Stroke occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted or reduced, leading to brain damage and neurological deficits. It is a medical emergency. According to the WHO, 15 million people suffer strokes worldwide each year, resulting in 5 million deaths and 5 million cases of permanent disability. The main types of stroke are ischemic, which accounts for 85% of cases and is caused by a blockage of blood vessels in the brain, and hemorrhagic, which results from a ruptured blood vessel in the brain. Risk factors include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, previous TIAs, and older age. Symptoms depend on the affected area of the brain and may include weakness, numb

1. Pathophysiology
STROKE
Nem Kumar Jain
MS (Pharm.) Pharmacology & Toxicology
Assistant Professor, School of Pharmacy
ITM University Gwalior

2. Stroke
 It is a medical emergency in which the blood supply to
any portion of the brain is interrupted or reduced
 Leading to localized brain damage and subsequent brain
dysfunction or neurological deficit
 For the brain to function, it needs a constant supply of
blood to deliver vital nutrients like glucose and oxygen
to the brain cells
 A Stroke occurs when this supply is impaired or cut off
 Other names: Cerebro-vascular accident/disease (CVA)
Cerebral Infarction
Cerebral Haemorrhage

3. Epidemiology*
 According to the World Health Organization,
 15 million people suffer stroke worldwide each year.
 Of these, 5 million die and another 5 million are
permanently disabled.
 High blood pressure contributes to more than 12.7
million strokes worldwide.
 Europe averages approximately 650,000 stroke deaths each
year.
 Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability
in India. The estimated adjusted prevalence rate
of stroke range, 84-262/100,000 in rural and 334-
424/100,000 in urban areas.
*2018, WHO & NHS

4. Stroke
The symptoms of a stroke are dependent on what
portion the brain is damage

5. Etiology and Risk Factors
 Sedentary lifestyle:
 Being overweight or obese
 Physical inactivity
 Unhealthy diet
 High blood pressure (hypertension)
 High cholesterol
(Hypercholesterolemia or
dyslypidemia)
 Atherosclerosis or hardening
 Diabetes
 Cardiovascular disease (heart
failure, heart defects heart attack,
arrhythmia)
 Obstructive sleep apnoea: sleep
disorder in which the oxygen level
intermittently drops during the
night
 Tumour
 Infection (endocarditis)
 Smoking
 Alcohol consumption
 Age more than 50 years
 Gender: men have higher risk to
develop, in female onset is late but
more deadly
 Female may develop stroke as
secondary to use of birth control
pill and hormonal therapy
(estrogen), as well as pregnancy
and child birth
 Race: african-american have higher
risk of stroke than other races
Asian> european
 Previous history of vascular event:
myocardial infarction, peripheral
embolism

6. Types of Stroke
Most common type of stroke
(85%)and is caused by blockage
of the blood vessels supplying
the brain
This may be due to hardening
and narrowing of the arteries
(atherosclerosis) or by a blood
clot blocking a blood vessel
The most severe type of
stroke. It occurs when a
blood vessel in the brain
burst, allowing blood to
leak and cause damage to
an area of the brain
weakening of
an artery wall
that creates a
bulge, or
distention

7. Stroke

8.  Transient Ischemic attack (TIA) is one of the serious risk
factor for developing Stroke and lethality

9. Sign and symptoms