History and scope of biotechnology

1. History and Scope
of Biotechnology
Dr.E.Gayathiri
Department of Plant Biology and Plant Biotechnology
Guru Nanak College, Chennai

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVE
• BASIC CONCEPT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
• TYPES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
• HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
• APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

3. Scope of Biotechnology
• Biotechnology includes technique that uses living
organisms, or parts of such organisms,
• To make products
• To improve plants or animals
• To develop microorganisms for specific use.

4. Scope of Biotechnology
• Biotechnology is a mix of disciplines
•Genetics
•Molecular Biology
•Biochemistry
•Embryology
•Cell biology
•Linked with chemical engineering,
•Information technology
•Robotics.

5. Scope of Biotechnology
• Modern biotechnology - Integration of new with approaches of traditional
Biotechnology such as
•Plant breeding
•Animal breeding
•Food production
•Fermentation products and processes
•Production of pharmaceuticals and fertilizers.

6. Branches of Biotechnology
• The definition of biotechnology can be further divided into different
areas known as
• Red biotechnology
• Green biotechnology
• Blue biotechnology
• White Biotechnology

7. RED BIOTECHNOLOGY
• Red biotechnology
(Bio-pharmaceutical) is a process
that utilizes organisms to improve
health care and help the body to fight
diseases.
It is a branch of modern
biotechnology that is utilized in the
field of medicine.
Source: its applications ... attemptnwin.com

8. Green Biotechnology
• It is the use of
genetically altered
plants or animals to
produce more
environmentally-
friendly farming
solutions
Sourcehttps://www.biotechonweb.com/branches-of-biotech.html

9. Blue biotechnology
• Biotechnology
using aquatic
organisms - think
'blue' for the
water that these
organisms live in.
Source: https://www.slideshare.net/manjeshsaakre/blue-biotechnology

10. WhiteBiotechnology
• White (also called gray)
biotechnology involves industrial
processes such as the production of
new chemicals or the development of
new fuels for vehicles.
• White biotechnology – also
meaning Industrial Biotechnology

11. Types of Biotechnology
• A distinction is made between non-gene biotechnology and 'gene biotechnology
• Gene biotechnology: Gene biotechnology deals with genes,
the transfer of genes from one organism to another and
genetic engineering.
• Non-gene biotechnology: Non-gene biotechnology works
with whole cells, tissues or even individual organisms.

12. • (i) Genomics:
• Genomics is the study of all the genetic material in an animal, plant or
microbe. (famous- Human Genome Project)
• It helps in investigating genetic composition of the animal, plant or
microbe to generate innovative products and techniques
Eg: Stress-tolerant crop varieties
Genetic sequence of rice to boost its Vitamin A
Pharmacogenomics
Key components of Modern Biotechnology
Source: Hype When It Comes To Genomics Research forbes.comPersonal Genomics and Your Health ... online.stanford.edu

13. • Key components of ModernBiotechnology
• Bioinformatics
• The assembly of data from genomic analysis into accessible forms,
involving the application of information technology to analyze and
manage large data sets resulting from gene sequencing or related
techniques.
• It is a new science that combines the concepts of life sciences to solve
biological problems Eg: Maize and Citrus Species
Source:Bioinformatics: Introduction and ...coursera.org

14. • Key components of Modern Biotechnology
• Bioinformatics
• The IRRI (Philippines)- Worked on the complete genome of Rice.
• Brazilian scientists have already completed the gene sequence of X.fastidiosa, a
plant pathogen that infects Citrus plants.
• Teams from many worked on sequencing all 840 million base pairs of DNA on
Potato's 12 chromosomes.
Source:Emerging Fungal Diseases of Citrus ...
intechopen.com, Golden Rice ; Potentially Most Valuable ...
shaileshsaxena.blogspot.com, EEUU: Genetic Engineering and Risk in ...
argenpapa.com.ar

15. • (iii) Transformation:
• Plant transformation is a way to insert gene of interest (part of DNA) from one
organism to another organism
• Eg: Stilbene synthase from Grape into Tomato (to enable the production
resveratrol)
• .
Key components of Modern Biotechnology
Source: SlideShare

16. • Molecular breeding:
• Identification and evaluation of useful traits in breeding programs by the use of marker-
assisted selection (MAS)
• Molecular breeding is of very recent origin. It developed In the 1980s with the
evolution of DNA marker technologies.
• Molecular breeding has two distinct branches
• (i) Molecular marker technology and
• (ii) Transformation technology.
Key components of Modern Biotechnology

17. • Key components of Modern Biotechnology
Vaccine technology
• The use of modem immunology to develop recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid
(rDNA) vaccines for improved control of livestock and fish diseases.
• Eg: Plant based vaccines (administered orally or to other mucosal surfaces)
Source: The Biology Notes

18. History of Biotechnology
Plant breeding 12,000 years ago
Source:https://european-seed.com/2016/05/much-plant-breeding-innovation-politically-intended/

19. History of Biotechnology
• 8,000 B.C Bread-making wheat grown in Egypt, rice cultivated in
China
• 4,000-10,000 B.C All major food crops being cultivated in Eurasia
and in Americas. i.e. Potato, Wheat, Pea, Sunflower, Millet
• 10,000 Babylonians use selective breeding techniques with date
palm (870 BC)

20. History of Biotechnology
• 1859 Charles Darwin publishes the theory of evolution by natural selection
• 1865 Gregor Mendel discovers the laws of inheritance by studying flowers in
his garden. The science of genetic begins.
• 1923 Russet Burbank hybrid potato launched
• 1933 First hybrid maize variety launched in USA
• Green revolution (1960-1970)
• 1902 Gottlieb Haberlandt proposed that all cells are totipotent

21. History of Biotechnology
• 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick describe the double helical
structure of DNA.
• 1972 Paul Berg discovery restriction enzymes cut and splice genetic
material in a very specifically way.
• 1973 Cohen and Boyer created the first recombinant DNA using
bacterial genes. The era of recombinant DNA technology begins.

22. History of Biotechnology
• 1983 First GM plants: -
: resistant to kanamycin and to methotrexate
: resistant to kanamycin
• : containing a gene from French bean
• First GM plants in field in the UK.
• 1990 The first field trial of GM cotton

23. History of Biotechnology
• 1992 FDA (Food and Drug Administration) decided GM foods would
be regulated as conventional foods.
• 1994 Flavr Savr Tomato - the first GM food to be approved for sale in
the U.S.
First large-scale cultivation of GM soybean and maize

24. History of Biotechnology
Arabidopsis genome sequence completed.
NCFAP studied six biotech crops planted in the United States—
soybeans, maize, cotton, papaya, squash, and canola.
The International Rice Genome Sequencing Project, a 10- nation
publicly funded effort
First generation Golden rice field trial.

25. Application of Biotechnology
• HEAL THE WORLD
• Reducing rates of infectious disease
• Saving millions of children's lives
• Changing the odds of serious, life-threatening conditions affecting millions
around the world
• Tailoring treatments to individuals to minimize health risks and side effects
• Creating more precise tools for disease detection
• Combating serious illnesses and everyday threats confronting the developing
world.

26. • FUEL THE WORLD
• Streamlining the steps in chemical manufacturing processes by
80% or more;
• Using biofuels to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 52% or more
• Decreasing water usage and waste generation
Application of Biotechnology

27. Thank You
Source: https://www.bio.org/what-biotechnology