Grounded theory is a systematic qualitative research methodology that focuses on generating theory from data. It involves iterative collection and analysis of data to develop conceptual categories. The researcher codes data to identify concepts and looks for relationships between concepts to develop a theoretical understanding grounded in the views of participants. Key aspects of grounded theory include constant comparison of data, memo writing to develop ideas about codes and relationships, and allowing theory to emerge from the data rather than testing a pre-existing hypothesis. The goal is to develop a theory that explains processes, actions or interactions for a particular topic.
Definition
A procedure used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data.
This is done due to the fact that it is believed that both types of studies will provided a clearer understanding of what is being studied.
“It consists of merging ,integrating ,linking ,or embedding the two “strands””(Ceswell,2012).
A comprehensive presentation based on a qualitative research methodology 'Grounded Theory, presented at Government College University Lahore, Pakistan.
Data collection is a one of the major important topic in research study, It should be clear and understandable to all students, especially in graduate studies
Grounded Theory: A specific methodology developed by Glaser and Strauss (1967) for the purpose of building theory from data. In their book the term grounded theory is used in a more sense to denote theoretical constructs derived form qualitative analysis of data.
Definition
A procedure used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data.
This is done due to the fact that it is believed that both types of studies will provided a clearer understanding of what is being studied.
“It consists of merging ,integrating ,linking ,or embedding the two “strands””(Ceswell,2012).
A comprehensive presentation based on a qualitative research methodology 'Grounded Theory, presented at Government College University Lahore, Pakistan.
Data collection is a one of the major important topic in research study, It should be clear and understandable to all students, especially in graduate studies
Grounded Theory: A specific methodology developed by Glaser and Strauss (1967) for the purpose of building theory from data. In their book the term grounded theory is used in a more sense to denote theoretical constructs derived form qualitative analysis of data.
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Grounded Theory in 20 Minutes: An Introduction by Betty AdamouBetty Adamou
This is a quick Introduction to Grounded Theory.
Warning: contains swear/curse words which some people may find offensive.
So if anyone is studying, and trying to use something called "Grounded Theory", and would like an introduction instead of reading a ton of books and getting boggled (although you should still read a ton of GOOD books and papers on the subject!), I've developed a fun introduction to Grounded Theory. Featuring: babies, cats, Hermione and Daniel-san.
ENJOY!
Why was this created? As a Phd student using Grounded Theory, my Director of Studies was interested to see how I am understanding Grounded Theory, from papers and books I have read in the area. So I produced this presentation to translate and communicate my knowledge and then I thought, "why not share this with my fellow PhD students??"
This presentation is not a formal part of my PhD and is not endorsed by my University.
When was this presented? This has never been formally presented, but I made this in July 2015.
This presentation has NOT been endorsed or supported in any way by the University of Winchester, any of its staff or affiliates.
Nursing research is research that provides evidence used to support nursing practices. Nursing, as an evidence-based area of practice, has been developing since the time of Florence Nightingale to the present day, where many nurses now work as researchers based in universities as well as in the health care setting.
This presentation discusses about content analysis, its use, Types, Advantages, Issues of Reliability & Validity, Problems, Quantitative content analysis, coding, Qualitative content analysis, Creative synthesis, Data reduction and Constant comparison.,
Descriptive and interpretive approaches to qualitative researchStutty Srivastava
It's a presentation on one of the most cited articles on qualitative research by Robert Elliot and Ladislav Timulak to have an understanding on how qualitative research is done using interpretive approach. You can easily access the full article on google search. In case you need the presentation, post your mail id in comments. Thanks!
Introduction
In life, there are universal laws that govern everything we do. These laws are so perfect that if you were to align yourself with them, you could have so much prosperity that it would be coming out of your ears. This is because God created the universe in the image and likeness of him. It is failure to follow the universal laws that causes one to fail. The laws that were created consisted of the following: ·
Law of Gratitude: The Law of Gratitude states that you must show gratitude for what you have. By having gratitude, you speed your growth and success faster than you normally would. This is because if you appreciate the things you have, even if they are small things, you are open to receiving more.
Law of Attraction: The Law of Attraction states that if you focus your attention on something long enough you will get it. It all starts in the mind. You think of something and when you think of it, you manifest that in your life. This could be a mental picture of a check or actual cash, but you think about it with an image.
Law of Karma: the Law of Karma states that if you go out and do something bad, it will come back to you with something bad. If you do well for others, good things happen to you. The principle here is to know you can create good or bad through your actions. There will always be an effect no matter what.
Law of Love: the Law of Love states that love is more than emotion or feeling; it is energy. It has substance and can be felt. Love is also considered acceptance of oneself or others. This means that no matter what you do in life if you do not approach or leave the situation out of love, it won't work.
Law of Allowing: The Law of Allowing states that for us to get what we want, we must be receptive to it. We can't merely say to the Universe that we want something if we don't allow ourselves to receive it. This will defeat our purpose for wanting it in the first place.
Law of Vibration: the Law of Vibration states that if you wish on something and use your thoughts to visualize it, you are halfway there to get it. To complete the cycle you must use the Law of Vibration to feel part of what you want. Do this and you'll have anything you want in life.
For everything to function properly there has to be structure. Without structure, our world, or universe, would be in utter chaos. Successful people understand universal laws and apply them daily. They may not acknowledge that to you, but they do follow the laws. There is a higher power and this higher power controls the universe and what we get out of it. People who know this, but wish to direct their own lives, follow the reasons. Successful people don't sit around and say "I'll try," they say yes and act on it.
Chapter - 1
The Law of Attraction
The law of attraction is the most powerful force in the universe. If you work against it, it can only bring you pain and misery. Successful people know this but have kept it hidden from the lower class for centuries because th
Action research is a philosophy and methodology of research generally applied in the social sciences. It seeks trasformative change through the simultaneous process of taking action and doing research which are linked together by critical reflection
Introduction
In life, there are universal laws that govern everything we do. These laws are so perfect that if you were to align yourself with them, you could have so much prosperity that it would be coming out of your ears. This is because God created the universe in the image and likeness of him. It is failure to follow the universal laws that causes one to fail. The laws that were created consisted of the following: ·
Law of Gratitude: The Law of Gratitude states that you must show gratitude for what you have. By having gratitude, you speed your growth and success faster than you normally would. This is because if you appreciate the things you have, even if they are small things, you are open to receiving more.
Law of Attraction: The Law of Attraction states that if you focus your attention on something long enough you will get it. It all starts in the mind. You think of something and when you think of it, you manifest that in your life. This could be a mental picture of a check or actual cash, but you think about it with an image.
Law of Karma: the Law of Karma states that if you go out and do something bad, it will come back to you with something bad. If you do well for others, good things happen to you. The principle here is to know you can create good or bad through your actions. There will always be an effect no matter what.
Law of Love: the Law of Love states that love is more than emotion or feeling; it is energy. It has substance and can be felt. Love is also considered acceptance of oneself or others. This means that no matter what you do in life if you do not approach or leave the situation out of love, it won't work.
Law of Allowing: The Law of Allowing states that for us to get what we want, we must be receptive to it. We can't merely say to the Universe that we want something if we don't allow ourselves to receive it. This will defeat our purpose for wanting it in the first place.
Law of Vibration: the Law of Vibration states that if you wish on something and use your thoughts to visualize it, you are halfway there to get it. To complete the cycle you must use the Law of Vibration to feel part of what you want. Do this and you'll have anything you want in life.
For everything to function properly there has to be structure. Without structure, our world, or universe, would be in utter chaos. Successful people understand universal laws and apply them daily. They may not acknowledge that to you, but they do follow the laws. There is a higher power and this higher power controls the universe and what we get out of it. People who know this, but wish to direct their own lives, follow the reasons. Successful people don't sit around and say "I'll try," they say yes and act on it.
Chapter - 1
The Law of Attraction
The law of attraction is the most powerful force in the universe. If you work against it, it can only bring you pain and misery. Successful people know this but have kept it hidden from the lower class for centuries because th
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
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It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
3. TRUE OR FALSE
•
•
•
•
It requires us to ask analytic questions
You start this process as soon as you finish
collecting data
GT is a systematic methodology that involves
the generation of theory from data
In GT you, first, code the data; then, you
group the information into concepts and
finally, theory emerge.
4. o
Grounded Theory
Defining
Grounded Theory: the systematic
generation of theory from systematic
research; a set of rigorous research
procedures leading to the emergence
of conceptual categories
5. Key definitions
Creswell (2009), “a qualitative strategy of inquiry in
which the researcher derives a general, abstract
theory of process, action, or interaction grounded in
the views of participants in a study.” (p. 13 & 229)
This process involves using multiple stages of data
collection and the refinement and interrelationships of
categories of information (Charmaz, 2006; Strauss
and Corbin, 1990, 1998).
6. Grounded Theory
Characteristics
- Purpose is to develop to theory
about phenomenon of interest
- should be grounded or rooted in
observation
o
- Allows researcher to seek out and
conceptualize latent social patterns
and structures through constant
comparisons
8. o
Grounded Theory
Glaserian Hallmarks
- Researcher must suspend existing
beliefs/preconceptions, remain
open, and trust in the emergence of
concepts from the data
9. Consist of 4 stages
Compare incidents (tentative catg)
Compar Changes (integrating)
Delimitation of the theory (reducing similar)
Forming Systematic substantive theory (reasonable accurate
statement)
10.
11. Grounded Theory
Stages/Steps
Topic selection and preparation
- minimize preconceptions
- Do not do a literature review at
this point!
1.
Data collection
- a variety of methods can be used
14. o
1.
Grounded Theory
Stages/Steps
Analysis
c. Ask 3 general questions of the
data:
1. What is the data a study of?
2. What category does this
incident indicate?
3. What is actually happening in
the data?
15. Grounded Theory
Stages/Steps
4. Memoing
memos: theorizing write-up of ideas
about codes and their relationships
- notes to yourself
o
* Data collection, analysis, and
memoing are ongoing and overlap
17. Grounded Theory
Stages/Steps
5. Sorting and Theoretical Outline:
refers to conceptual sorting of
memos into an outline of the
emergent theory, showing
relationships and concepts
o
6. Write up/report
18. o
Grounded Theory
The Literature
1. Avoid reading literature regarding
the specifics of your study at first,
rather read broadly
2. Access relevant literature as it
becomes relevant
3. Can be used as data
19. CODING
(Charmaz, K. 2007)
Coding means categorizing segments of data
with a short name that simultaneously
summarizes and accounts for each piece of
data. Your codes show how to select,
separate, and sort data to begin an analytic
accounting of them.
20. CODING
Naming segments of data to categorize,
summarize and account for data
Generates the bones of your analysis
Basis to build the analysis
Make your codes fit your data rather than forcing
your data to fit them
21. Coding is the pivotal link between collecting
data and developing and emergent theory to
explain these data. Through coding, you
define what is happening in the data and
begin to grapple with what it means.
22. Types of coding
OPEN CODING
“the process of breaking down, examining,
comparing, conceptualizing, and categorizing
data” (p. 61
AXIAL CODING
SELECTIVE CODING
relates categories to subcategories, specifies the
properties and dimensions of a category, and
reassembles the data you have fractured during
initial coding to give coherence to the emerging
analysis
It is “the process of selecting the core
category, systematically relating it to
other categories, validating those
relationships, and filling in categories that
need further refinement and
development” (p. 116)
23. INITIAL CODING
Remain open
Stay close to the data
Keep your codes simple and precise
Construct short codes
Preserve actions
Compare data with data
Move quickly through the data
24. Focused coding
Using the most significant and/or frequent earlier
codes to sift through large amounts of data.
Making decisions about which ininitail codes
make the most analytic sense to categorize
your data completely.
25. Theoretical coding
Finding coding families
One of the most problematic areas, particularly for novice researchers, is the
theoretical coding process which includes finding the theoretical code that
willinteg rate the emerg ing substantive theory
“Substantive codes conceptualize the empiricalsubstance of the area of
research. Theoretical codes conceptualizehow the substantive codes may
relate to each other as hypothesesto be integ rated into the theory”
(Glaser, 1978, p. 55)
Substantivecodes break down (fracture the data) while theoretical codes
“weave the fractured story back tog ether ag ain” (Glaser, 1978, p.72) into
“an org anized whole theory (Glaser, 1998, p. 163).
Theoretical codes must not be preconceived, ratherthey are emerg ent in the
data, and therefore, “earn their way intothe theory as much as
substantive codes” (Glaser, 1998, p. 164).
26. Which questions do grounded theorists
use when coding data?
•
•
•
•
What is happening? (Glaser, 1978)
What theoretical category does this datum
indicate? (Glaser, 1978)
What does the data suggest? Pronounce?
From whose point of view?
27. CODING AND CATEGORIES in the diagnostic stage
CODING
CATEGORIES
Lack of listening
SKILLS
Oral production reading & writing
SKILLS
Ss attendance
ATTITUDE
Relationship
ATTITUDE
Improve my teaching
STRATEGIES
Learning strategies & writing
STRATEGIES
Mistakes
GRAMMAR
Lack of grammar
GRAMMAR
verb agreement
GRAMMAR
28. Problems when coding
Coding at too general a level
Identifying topics instead of actions and
processes
Overlooking how people construct actions
Attending to disciplinary or personal rather than
participants’ concerns
Coding out of context
Using codes to summarize not to analyze
29. Categories and codes for the implementation stage
sub categories
Teachers’ perceptions about how students view of English class
ss feelings with each other and the teacher
lack of motivation
Rapport
Negative Reaction about the
language
ss negative reactions to the language
lack of commitment led to bad performance
commitment
ss' commitment caused good results
Teachers' desire for improvement
teachers' desire for self-improvement
improvement
teachers' desire to improve their classes
reflect on becoming updated
Reflect
Teachers reflecting about ss' needs
reflect on ss' profile
teachers' development of autonomy in ss
development
30. INTERPRETATION
GRAMMAR
It refers to the order of the words within a sentence.
Teachers mentioned that students needed to improve in accuracy
SAMPLE
K EQ2
Students had some mistakes during the activities in written exercises
C EQ3
Ss present problems when working with Passive/clauses/P. perfect
C EQ2
They had terrible bases. No grammar, nothing
INTERPRETATION
The data suggest that teachers are still focusing on grammar and the
importance of accuracy when teaching or using a skill.
Teachers never mentioned that due to the fact that learners showed problems
with grammar that they were not able to convey feeling or thoughts. However,
this comes to show us that teachers are still not aware that the Institution
implements the communicative approach.