cvd diseases functons

1. DIETETICS
ASSIGNMENT TOPIC: CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
BS-III SEMESTER V
GROUP III

2. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart and blood vessels. Cardiovascular disease
(CVD) is defined as any serious, abnormal condition of the heart or blood vessels(arteries,
veins). Cardiovascular disease includes coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, peripheral
vascular disease, congenital heart disease, endocarditis, and many other conditions. Many
cardiovascular diseases are preventable.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a general term for a disease of the heart or blood vessels. Blood
flow to the heart, brain or body is reduced because of:
 a blood clot (thrombosis)
 a build-up of fatty deposits inside an artery, leading to hardening and narrowing of the artery
(atherosclerosis)
Cardiovascular disease includes conditions that affect the structures or function of your heart, such
as:
 Coronary artery disease (narrowing of the arteries)
 Heart attack
 Abnormal heart rhythms, or arrhythmias
 Heart failure
 Heart valve disease
 Congenital heart disease
 Heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy)
 Pericardial disease
 Aorta disease

3.  Vascular disease (blood vessel disease)
It’s the leading cause of death in the U.S. It’s important to learn about your heart to help prevent it.
If you have it, you can live a healthier, more active life by learning about your disease and taking
care of yourself.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels.
Cardiovascular disease includes coronary artery diseases (CAD) such as angina and myocardial
infarction (commonly known as a heart attack). Other CVDs include stroke, heart failure,
hypertensive heart disease, congenital heart disease, peripheral artery disease, thromboembolic
disease, and venous thrombosis.
It is estimated that 90% of CVD is preventable. Prevention of atherosclerosis involves improving
risk factors through: healthy eating, exercise, avoidance of tobacco smoke and limiting alcohol
intake. Treating risk factors, such as high blood pressure, blood lipids and diabetes is also
beneficial. Treating people who have strep throat with antibiotics can decrease the risk of
rheumatic heart disease. The effect of the use of aspirin in people who are otherwise healthy is of
unclear benefit.
TYPES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES:
Cardiovascular disease is a term that refers to more than one disease of the circulatory system
including the heart and blood vessels, whether the blood vessels are affecting the lungs, the
brain, kidneys or other parts of the body. Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death
in adult Canadian men and women.
The following six types of cardiovascular disease are highlighted below:
 Ischemic heart disease:
It is the most common type of cardiovascular disease in Canada and other industrialized
countries around the world. It refers to problems with the circulation of blood to the heart
muscle. A partial blockage of one or more of the coronary arteries can result in a lack of
enough oxygenated blood (ischemia) thus causing symptoms such as angina (chest pain) and
dyspnea (shortness of breath). A complete blockage of an artery causes necrosis (damage to
the tissues) or a myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack.
 Cerebrovasculardisease(Stroke):
It refers to a problem with the circulation of blood in the blood vessels of the brain. A
blockage with effects lasting less than 24 hours is referred to as a transient ischemic attack. A
complete blockage with long-term effects is referred to as a cerebrovascular thrombosis (clot)
or accident or a stroke. Sometimes, a blood vessel in the brain can burst resulting in long
term effects.
 Peripheral vasculardisease:
It affects the circulation primarily in the legs]. Patients with this disease typically complain
of pain in their calves especially when walking.

4.  Heart failure:
It occurs when the pumping action of the heart cannot provide enough blood to the rest of the
body as it is needed. This can happen as a result of damage to the heart muscle, for example
from a heart attack, or from excessive consumption of alcohol, or because of a heart muscle
disease also called a cardiomyopathy. Patients with heart failure usually suffer from
shortness of breath and swelling of the legs. The term can be frightening. It doesn’t mean the
heart has "failed," or stopped working. It means the heart doesn’t pump as well as it should.
This will cause you to retain salt and water, which will give you swelling and shortness of
breath.
1. Heart failure is a major health problem in the U.S., affecting more than 6.5 million
Americans. It is the leading cause of hospitalization in people older than age 65.
2. The number of people diagnosed with heart failure is projected to rise by 46 percent by
2030, according to the American Heart Association.
 Rheumatic heart disease:
It is common in Canada is a major problem in many poor countries. This disease begins with
a bacterial infection in childhood, affecting joints and heart valves. The heart problems
appear many years later. Often the valves have to be replaced by an operation.
Other infections can occur attacking the inner tissues of the heart including the valves
(endocarditis) and the outer tissue overlying the heart (pericarditis).
 Congenitalheart disease:
It is a problem with the structure of the heart arising because of a birth defect. These
anatomical defects can be as simple as a small hole in one of the inside walls of the heart or
they can be very complex, affecting the way blood flows through the heart and lungs. Some
congenital heart problems result in death unless immediately corrected by surgical
intervention. Others cause disability to varying degrees and are treated by surgery later in life
with correction of the problem sometimes requiring more than a single operation.
 Coronaryheart disease:
It is the disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle. Major risk factors High
blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity,
diabetes, advancing age, inherited (genetic) disposition. Other risk factors Poverty, low
educational status, poor mental health (depression), inflammation and blood clotting
disorders.
 Other cardiovasculardiseases:
Tumors of the heart; vascular Tumors of the brain; disorders of heart muscle
(cardiomyopathy); heart valve diseases; disorders of the lining of the heart.

5. Other factors:
Other factors that can damage the heart and blood vessel system Inflammation, drugs, high
blood pressure, unhealthy diet, trauma, toxins and alcohol.
Abnormal Heart Rhythms:
The heart is an amazing organ. It beats in a steady, even rhythm, about 60 to 100 times each
minute. That's about 100,000 times each day. Sometimes, your heart gets out of rhythm. An
irregular or abnormal heartbeat is called ARRHYTHMIAS. An arrhythmia (also called a
dysrhythmia) can produce an uneven heartbeat, or a very slow or very fast beat.
Risk factor:
Risk factors are conditions or habits that make a person more likely to develop a disease. They
can also increase the chances that an existing disease will get worse. Important risk factors for
heart disease that you can do something about are:
 High blood pressure
 High blood cholesterol
 Diabetes and pre diabetes
 Smoking
 Being overweight or obese
 Being physically inactive
 Having a family history of early heart disease
 Having a history of preeclampsia during pregnancy
 Unhealthy diet
 Age (55 or older for women)

6. Non modifiable” risk factors cannot be changed.
These are:
1. your age – risk increases as you get older,
2. your gender – before the age of 60 men are at greater risk than women,
3. your family history – your risk may increase if close blood relatives experienced early
heart disease.
Modified able risk factors that you can change:
• Raisedor altered levels of blood cholesterol-Cholesterol is vital for healthy
cells. It is so important that the body does not rely on a dietary source, it makes its
own. If, however, the body accumulates too much, cholesterol can become
deposited in the walls of arteries, which become damaged and may become
blocked. If this happens, a heart attack could result. Many people make too much
cholesterol when their diet is rich in saturated fats. High blood cholesterol may
also be inherited, as in Familial Hypercholesterolaemia (FH) and Familial
Combined Hyperlipidaemia (FCH). In these conditions there are genetic
alterations that lead to over-production or accumulation of cholesterol in the
blood. To combat this, a rigorous cholesterol lowering diet, usually combined
with drug treatment, is required to reduce and control blood cholesterol and the
risk of CVD.
• Raisedtriglycerides with low HDL-cholesterol-Having too much of another fat
in the blood, triglyceride, is often coupled with having too little HDL (high
density lipoprotein). This combination is often linked with premature coronary
heart disease. It can be inherited but also occurs in people who are overweight
especially when excess fat is carried around the waist. Weight reduction and
regular exercise may help to reduce triglyceride levels and increase HDL levels.
• High blood pressure-blood pressure is not usually something you can feel.if its
too high it needs to be treated.
• Diabetes – it is important to control your diabetes to help prevent a heart attack or
stroke
• Smoking – being smoke free is one of the best way to protect your heart. if you
are smoker ,you should stop.
• Being overweight/obesity-being overweight or obese increase your risk of heart
or other health problems. The best thing you can is to maintain a healthy weight.
• Being inactive- not getting enough physical activity and sitting too much is not
good for your heart health.
• Excessive alcohol – excess amount of alcohol causes heart disease.
• Excessive stress-there can be a great risk of heart disease for people who have
depression or stress, socially isolated or do not have a good social support.
Depression is more than feeling sad or low. If you are depressed more than two
weeks talk to your doctor or someone you know well. Having a good social life
with family and friends can help you.
• Unhealthy diet- eating a varied diet of healthy foods can help with your weight,
blood pressure and cholesterol.
Having more than one risk factor means the overall risk of CVD is much higher. Your GP can
work out what your 10 year risk is of developing CVD using a risk assessment tool known as
QRISK2 which takes into account your modifiable and non modifiable risk factors.

7. Impact on public health:
CVD is the leading cause of death in Ireland and worldwide.
In 2010, one-third of all deaths in Ireland (9,182 deaths) were due to CVD. Of these deaths:
• 4,625 were caused by coronary heart disease
• 2,015 were caused by stroke
It is thought that most deaths due to CVD are premature and could be prevented by making a
number of lifestyle changes It is estimated that CVD is responsible for around one in three
premature deaths in men and one in five premature deaths in women.
Cardiovascular disease prevention:
The majority of CVDs are preventable. It is important to address risk factors by:
 consuming less alcohol and tobacco
 eating fresh fruit and vegetables
 reducing salt intake
 avoiding sedentary lifestyles, particularly among children
Bad habits during childhood will not lead to cardiovascular disease while the individual is still
young; but they can lead to the accumulation of problems that continue into adulthood, resulting
in a greater probability of having a cardiovascular disease later in life.
Children who eat a lot of salt have a
much higher risk of hypertension
when they are adults, as well as heart
disease and stroke. Parents should
also keep a close eye on how much
saturated fat and sugar a child
consumes.

8. Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases:
Treatment for coronary heart disease (CHD) usually is the same for both women and men.
Treatment may include lifestyle changes, medicines, medical and surgical procedures.
The goals of treatment are to:
 Relieve symptoms.
 Reduce risk factors in an effort to slow, stop, or reverse the buildup of plaque.
 Lower the risk of blood clots forming. (Blood clots can cause a heart attack.)
 Widen or bypass plaque-clogged coronary (heart) arteries.
 Prevent CHD complications.
Lifestyle Changes
Making lifestyle changes can help prevent or treat CHD. These changes may be the only
treatment that some people need.
QUIT SMOKING
If you smoke or use tobacco, try to quit. Smoking can raise your risk for CHD and heart attack
and worsen other CHD risk factors. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can
help you quit. Also, try to avoid secondhand smoke.
FOLLOW A HEALTHY DIET
A healthy diet is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. A healthy diet includes a variety of
vegetables and fruits. These foods can be fresh, canned, frozen, or dried. A good rule is to try to
fill half of your plate with vegetables and fruits.
A healthy diet also includes whole grains, fat-free or low-fat dairy products, and protein foods,
such as lean meats, poultry without skin, seafood, processed soy products, nuts, seeds, beans, and
peas.
Choose and prepare foods with little sodium (salt). Too much salt can raise your risk for high
blood pressure. Try to avoid foods and drinks that are high in added sugars. For example, drink
water instead of sugary drinks, like soda. Also, try to limit the amount of solid fats and refined
grains that you eat. Solid fats are saturated fat and Trans fatty acids. Refined grains come from
processing whole grains, which results in a loss of nutrients (such as dietary fiber).If you drink
alcohol, do so in moderation. Research suggests that regularly drinking small to moderate
amounts of alcohol may lower the risk of CHD. Women should have no more than one alcoholic
drink a day. One drink a day can lower your CHD risk by raising your HDL cholesterol level.
One drink is a glass of wine, beer, or a small amount of hard liquor.
BE PHYSICALLY ACTIVE
Regular physical activity can lower many CHD risk factors, including high LDL
cholesterol, high blood pressure, and excess weight. Physical activity also can lower your risk for
diabetes and raise your HDL cholesterol level. (HDL cholesterol helps remove cholesterol from

9. your arteries.)Talk with your doctor before you start a new exercise plan. Ask him or her how
much and what kinds of physical activity are safe for you. People gain health benefits from as
little as 60 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week. Walking is an excellent heart
healthy exercise. The more active you are, the more you will benefit.
MAINTAIN A HEALTHY WEIGHT
Overweight and obesity are risk factors for CHD. If you're overweight or obese, try to lose
weight. Cut back your calorie intake and do more physical activity. Eat smaller portions and
choose lower calorie foods. Your health care provider may refer you to a dietitian to help you
manage your weight. A BMI of less than 25 and a waist circumference of 35 inches or less is the
goal for preventing and treating CHD. BMI measures your weight in relation to your height and
gives an estimate of your total body fat. You can use the NHLBI's online BMI calculator to
figure out your BMI, or your doctor can help you.
MEDICINES
You may need medicines to treat CHD if lifestyle changes aren't enough. Medicines can help:
 Reduce your heart's workload and relieve CHD symptoms
 Decrease your chance of having a heart attack or dying suddenly
 Lower your LDL cholesterol, blood pressure, and other CHD risk factors
 Prevent blood clots
 Prevent or delay the need for a procedure or surgery, such as angioplasty (AN-jee-oh-plas-tee)
or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
Women who have coronary micro vascular disease and anemia may benefit from taking
medicine to treat the anemia. Women who have broken heart syndrome also may need
medicines. Doctors may prescribe medicines to relieve fluid buildup, treat blood pressure
problems, prevent blood clots, and manage stress hormones. Most people who have broken heart
syndrome make a full recovery within weeks. Take all of your medicines as prescribed. If you
have side effects or other problems related to your medicines, tell your doctor. He or she may be
able to provide other options.
Procedures and Surgery
You may need a procedure or surgery to treat CHD. Both angioplasty and CABG are used as
treatments. You and your doctor can discuss which treatment is right for you.

10. Nutritional Assessment and Recommendations
Patient Name:- Fatima Ali
Age:- 25
Height:- 5.4
Weight:- 60
BMI:- 22.70
IBW:- 54.54 kg
Medical Diagnosis: Cvd, Hypertension
Weight History
No Change:- Yes Increased:- No Decreased:- No
Diet History
Daily Consumption of food each food group:
 Milk products:- 1 cup milk fresh
 Fruits:- Apple 1 medium
 Meat:- Chicken piece (3)
 Bread and Cereals:- 2 slice of whole grain bread
 Vegetables:- Mix veggie 1 bowl
 Fat:- Vegetable Oil
How often do you consume the in a week?
 Carbonated Beverages:- No intake
 Bakery Products:- Bread slices,cakes
 Fast Food:- Burger
Meal Timings:
 Breakfast Time: 7:00 – 8:00
 Lunch Time: 3:00 – 4:00
 Dinner Time: 9:00 – 10:00
GI Function
Appetite: Present Nausea: Absent Anorexia: Absent
Vomiting: Absent Diarrhea: Absent Constipation: Absent

11. Physical Examination
Edema: Absent Muscle Wasting: Absent Ascites: Absent
Skin: Moist Mouth: Dry Nails: Normal (pink)
Eyes: Bright Teeth: Straight Hair: Healthy
Water Intake
Glasses/ days: 5-6
Temperature: Room temperature
Sleep-Wake Cycle
Wake up Time: 6:00 Am Sleep Time: 12:00 Pm
Metabolic Stress
No stress: Low: Yes Moderate: High:
SGA Rating
Well-Nourished: Yes
Recommendations
Caloric Requirement: 1407
Fluid Requirement: 7-8 glass
Preferred Feeding Route: Oral
Mechanism of Diet: Regular
Type of Diet: Low fat, Low sodium

12. Diet Instructions
Diet Order: 1400-1600
Total Kcal: 1407
Carbohydrate: 175
Protein: 70
Fat: 46
Fluid: 7-8 glass
Meal/Snacks/Time
Food
Group
Break-
fast
Snack Lunch Snack Dinner Snack Total
Serving/day
CHO
(g)
Protein Fats kcal
Starch 1 1 1 1 4 60 12 4 320
Fruits 1 1 1 1 4 60 - - 240
Milk 1 6 tbsp 6 tbsp+
1
3 36 24 24 450
Vegetable 1 1 2 4 20 8 - 100
Meat-
substitute
1 1 1 3 _ 21 9 185
Fats 2 1 3 - - 15 135
Total
grams
176 65 52 1430
Calorie/
grams
704 206 468 Total
kcal
Percent
calorie
49.16 18.15 32.68 100

13. Diet Plan
Timing Food Item Serving
Size
CHO Protein Fat Kcal
Early
Morning
Almond 6 (1 ser) 5g 45
Breakfast Apple
medium
1 (1 ser) 15g 60
Bran bread 2 slice
(1 ser)
15g 3g 1g 80
1 egg fry
Corn oil
1+1
(2 ser)
7g 5+5 =10 120
Tea 1 cup
(1 ser)
12g 8g 8g 150
Snack Orange
juice
½ cup
(1 ser)
15g 60
Lunch Mango
small
(1/2 hour)
before
½ cup
(1 ser)
15g 60
Chapatti 6inch
(1 ser)
15g 3g 0g 80
Fish 1 oz
(1 ser)
7g 3g 55
Beans 1 cup
( 1 ser)
5g 2g 25
Raita 6 tbsp
( ½ ser)
6g 4g 4g 75
Snack Corns ½ cup
( 1 ser)
15g 3g 1g 80
Mushroom 1
(1 ser)
5g 2g 25
Dinner Pineapple
½ hr before
½ cup
(1 ser)
15g 60
Boil Rice 1/3 cup
(1 ser)
15g 3g 80
Chicken 1 oz
(1 ser)
7g 3g 55
Mixed
vegetable
½ cup
(1 ser)
5g 2g 25
Salad+
Olive oil
dressing
1+1tbsp
(2 ser)
5g 2g 5g 70
Yoghurt 6tbsp 6g 4g 4g 75

14. (½ ser)
Bed-Time Warm Milk 1 cup
(1 ser)
12g 8g 8g 150
176 65 52 1430