Any nutritious substance that people or animals eat or drink or those plants absorb in order to maintain life and growth is called Food. With the huge increasing population of the world, food production from natural resources could not meet their needs. So researchers move to produce more food using molecular-level techniques. This type of food is called genetically modified food (GM food), whose genetic material has been altered which is not present already in nature. GM food is made to increase nutrient content by alternation, has many advantages for humans as it increases the nutritional content and formation of pest, drought, herbicide, and cold resistant plants. But at the same time, it has negative impacts also. It is genetically unsafe, causing organ damage and allergic reactions in the digestive tract. The researchers are trying to do their best to produce crops with their desired characteristics by using molecular-level techniques.
Any nutritious substance that people or animals eat or drink or those plants absorb in order to maintain life and growth is called Food. With the huge increasing population of the world, food production from natural resources could not meet their needs. So researchers move to produce more food using molecular-level techniques. This type of food is called genetically modified food (GM food), whose genetic material has been altered which is not present already in nature. GM food is made to increase nutrient content by alternation, has many advantages for humans as it increases the nutritional content and formation of pest, drought, herbicide, and cold resistant plants. But at the same time, it has negative impacts also. It is genetically unsafe, causing organ damage and allergic reactions in the digestive tract. The researchers are trying to do their best to produce crops with their desired characteristics by using molecular-level techniques.
Global developments of genome editing in agricultureOECD Environment
This presentation covers the scope of agricultural applications of genome editing by describing the relevance of these techniques to agriculture especially crop plants, farm animals as well as the foods and feeds derived from them.
Is there anything wrong with genetically modified crops ?BHU,Varanasi
As per United Nation’s projection the global population expected to become between 8.3 and 10.9 billion by 2050. While food production has increased accordingly, some 800 million people, primarily in the developing world, still do not have access to sufficient food. Forty thousand people die every day from malnutrition, over half being children under the age of 5. In addition to lack of food, deficiencies in micronutrients, such as vitamins and iron, leading to illness and death are widespread. To meet this challenge over the next 50 years, we must double-to-triple the production of food on, essentially, the same area of land in the face of decreasing water supplies and with respect to the environment. This will be made more difficult by the consequences of global warming, such as increased climatic variability, changing patterns of rainfall and new pests and diseases. At the same time there must be a cessation of wilderness erosion to protect biodiversity and maintain ecosystems. Since the 1970s, the world has also seen a revolution in our understanding of how organisms function at the molecular, biochemical and physiological level. An integral part of this revolution has been the development of technologies that allow the transfer of genes from one species to another using biotechnological tools and which has become an important field in the global market. Genetically modified (GM) crops involves the deliberate modification of plants and animals' genetic material using innovative recombinant DNA technology.It is believed that the application of biotechnology to agriculture—together with plant breeding and improved agricultural practice—may provide solutions to some of the challenges outlined above without jeopardizing the environment, cliamte, biodiversity and human well being . Feeding the increasing world population in a sustainable and nutritious manner is definite and commited role and at the same time assuming responsibility for fully evaluating any technology for future generations is another important task.As with many new technologies, people are keen to embrace the benefits but reluctant to accept potential risks. The manner of introduction of GM crops onto the market has led to widespread loss of public confidence, which has been exploited by non-representative groups and activists for their own political ends. Some hypothesised threats of GM crops to the environment are elevated as being more important than the security of mankind. And the future that the critics offer is bleak: hard-won knowledge is rejected in favour of ideology. They require an absolute safety guarantee for GM crops, but such a warranty cannot be given everything cannot be known about anything. There are mixed views, confusions and confidence about GM crops and their probable effect on soil-water-plant animal continuum system. Thus, a standard of absolute certainty will effectively stop the attainment of the benefits of this or any other technology.
THIS PRESENTATION IS MAINLY ON THE EFFECTS, AVAILABILITY, STATUS, SAFETY, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF GM CROPS IN MODERN LIFE. IT WILL HELP MANY STUDENTS TO STUDY ON THIS TOPIC IN FUTURE.
Any nutritious substance that people or animals eat or drink or those plants absorb in order to maintain life and growth is called Food. With the huge increasing population of the world, food production from natural resources could not meet their needs. So researchers move to produce more food using molecular-level techniques. This type of food is called genetically modified food (GM food), whose genetic material has been altered which is not present already in nature. GM food is made to increase nutrient content by alternation, has many advantages for humans as it increases the nutritional content and formation of pest, drought, herbicide, and cold resistant plants. But at the same time, it has negative impacts also. It is genetically unsafe, causing organ damage and allergic reactions in the digestive tract. The researchers are trying to do their best to produce crops with their desired characteristics by using molecular-level techniques.
Any nutritious substance that people or animals eat or drink or those plants absorb in order to maintain life and growth is called Food. With the huge increasing population of the world, food production from natural resources could not meet their needs. So researchers move to produce more food using molecular-level techniques. This type of food is called genetically modified food (GM food), whose genetic material has been altered which is not present already in nature. GM food is made to increase nutrient content by alternation, has many advantages for humans as it increases the nutritional content and formation of pest, drought, herbicide, and cold resistant plants. But at the same time, it has negative impacts also. It is genetically unsafe, causing organ damage and allergic reactions in the digestive tract. The researchers are trying to do their best to produce crops with their desired characteristics by using molecular-level techniques.
Global developments of genome editing in agricultureOECD Environment
This presentation covers the scope of agricultural applications of genome editing by describing the relevance of these techniques to agriculture especially crop plants, farm animals as well as the foods and feeds derived from them.
Is there anything wrong with genetically modified crops ?BHU,Varanasi
As per United Nation’s projection the global population expected to become between 8.3 and 10.9 billion by 2050. While food production has increased accordingly, some 800 million people, primarily in the developing world, still do not have access to sufficient food. Forty thousand people die every day from malnutrition, over half being children under the age of 5. In addition to lack of food, deficiencies in micronutrients, such as vitamins and iron, leading to illness and death are widespread. To meet this challenge over the next 50 years, we must double-to-triple the production of food on, essentially, the same area of land in the face of decreasing water supplies and with respect to the environment. This will be made more difficult by the consequences of global warming, such as increased climatic variability, changing patterns of rainfall and new pests and diseases. At the same time there must be a cessation of wilderness erosion to protect biodiversity and maintain ecosystems. Since the 1970s, the world has also seen a revolution in our understanding of how organisms function at the molecular, biochemical and physiological level. An integral part of this revolution has been the development of technologies that allow the transfer of genes from one species to another using biotechnological tools and which has become an important field in the global market. Genetically modified (GM) crops involves the deliberate modification of plants and animals' genetic material using innovative recombinant DNA technology.It is believed that the application of biotechnology to agriculture—together with plant breeding and improved agricultural practice—may provide solutions to some of the challenges outlined above without jeopardizing the environment, cliamte, biodiversity and human well being . Feeding the increasing world population in a sustainable and nutritious manner is definite and commited role and at the same time assuming responsibility for fully evaluating any technology for future generations is another important task.As with many new technologies, people are keen to embrace the benefits but reluctant to accept potential risks. The manner of introduction of GM crops onto the market has led to widespread loss of public confidence, which has been exploited by non-representative groups and activists for their own political ends. Some hypothesised threats of GM crops to the environment are elevated as being more important than the security of mankind. And the future that the critics offer is bleak: hard-won knowledge is rejected in favour of ideology. They require an absolute safety guarantee for GM crops, but such a warranty cannot be given everything cannot be known about anything. There are mixed views, confusions and confidence about GM crops and their probable effect on soil-water-plant animal continuum system. Thus, a standard of absolute certainty will effectively stop the attainment of the benefits of this or any other technology.
THIS PRESENTATION IS MAINLY ON THE EFFECTS, AVAILABILITY, STATUS, SAFETY, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF GM CROPS IN MODERN LIFE. IT WILL HELP MANY STUDENTS TO STUDY ON THIS TOPIC IN FUTURE.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
5. • Sustainability: Increasing yield stability under
different stress conditions, understanding of the
mechanisms that determine crop productivity, and
yield ).
• The biodiversity present in the region is a source of
important traits to improve cultivated plants. However,
most of this diversity (10% of the flora) is threatened by
genetic erosion
• Biotechnology could be one strategy to be adopted in
order to obtain suitable varieties with traits of interest
that will face the problems encountered in the field and to
satisfy the needs of the consumers
How to face the challenge ???
6. 21st Century Plants will be GM-
Plants
Agriculture Biotechnology
Medical Biotechnology
Industrial Biotechnology
Environmental Biotechnology
7. Biotechnology Definition (1992) :
Any technological application that uses biological systems,
living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify
products or processes for specific use.
8. Agricultural biotechnology is a collection of scientific techniques used to
improve plants, animals and microorganisms. Based on an understanding
of DNA, scientists have developed solutions to increase agricultural
productivity. Starting from the ability to identify genes that may confer
advantages on certain crops, and the ability to work with such
characteristics very precisely.
biotechnology enhances breeders’ ability to make improvements in
crops and livestock. Biotechnology enables improvements that are
not possible with traditional crossing of related species alone.
WHAT IS AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY?
9. Role of biotechnology for food security
Huge potential
IF
• properly integrated with other technologies
•accompanied by a systematic risk assessment
and management (biosafety system)
• used to address food security and other key
agriculture challenges of poor countries
After Sonnino 2003
10. HOW LONG HAS BIOTECHNOLOGY BEEN USED IN
AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION?
The first food product of biotechnology (an enzyme used
in cheese production and a yeast used for baking)
appeared on the market in 1990. Since 1995, farmers
have been growing GE crops. In 2003, 7 million farmers
in 18 countries—more than 85 percent of them resource-
poor farmers in the developing world—were planting
biotech crops. Almost one third of the global biotech crop
area was grown in developing countries.
11. HOW IS AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
USED?
Genetic engineering: Scientists have learned how to
move genes from one organism to another. This has
been called genetic modification (GM), genetic
engineering (GE) or genetic improvement (GI).
Regardless of the name, the process allows the transfer
of useful characteristics (such as resistance to a disease)
into a plant, animal or microorganism by inserting
genes (DNA) from another organism. Virtually all
crops improved with transferred DNA (often called
GM crops or GMOs) to date have been developed to
aid farmers to increase productivity by reducing crop
damage from weeds, diseases or insects.
12. Desired gene
Traditional plant breeding
DNA is a strand of genes,
much like a strand of
pearls. Traditional plant
breeding combines many
genes at once.
Traditional donor Commercial variety New variety
Desired Gene
X =
(crosses)
(many genes are transferred)
Plant biotechnology
Using plant biotechnology,
a single gene may be
added to the strand.
Desired gene Commercial variety New variety
(transfers)
=
Desired gene
(only desired gene is transferred)
12
13.
14. Depending on where and for
what purpose a transgenic
plant can:
1. Result in higher yield.
2. Result in improved
quality.
3. Confer pest or disease
resistance.
4. Confer tolerance to heat,
cold and drought.
Provides an answer to Rachel Carson’s “Silent Spring” which alerted
people to the dangers of chemical pesticides.
16. Field Releases—PHENOTYPIC CATEGORIES
30%
6%
10%
29%
4%
15%
6%
Herbicide tolerant
Agronomic
properties
Viral resistant
Insect resistant
Fungal resistant
Product quality
Other*
MOST FREQUENT CATEGORIES
March1987–June 2002
*marker genes, selectable markers, and
bacterial- and nematode resistant phenotypes
Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture
Most Frequent Categories
17.
18. Food safety
• Control of food supply
• Biodiversity loss via super-monoculture
• Biodiversity risk via interbreeding
• Non-target impacts (beneficial insects,…)
– Gene hopping, transgenic “monsters”
• Fear of the unknown
• It’s not a ‘natural’ process
Major GMO Concerns
19. More abundant and healthy food
• Less dependence on pesticides
• Decreased production risks for farmers:
frost damage, pest and disease damage,
higher yields
• More agricultural yield per land mass to feed
a hungry, growing world population;
• More precise than traditional
breeding techniques
Major GMO Promises
24. 34%
54%
52%
71%
Heard little or nothing Heard some or a lot
November 2001 survey by Council for Biotechnology Information
24
Percentage who support biotechnology to ...
Develop new
varieties of crops
Genetically
modify foods
30. Bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis produces protein, delta-
endotoxin, that is toxic to insects in orders Lepidoptera,
Coleoptera (beetles)
- Bt toxin in form of powder used as insecticide spray → applied
to leaves where larvae feed on
2. Toxin binds to specific receptors in gut and insects stops eating.
Mode of action:
1. Insect eats Bt crystals (•◊) and bacterial
spores. Bt crystals dissolve at high pH in insect gut.
3. Toxin causes the gut wall to break down, allowing spores and
normal gut bacteria to enter the body.
4. Insect dies
What is Bt and how does it work?
31. Bt crystal proteins use
In agriculture
Bt Sprays Isolated and
Purified Bt crystal proteins,
Break down in sunlight,
Requires several Applications ,
Controls
Surface feeding insects only
And not burrowed insects,
Expensive and used for high
Value crops only
Bt deltaendotoxins
Engineered into crops , genes
Are modified to ensure
Stable expression within the
plant, No need for sprays,Can
control burrowed Insects ,Cheaper
and easier To handle
36. Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins:
specificit
Each type of δ-endotoxin is active
against a limited range of insects,
e.g…
Cry5 Lepidoptera/Coleoptera
Cry4 Diptera
Cry3 Coleoptera
Cry2 Lepidoptera/Diptera
Cry1 Lepidoptera
Specific toxins bind to different receptors in insect mid-gut (forming
large pores leading to cell lyses) have low toxicity against most insects +
stomach poison so uptake greatest by phytophagous insects
38. Assessment of the application of some
biological agents for control main pests in
potato crops in Egypt and Czech Republic .
39. Overwinters as an
adult in and around
potato fields
2 generations per year
with a third in some
years
Both adult and larva
feed
Female lays 300-500
eggs
Implicated as a vector
but not yet confirmed
larva
larval feeding
42. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Superior
NewLeaf Superior
Premix diet
Days since ecdysis to the penultimate
instar
M
ean
body
weight
(g)
43. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
0
10
20
30
40
Superior
NewLeaf Superior
Days since ecdysis to the penultimate instar
%
of
mortality
44.
45.
46. Crops and foods improved through
biotechnology are subjected to more extensive
and detailed prior scrutiny than any others in
history
Conclusion
50. Scientific community
Could play a greater role in public discussion of
issues and by generating new knowledge.
Need agreement between science and society
as to what are the critical gaps in knowledge
Pursue additional, well-targeted research to
resolve some of the issues
Future perspectives
51. Countries and societies ultimately must assess the benefits
and risks for themselves and make their own decisions.
The international development community should stand
ready to respond to countries calling for safe access to these
technologies.
Specifically, it should be prepared to meet requests to fund
the development of safe transgenics with pro-poor traits and
to underwrite the high initial costs for their testing and
release.
If a new wave of safe and pro-poor technologies is
developed and accepted, the regulatory costs should fall
sharply.
