Cardiovascular diseases refer to conditions that involve narrowed or blocked blood vessels and include heart attacks, angina, and strokes. The document reviews cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors. It finds that over 80% of cardiovascular deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries. While some studies show people can identify common symptoms like chest pain, knowledge of specific cardiovascular diseases and risk factors is still low. Education is needed to improve awareness of risk factors and symptoms to help people better manage their heart health.

1. PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE OF
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND
ITS RISK FACTORS AMONG EARLY
ADULTHOOD: A REVIEW
Presented by-
Bhawana Dayal
Research scholar
School for home sciences
BBAU,LUCKNOW.

2. DEFINING CARDIO VASCULAR DISEASES?
 Cardiovascular disease generally refers to
conditions that involve narrowed or blocked blood
vessels that can lead to a heart attack, chest pain
(angina) or stroke.
 is a simple term used to describe several problems
related to plaque build up in the walls of the
arteries, or atherosclerosis. As the plaque builds up,
the arteries narrow, making it more difficult for blood
to flow and creating a risk for heart attack or stroke.

3. PLAQUE BUILD UP IN AN ARTERY

4. PREVALENCE OF CVD :
 Over 80 per cent of deaths
and 85 per cent of disability
from cardiovascular disease
(CVD) occur in low- and
middle-income countries.
 Current estimates from
disparate cross-sectional
studies indicate the
prevalence of CHD to be
between 7-13 per cent in
urban and 2-7 per cent in
rural India.

5. DEFINING RISK FACTORS FOR CVD

8.  Atherosclerosis
 Coronary heart disease (CHD)
 Chest pain (angina pectoris)
 Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)
 Congestive heart failure (CHF)
 Congenital and rheumatic heart disease
 Stroke
TYPES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

9. DIFFERENT TYPES OF HEART DISEASES:
 Atherosclerosis
 Characterized by deposits
of fatty substances,
cholesterol, cellular waste
products, calcium, and
fibrin in the inner lining of
the artery
 Hyperlipidemia –
abnormally high blood
lipid level
 Plaque – the buildup of
deposits in the arteries

10. MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (MI) / ACUTE
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (AMI) OR HEART
ATTACK
 A heart attack is a serious medical
emergency where the supply of the
blood to the heart is suddenly
blocked, usually by a blood clot.
* chest pain should not be confused or mistaken
with the mild pain that is caused by indigestion ,
a combination of symptoms are necessary to
determine the heart attack,, not the severity of
chest pain.

11. ARRYTHMIA
 An irregularity in heart rhythm
 Tachycardia – racing heart in the absence of exercise or
anxiety
 Bradycardia – abnormally slow heartbeat
 Fibrillation – heart beat is in a quivering (fluttering)
pattern
Causes are-
 Coronary artery disease.
 Electrolyte imbalances in your blood (such as sodium or
potassium).
 Changes in your heart muscle.
 Injury from a heart attack.
 Healing process after heart surgery.
 Irregular heart rhythms can also occur in "normal,
healthy" hearts.

12. CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (CHF)
 Damaged or overworked
heart muscle is unable to
keep blood circulating
normally
 Damage to heart muscle
may result from: rheumatic
fever, pneumonia, heart
attack, or other
cardiovascular problem
 Lack of proper circulation
may allow blood to
accumulate in the vessels of
the legs, ankles, or lungs.

13.  Congenital heart disease affects 1 out of 125 children
born
 May be due to hereditary factors, maternal diseases,
or chemical intake (alcohol) during fetal development
 Rheumatic heart disease results from rheumatic fever
which affects connective tissue
CONGENITAL AND RHEUMATIC HEART
DISEASE

14. STROKE
 Strokes occur due to problems
with the blood supply to the
brain; either the blood supply is
blocked or a blood vessel within
the brain ruptures.
 Ischemic strokes are caused
by a narrowing or blocking of
arteries to the brain.
 Hemorrhagic strokes are
caused by blood vessels in and
around the brain bursting or
leaking.
 Transient ischemic attack flow
of blood to the brain is only
disrupted temporarily for a short
time.

15. ANGINA PECTORIS:
Angina is a medical term used for a
chest pain or discomfort that occurs
if an area of your heart muscle
doesn't get enough oxygen-rich
blood. The pain also can occur in
your shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or
back. This usually happens because
one or more of the heart's arteries is
narrowed or blocked.

16. TYPES OF ANGINA:
 Stable angina – it is most common type of angina and is
usually predictable, as it occurs when the heart is working
harder than usual. Eg- running , dancing etc.
 Unstable Angina- This type of angina could even occur
with or without any physical exertion, and the pain is not
relieved by any medicine or rest. It’s a sign to change your
lifestyle.
 Variant (Prinzmetal's) Angina-is caused by a spasm in the
arteries and usually occurs when person is at rest. This
pain can be quite severe. Medicine can relieve this type of
angina.
 Microvascular Angina-caused by the spasm within the
walls of these very small arterial blood vessels which
causes a reduced blood flow to the heart muscle leading to
a chest pain. This type of pain can last longer and is not
relieved my medicine, one should report to the emergency
in such case.

17. KNOWLEDGE OF CVD AND IT’S RISK FACTORS
 Various studies have been done to asses the knowledge
of CVD and its risk factors among the local people :
 (Tareq ,2012) (Public knowledge and awareness of cardiovascular disease and its risk
factors: a cross-sectional study of 1000 Jordanians )
‘diseases that affect the heart and veins’ and when asked
about the symptoms of CVD the most frequent answers
were chest pain(82%), shortness of breath (57%), and
pain in arms and shoulder (42%).
 (Winham, 2011)score for the knowledge of six types of
CVD was extremely low, 59.4% people could not identify
any type of CVD while only 15.6% identified four or more
types, also the knowledge regarding the symptoms was
fairly low with the most heart attack symptom identified as
“chest pain” (50.4%), difficulty in breathing or shortness of
breath’ (48.0%),and ‘pain or discomfort in arms or
shoulder’ (41.2%).

18.  (Quah,2014) 85.1% correctly identified the various
symptoms like prolonged crushing, squeezing, or burning
pain during a heart attack, while 72.9% recognized
shortness of breath, only 66.6%could identify the other very
important symptoms of pain radiating from chest area to
neck, arms, shoulders, or jaw as a possible presenting
symptom
 In a study conducted to access the knowledge of modifiable
risk factors among the masses it was observed that the
majority (58%) of individuals sampled lacked adequate
awareness of modifiable risk factors. A significant
percentage (70%) of participants failed to identify DM as a
risk factor. Importantly, 67.7% of participants correctly
identified smoking cigarettes as a modifiable risk factor of
CVD. (Saeed,2009).

19.  (Mazloomy,2014) people who suffered from a history of
CVD, mortality due to CVD, diabetes mellitus,
hypertension, and hyperlipidemia in an immediate
family member, showed a higher than average mean
knowledge compared with those who did not.
 People in categories at greater risk of cardiovascular
disease, such as those aged 65 or more or those with
only elementary education, are less able to recall
important cardiovascular disease risk factors.
 (Potvin,2001)

20. DIET IN CVD
 Control your portion size (breakfast, lunch , evening snacks and
dinner)
 Eat more vegetables and fruits
 Select whole grains (Avoid refined products)
 Limit unhealthy fats (reduce saturated, trans fat and cholesterol
intake)
 Choose low-fat protein sources
 skim or low-fat (1%) milk, yogurt and cheese
 Eggs
 Skinless poultry
 Legumes
 Soybeans and soy products
Reduce the sodium in your food
 Plan ahead: Create daily menus
 Allow yourself an occasional treat

21. Circuit training-
Move quickly
from
one exercise to
another,
it burn 30%
more calories
Running/biking-
Running, jogging
and biking,
all good enough
to give you a
healthy heart,
remember don’t
push it too hard.
Dance-
Dancing your
way to
heart health
makes for a
rhythmic and
aerobic exercise
routine.
yoga-
provides lowers
blood pressure,
making
blood vessels
‘more
elastic and
promoting
heart health.
Being active all day-
People who are
active
in little ways
the entire
day burn
more calories
.
Heart- care Package
1. Quit smoking/alcohol
2. Learn to stay calm.
3. take medication
4. regular checkups
5. control your diet
6. regular exercise

22. CONCLUSION
 Public awareness of risk factors is essential, but no
previous measures of it exist in India, where it is on the
rise and the incidence of heart diseases is dramatically
increasing.
 Educational interventions are needed to make the Indian
public aware of risk factors, its sign and symptoms, and
should specifically target individuals who do not exercise,
currently smoke, and have less formal education.
 Patients require continued reinforcement about the
nature of cardiac symptoms, the benefits of early
treatment and their risk status.
 it is very important to divert the attention towards the
need to enhance the knowledge of people and to bring
out more and more programmes for their betterment,
lack of knowledge not only will affect their health status
but would also deteriorate their condition in case of need
such as during a heart attack or stroke