially in the arteries of the systemic circulation.
 A systolic blood pressure of less than 90 millimetres of mercury (mm Hg) or diastolic of
less than 60 mm Hg is generally considered to be hypotension.
 Hypotension is the opposite of hypertension, which is high blood pressure.
 low blood pressure can deprive the brain and other vital organs of oxygen and nutrients,
leading to a life-threatening condition called shock.
 Treatment of hypotension may include the use of intravenous fluids or vasopressors. When
using vasopressors, trying to achieve a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of greater than 70
mmHg does not appear to result in better outcomes than trying to achieve a MAP of greater
than 65 mm Hg in adults.

16. Hypertension
 Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical
condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.
High Blood
Pressure
Secondary
HBP
Primary
HBP
90–95% of cases.
defined as high
blood pressure
due to nonspecific
lifestyle and genetic
factors
5–10% of cases
defined as high blood
pressure due to an
identifiable cause, such
as chronic kidney
disease, narrowing of the
kidney arteries, an
endocrine disorder, or the
use of birth control pills

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 Blood pressure is expressed by two measurements,
the systolic and diastolic pressures, which are the
maximum and minimum pressures, respectively.
 For most adults, normal blood pressure at rest is
within the range of 100–130 millimetres mercury
(mmHg) systolic and 60–80 mmHg diastolic.
 For most adults, high blood pressure is present if the
resting blood pressure is persistently at or above
130/80 or 140/90 mmHg.

18. Am I at Risk ???

19. Reducing Your Risk For Cardiovascular Diseases
 Risks you can control
 Avoid tobacco
 Cut back on saturated fat and
cholesterol
 Maintain a healthy weight
 Modify dietary habits
 Exercise regularly
 Control diabetes
 Control blood pressure
 Systolic – upper number
 Diastolic – lower number
 Manage stress
 Risks you cannot control
 Heredity
 Age
 Gender
 Race

20. Thank You
Thank You…