This document provides an overview of genetic use restriction technology (GURT), also known as "terminator technology". It defines GURT as genetically modifying plants to produce sterile seeds, preventing farmers from reusing seeds. The technology uses three genes - a repressor gene, recombinase gene, and toxin gene - that work together to terminate seeds unless an activator is used. While not yet commercialized, it is being developed by biotech companies to restrict seed reuse and protect intellectual property. However, critics argue it would negatively impact farmers' rights, food security, biodiversity, and local seed varieties that many small farmers depend on for replanting. The document examines both perspectives on this controversial technology.
Terminator technology refers to plants that have been genetically modified to render sterile seeds at harvest – it is also called Genetic Use Restriction Technology or GURTS
The advances of modern plant technologies, especially genetically modified crops, are considered to be a substantial benefit to agriculture and society. However, so-called transgene escape remains and is of environmental and regulatory concern. Genetic use restriction technologies (GURTs), developed to secure return on investments through protection of plant varieties, are among the most controversial and opposed genetic engineering biotechnologies as they are perceived as a tool to force farmers to depend on multinational corporations’ seed monopolies. In this work, the currently proposed strategies are described and compared with some of the principal techniques implemented for preventing transgene flow and/or seed saving, with a simultaneous analysis of the future perspectives of GURTs taking into account potential benefits, possible impacts on farmers and local plant genetic resources (PGR), hypothetical negative environmental issues and ethical concerns related to intellectual property that have led to the ban of this technology
Presented by- MD JAKIR HOSSAIN
Doctoral Research Scholar
Department of Agricultural Genetic Engineering ,
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies,
Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Turkey
E. Mail- mjakirbotru@gmail.com
Terminator technology refers to plants that have been genetically modified to render sterile seeds at harvest – it is also called Genetic Use Restriction Technology or GURTS
The advances of modern plant technologies, especially genetically modified crops, are considered to be a substantial benefit to agriculture and society. However, so-called transgene escape remains and is of environmental and regulatory concern. Genetic use restriction technologies (GURTs), developed to secure return on investments through protection of plant varieties, are among the most controversial and opposed genetic engineering biotechnologies as they are perceived as a tool to force farmers to depend on multinational corporations’ seed monopolies. In this work, the currently proposed strategies are described and compared with some of the principal techniques implemented for preventing transgene flow and/or seed saving, with a simultaneous analysis of the future perspectives of GURTs taking into account potential benefits, possible impacts on farmers and local plant genetic resources (PGR), hypothetical negative environmental issues and ethical concerns related to intellectual property that have led to the ban of this technology
Presented by- MD JAKIR HOSSAIN
Doctoral Research Scholar
Department of Agricultural Genetic Engineering ,
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies,
Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Turkey
E. Mail- mjakirbotru@gmail.com
This presentation focus on how can be develop of herbicides resistant plants, Role of herbicides resistant plant, action of herbicides in unusual plants and agronomic importance of herbicides resistant plants.
Don"t forget to like, share and download
Embryo culture is a laboratory method for producing plant lets from a fertilized or unfertilized embryo in invitro condition. there are several advantages are associated with the embryo culture like production of haploid plants, making distant crosses successful, sometimes aborted embryos can be rescued from a unsuccessful hybridization.
This presentation focus on how can be develop of herbicides resistant plants, Role of herbicides resistant plant, action of herbicides in unusual plants and agronomic importance of herbicides resistant plants.
Don"t forget to like, share and download
Embryo culture is a laboratory method for producing plant lets from a fertilized or unfertilized embryo in invitro condition. there are several advantages are associated with the embryo culture like production of haploid plants, making distant crosses successful, sometimes aborted embryos can be rescued from a unsuccessful hybridization.
Plant Disease Resistant And Genetic EngineeringShweta Jhakhar
Study the adverse effects of different viruses and other fungal diseases on the plants and their growth. Discuss the methods e.g. plant disease resistant and genetic engineering to protect the plants.
Vaccines have been revolutionary for the prevention of infectious diseases. Despite worldwide immunization of children against the six devastating diseases, 20% of infants are still left un-immunized; responsible for approximately two million unnecessary deaths every year, especially in the remote and impoverished parts of the globe. This is because of the constraints on vaccine production, distribution and delivery. One hundred percent coverage is desirable, because un-immunized populations in remote areas can spread infections and epidemics in the immunized safe areas, which have comparatively low herd immunity. For some infectious diseases, immunizations either do not exist or they are unreliable or very expensive. Immunization through DNA vaccines is an alternative but is an expensive approach, with disappointing immune response. Hence the search is on for cost-effective, easy-to-administer, easy-to-store, fail-safe and socio-culturally readily acceptable vaccines and their delivery systems. As Hippocrates said, Let thy food be thy medicine, scientists suggest that plants and plant viruses can be genetically engineered to produce vaccines against diseases such as dental caries; and life-threatening infections like diarrhea, AIDS, etc (Lal et al., 2007)
The development and commercialization of insect-resistant transgenic Bt crops expressing Cry toxins revolutionized the history of agriculture. At the end of 2010, an estimated 26.3 million hectares of land were planted with crops containing the Bt gene (James 2011). Bt cotton has reduced the use of traditional insecticides by 207,900,000 lbs of active ingredient of insecticide (Brookes and Barfoot, 2006).
Resistance is a genetic change in the insect pest — that allows it to avoid harm from Bt toxins. The high and consistent levels of ICP production in the Bt plants make them much less favorable for the development of resistance. Insect Resistance Management is of great importance because of the threat insect resistance poses to the future use of Bt plant-incorporated protectants and is said to be the key to sustainable use of the genetically modified Bt crops. The US EPA usually requires a “buffer zone,” or a structured refuge of 20% non-Bt crops that is planted in close proximity to the Bt crops.
First documented case of insect resistance to Bt cotton came in 2008, when Tabashnik and coworkers found field-evolved Bt toxin resistance in bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), in the United States. Field-Evolved Resistance to Bt Maize by Western Corn Rootworm (Gassmann, 2011) displayed significantly higher survival on Cry3Bb1 maize in laboratory bioassays.
Expanded use of transgenic crops for insect control will likely include more varieties with combinations of two or more Bt toxins (pyramiding), novel Bt toxins such as VIP, modified Bt toxins that have been genetically engineered to kill insects resistant to standard Bt toxins. Transgenic plants that control insects via RNA interference are also under development.
Increasing use of transgenic crops in developing nations is likely, with a broadening range of genetically modified crops and target insect pests .Incorporating enhanced understanding of observed patterns of field-evolved resistance into future resistance management strategies can help to minimize the drawbacks and maximize the benefits of current and future generations of transgenic crops.
this presentation deals with Molecular Ph(f)arming, and bio-safety issues related to it. This was presented by me in credit seminar in the division of Agricultural physics, IARI, New Delhi.
the sources used are duly acknowledged in the figures and slides.
Terminator gene technology refers to plants that have been genetically modified to render sterile seeds at harvest.
Genetic use restriction technologies (GURTs) are the name given to experimental methods, described in a series of recent patent applications and providing specific genetic switch mechanisms that restrict the unauthorized use of genetic material (FAO, 2001a) by hampering reproduction (variety-specific V-GURT) or the expression of a trait (trait-specific T-GURT) in a genetically modified (GM) plant.
This presentation represents the Genetic use restriction technology (GURT), also known as terminator technology. This presentation explain the advantages and impact of terminator technology.
Ethical Issues in the Use of Terminator Seed Technology
This is a research article summarized in simple words.
It's done as a part of the Genetics assignment.
Here the mechanism of terminator seed technology is explained along with diagram.
Genetic modification of plants involves adding a specific stretch of DNA into the plant's genome, giving it new or different characteristics.
INTRODUCTION
EXAMPLES
CONCLUSION
To decrease our world hunger and to make the plant more nutritious the transgenic technique was developed. This the basis of the transgenic plant and its technique
GMO Technology - Understanding the Evidence of Risks and BenefitsUniversity of Florida
This presentation was delivered for oncology dietitians and nurses on 4/15/2015. Dr. Kevin Folta from the University of Florida presented information about the strengths and limitations of transgenic plant (GMO) technology, as based on on the current literature. The presentation concludes with a discussion of how to communicate these concepts to patients and clients.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. Genetic use restriction technology
Overview
Introduction
What is Terminator Technology?
Definition
How does it work
Impacts and risks
Short history
Why is it being developed?
Conclusion
3. Definition
Terminator technology refers to plants that have been
genetically modified to render sterile seeds at harvest –
it is also called Genetic Use Restriction Technology or
GURTS
Terminator technology was developed by the
multinational seed/agrochemical industry and the
United States government to prevent farmers from
saving and re-planting harvested seed.
Terminator has not yet been commercialized or field-
tested but tests are currently being conducted in
greenhouses in the United States.
4. short history
1998/1999 international protest against a Terminator patent from
Delta and Pine
2000 De facto moratorium on the COP5 of CBD:
recommendation that ..”products incorporating such
technology should not be approved by parties for
field testing until appropiate scientific data can justify
such testing… „
2005 Canadian Government tries to weaken the
moratorium by stressing biosafety function of
Terminator Technology. They try to get a case by
case assessment
January
2006
Granada: ad-hoc working group on Art. 8j CBD
accept a recommendation paper for Curitiba with
“case by case assessment”
March 2006 Curitiba: A lot of protest (over all the international
Ban Terminator campaign)
Result: The moratorium remains without limitation.
6. V- GURT (Varietal GURT)
This type of GURT produces sterile seeds meaning that
a farmer that had purchased seeds containing V-GURT
technology could not save the seed this crop for future
planting
This would not have an immediate impact on the large
number of primarily western farmers who use hybrid
seeds, and instead buy specialized hybrid seeds from
seed production companies
7. V- GURT (Varietal GURT)
The technology is restricted at the plant variety level,
hence the term V-GURT
Manufacturers of genetically enhanced crops would
use this technology to protect their products from
unauthorised use
8. T-GURT (Trait GURT)
A second type of GURT modifies a crop in such a way
that the genetic enhancement engineered into the
crop does not function untill the crop plant is treated
with a chemical that is sold by the biotechnology
company
Farmers can save seeds for use each year. However,
they do not get to use the enhanced trait in the crop
unless they purchase the activator compound
The technology is restricted is registered at the trait
level, hence the term T-GURT
9. Why is Terminator a problem?
The top 10 largest seed companies control half the
world’s commercial seed market.
Across the world, over 1.4 billion people, primarily
small-scale farming families in the developing world,
depend on farm-saved seed as their primary seed source
If Terminator is commercialized, corporations will likely
incorporate sterility genes into all their seeds. That’s
because genetic seed sterilization would secure a much
stronger monopoly than patents — instead of suing
farmers for saving seed, companies are trying to make it
biologically impossible for farmers to re-use harvested
seed
10. impacts and risks
Reliability for biosafety:
This is enough for use restriction but as an
affective measure to avoid GMO
contamination not enough
Use restriction:
negation of farmers´rights
undermining of food sovereignty
danger for food security
biodiversity loss
11. Impact of Terminator seeds on
farmers?
Terminator would results in higher seed prices at a
time when farmers are experiencing the worst income
crisis in the history of modern agriculture.
Terminator is a major violation of the rights of farmers
to save and reuse their own seeds. Through pollen
movement in the first generation, Terminator genes
could contaminate farmers’ crops - farmers might then
unknowingly save and reuse seeds that are
contaminated and will not germinate
12. Who holds patents on
Terminator?
Delta & Pine Land (DPL), the world’s largest cotton
seed company, which jointly holds three US patents on
Terminator technology with the US Department of
Agriculture.
In October 2005, DPL won new Terminator patents in
both Europe and Canada.
During 2002 mansanto aquired Delta & Pine Land
(DPL),
13. Will Terminator stop genetic
contamination?
Industry argues that engineered sterility would offer a
built-in safety feature for GE plants because if genes
from a Terminator crop cross-pollinate with related
plants nearby, the seed produced from unwanted
pollination will be sterile – it will not germinate. But
Terminator technology is a complex system involving
multiple inserted genes that all work together in a
sequence. Scientists warn that Terminator will not be
100% effective. The likelihood of system failure means
it could never be a reliable tool for “biocontainment”. If
Terminator is used for “biocontainment” and fails, it
would introduce new, dangerous biosafety risks.
14. Impact to terminator technology
on agro-biodiversity
The world’s agro-biodiversity depends heavily on seed
saving, selecting and re-planting. This practice has
resulted in crop varieties that are adapted to the local
environment, soil and local pests.
This technique has also resulted in creating new crop
varieties that fetch more money in the market
For example, Basmati rice of India and Pakistan.
Introducing “terminator seeds” will replace the age-old
practice of seed saving and can lead to the loss of
traditional seed varieties
15. Socio-economic impact of
terminator technology
Terminator technology can be good for the intensive
farming operations in the developed world. These farms
produce high-value produce and rarely save seeds for
replanting making it less vulnerable to terminator
technology.
But, medium, low and subsistence farming practices
dominate the agricultural systems of the developing world.
These farming practices rely heavily on saved seeds and use
it for replanting. If “terminator seeds” are introduced in
these systems it will replace the existing seeds and force the
farmers to buy seeds every season, which poor farmers
from developing countries cannot afford.
16. IMPACT OF THE TERMINATOR SEED
TECHNOLOGY ON THE FARMING COMMUNITY
It affects poor farmers is that they would be unable to
maintain commercial varieties from their own seed
stock and would be forced to return to the seed
provider
This will translate into non availability or lack of seed
inputs to the farmers
This will greatly affect the level of agricultural
production and the farmer’s income
17. Impact to terminator technology
on environment
Some research that suggests that weeds and bugs
could possibly evolve into resistant organisms.
pollen escaping from the terminator crop is sterile and
cannot spread to weeds or other crops.
Gene movement from crop to weed through pollen
transfer has been demonstrated for GM crops when
the crop is grown near a closely related weed species.
When a weed is fertilized, for example, with the
terminator pollen, the new generation of seeds will
bear plants, with fertile pollen.
18. Good for biotech companies,
bad for farmers
Terminator technology troubles farmers throughout
the developing world because they would no longer be
able to save seeds to re-use from one harvest to the
next.
Many poor farmers cannot afford to buy seeds each
year. Instead, they save, swap and share seeds that
have been developed over generations.
If farmers have no choice but to buy new seeds every
year, the companies are guaranteed large profits at the
expense of poor farmers' food security.
19. Why is it being developed?
The biotech companies argue that Terminator
technology will prevent the contamination of non-GM
crops with GM-crops. They say that if all GM varieties
had the terminator trait they would not be able to
spread into the environment, and so biosafety would
be ensured
20. Terminator technology consists of
three genes
GENE I
Gene I is a repressor gene that produces a repressor
protein that interacts with a binding site near Gene II.
GENE II
Gene II is a recombinase gene that is controlled by a
promoter. Between the gene and the promoter is a
binding site for the repressor from Gene I. The
recombinase gene produces a recombinase protein
that is an enzyme and snips out pieces of DNA.
21. Contd..
GENE III
Gene III produces a toxin that is lethal to embryos. The
gene is controlled by a late promoter, which is active
only during the late stage of seed development when
the embryo is developing. Between the late promoter
and the toxin gene is a piece of DNA called a blocker,
which interferes with the ability of the promoter to
turn on the toxin gene.
22. How the Terminator terminates ?
The terminator technology consists of three genes with their on/off
switches :
Gene I: Repressor
Gene II: Recombinase
Gene III: Toxin
A gene for a toxin lethal to embryos (Toxin Gene) is controlled by a
late promoter (LP), that is active only during the late stage of seed
development when the embryo is developing.
23. How the Terminator terminates ?
The terminator technology consists of three genes:
In the absence of the Inducer
24. How the Terminator terminates ?
The terminator technology consists of three genes:
In the presence of the Inducer
26. Traitor technology
The expression of a specific desirable transgenic trait
is dependent upon spraying a specific proprietary
chemical, sold separately, often by the same company.
27. International Regulation
Regarding Terminator Technology
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
i) conservation of biological diversity;
ii) sustainableuse of its components; and
iii) fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of
the utilizationof genetic resources
The Conference of Parties (COP)
The Subsidiary Body for Scientific, Technical and
Technological Advice (SBSTTA)
28. (GURT): Potential economic benefits, costs and risks
Benefits Costs Risks
Farmers
increased productivity from
improved inputs due to
increased research and
development (R&D)
investment
Increased input
costs from seed
purchase
Misuse of
monopoly powers
by breeders
Breeders
(especially
private sector)
Increased appropriation of
research benefits from new
products
Increased cost
for access to
gene pools of
other breeders
Governments Reduced investment
requirements in breeding
Complementary
R&D investment
requirements
Society Increased agricultural
productivity
Reduced genetic
diversity in fields
29. Have any plants with GURT traits been released
in world ?
It is important to note that no applications have come
forward for the environmental release of plants
with GURT traits. This technology is currently still at
the research stage in laboratories - there have been no
confined research field trials or commercial
applications from developers to date.
30. Benefits from the Deployment of GURTs in Crops
a) Prevent gene flow from transgenics through
pollen by producing sterile pollen or through seed
by arresting embryo development.
b) Help in containing GE pharma crops that
synthesize therapeutically active compounds.
c) Protect Organic Farming, since sterile pollen
cannot cause cross pollination that may affect
Organic Certification, though currently this is not
an issue.
d) Induced male sterility is an accepted tool in plant
breeding to produce hybrids in otherwise difficult
crops such as sorghum and mustards, and GURTs
make this much easier than conventional methods.
31. Contd…
e) Arresting embryo development in such seeds would
control the transmission of the seed borne pathogen to the
next generation.
f) Protect the genetic design of GE crops.
g) Prevent the unauthorized or illegal cultivation of
transgenic crops.
h) Since GURTs would block gene flow from transgenic
crops, their incorporation into transgenics is actually in
keeping with the aims of the Cartagena Protocol on
Biodiversity (Article 2) and do not threaten biodiversity as
alleged by activists.
32. Possible Advantages of Terminator
technology
Terminator technology can also be used to limit the
spread of genes from GMOs to other plants in the
natural environment. This will ensure that genes from
the GMOs will not get mixed with the plants in the
wild.
Intellectual property protection of Biotech firms.
Reduce the propagation of volunteer plants.
Prohibit non V-GURT grain sprouting, which
lowers the quality of grain.
Prevent escape of transgenes into wild relatives
and prevent any impact on biodiversity.
33. Disadvantages of Terminator
technology
Engineered systems is an inability of the engineered
organisms to fully express a specific trait (encoded by
genes). All the terminator seeds should receive a given
amount of inducing agent to activate the terminator genes.
Insufficient inducing agent may not trigger the genes,
thereby resulting in seeds that germinate in subsequent
generation.
Environmentalists are concerned about the possibility of
gene transfer between genetically engineered plants and
traditional, non-targeted plants
The production of sterile seeds by these plants would
render the seeds useless.
34. Conclusion
Terminator seed technology will have adverse consequences
on on-farm conservation and development of plant genetic
resources.
Terminator technology may have both positive and negative
impacts on the world’s agricultural system. In developed
countries like Canada, terminator technology will not have
much impact on farmers and the way they farm. But in
developing and low-income countries, terminator technology
might be harmful to the farmers.
Moreover, technical aspects of terminator technology design
still need to be fine-tuned. These aspects need to be perfected
before introducing terminator technology in the farms
worldwide. Apart from this, as with any other GMO, the
impact of introducing terminator technology on the world’s
biodiversity is not yet known
35. contd
The technology may offer considerable incentives for
increased private sector innovation in the agricultural
breeding sector, but with a skewed distribution of
benefits and costs. On balance, the development
implications of GURTs give cause for concern,
particularly from the perspective of the more
vulnerable and marginalized farmers.