This document discusses molecular pharming, which uses plants or other organisms as bioreactors for producing commercially valuable products through recombinant DNA techniques. It defines molecular pharming and farming and describes the process of transforming organisms with genes for a target product and extracting the product. The history of major developments is reviewed. Advantages include low cost large-scale production, but biosafety issues include gene pollution and ensuring product safety. Containment strategies and alternative production methods aim to address these risks. Overall, molecular farming provides opportunities for economical mass production if risks to health and environment can be adequately managed.

1. Molecular
Pharming
Presented by: C.G.O. Gaas
Introduction to Biotechnology
Chemical Engineering Department
CIT-University

2. Molecular Pharming
History and Definition
How is it done?
Advantages and Disadvantages
Examples and its Applications
Biosafety Issues of Molecular Faming

3. What is Molecular Pharming?
The use of whole organisms, organs, tissues or
cells, or cell cultures, as bio-reactors for the
production of commercially valuable products
via recombinant DNA techniques.

4. Difference between Molecular pharming and
Molecular farming
Molecular pharming
-It is defined as the production
of active pharmaceutical
substances in genetically
modified organisms
(GMOs).
-Plants are preferred as plants
do not carry pathogens. Still the
safety of GMO is a concern.
-First plant derived
pharmaceutical protein is serum
albumin.
Molecular farming
It is defined as the use of
genetically modified
organisms (GMOs) as a
production platform for
renewable raw materials,
fine chemicals and
dietary
supplements

5. History
•
1986
First plant -derived recombinant therapeutic proteinhuman GH in tobacco & sunflower. (A. Barta, D. Thompson et al.)
•
1989 First plant -derived recombinant antibody – full-sized IgG in
tobacco. (A. Hiatt, K. Bowdish)
•
1990 First native human protein produced in plants –
human serum albumin in tobacco & potato. (P. C. Sijmons et al.)
•
1992 First native human protein produced in plants –
human serum albumin in tobacco & potato. (P. C. Sijmons et al.)
•
1995
First plant derived industrial enzyme – α-amylase in tobacco.
(J.Pen, L. Molendijk et al.)

6. History
•
1996 First plant derivedprotein polymer
tobacco. (X. Zhang, D. W. Urry, H. Daniel)
–
artificial
elastin
•
1997
•
1997 Commercial production of avidin in maize.(E. E. Hood et al.)
•
2000
•
2003 Human GH produced in tobacco chloroplast.(J. M. Staub et al.)
Expression and assembly of a functional antibody in algae
Commercial production of bovine trypsin in maize.(S. L. Woodard )
First clinical trial using recombinant bacterial
delivered in a transgenic potato. (C. O. Tacket et al.)
in
antigen
Human GH produced in tobacco chloroplast.(J. M. Staub et al.)

7. How is it done?
A DNA molecule carrying the
genetic information for a
pharmaceutical substance is
introduced into the plant genome.
This process (1) is called
transformation. The genes can be
incorporated permanently (stable
transformation) or for a short period
of time (transient transformation).
The transformed plant acts as a
bioreactor producing large
quantities of the pharmaceutical
using its protein making machinery
(2). Through industrial processing,
the pharmaceutically active
substance is extracted from the
plant (3) and made into in a
formulated product (4), for
example a pill.

9. How is it done?
Virus (left) with
genetic material
inside and surface
proteins (green
and orange) on
the outside. Viruslike particle (on
the right) without
genetic material
and some virus
surface proteins
(green)

10. Pharming General Strategy
• Clone a gene of interest
• Transform the host
platform species
• Grow the host species,
recover biomass
• Process biomass
• Purify product of interest
• Deliver product of interest

11. Comparison of different Pharming production systems

12. Molecular Pharming and Farming Applications
Parental therapeutics
and pharmaceutical
intermediates
Industrial proteins
and enzymes
Biopolymers
Monoclonal antibodies
Antigens for edible
vaccines

17. Biosafety Issues on Pharming
• Gene and
Protein
Pollution
• Product
Safety

18. Transgene Pollution
Transgene pollution is the spread of transgenes
beyond the intended genetically-modified species by
natural gene flow mechanisms.
Two classes of transgene pollution:
• The possible spread of primary transgenes.
• The possible spread of superfluous DNA
sequences.

19. Transgene Pollution Mechanism
Vertical gene transfer
• Vertical gene transfer is the movement of DNA between plants that are
at least partially sexually compatible.
• Most prevalent form of transgene pollution.
• Occurs predominantly via the dispersal of transgenic pollen/seed
dispersal.
Horizontal gene transfer
• Horizontal gene transfer is the movement of genes between species
that are not sexually compatible and may belong to very different
taxonomic groups.
• The process is common in bacteria (Agrobacterium tumefaciens and
related species), resulting in the transfer of plasmid-borne antibiotic
resistance traits.
• Antibiotic resistance markers and transgenes encoding pharmaceutical
proteins could be acquired by human pathogens.

20. Product safety
• The purified protein may be contaminated with
toxic substances from the plant or applied to the
plant, e.g. plant derived metabolites, allergens, field
chemicals (e.g. herbicides, pesticides, fungicides),
fertilizers, dung and manure.
• The product itself, due to intrinsic properties, may be
harmful.

21. Transgene pollution –possible solutions
• Minimum required genetic modification.
• Elimination of non-essential genetic information.
• Containment of essential transgenes. (Physical or artificial)
-Maintained in green house
-Concealing flowers/fruits in plastic bags in field
-Isolation
-Barrier crops
• Alternative production systems
-transient expression.
-Plant suspension cultures in sealed, sterile
reactor vessels. (Fischer et al., 1999a; Doran, 2000)

22. Perspectives on Molecular Pharming
• Use of virus infected plants is best approach for molecular
farming
• Molecular farming provides an opportunity for the economical
and large-scale production of pharmaceuticals, industrial
enzymes and technical proteins that are currently produced
at great expense and in small quantities.
• We must ensure that these benefits are not outweighed by
risks to human health and the environment

23. Thank you for listening. . . . 