This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods. It discusses that qualitative research relies on linguistic data and meaning-based analysis rather than numerical data and statistics. The document outlines several types of qualitative research designs including grounded theory, empirical phenomenology, and interpretative phenomenological analysis. It also discusses important aspects of qualitative research such as conducting a literature review, developing open-ended exploratory research questions, collecting data through interviews and observations, and analyzing data through categorization and interpreting results. The goal of qualitative research is to provide an in-depth understanding of phenomena through rich description rather than making generalized inferences.
A comprehensive presentation based on a qualitative research methodology 'Grounded Theory, presented at Government College University Lahore, Pakistan.
A comprehensive presentation based on a qualitative research methodology 'Grounded Theory, presented at Government College University Lahore, Pakistan.
Quantitative Methods of Research-Intro to research
Once a researcher has written the research question, the next step is to determine the appropriate research methodology necessary to study the question. The three main types of research design methods are qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods.
Quantitative research involves the systematic collection and analysis of data.
Ethical Considerations of a Qualitative Research N. Mach
Ethical Considerations can be specified as one of the most important parts of the research. ... Research participants should not be subjected to harm in any way whatsoever. Respect for the dignity of research participants should be prioritized. Full consent should be obtained from the participants prior to the study. (Research Methodology)
By the end of this presentation you should be able to:
Describe the justification of qualitative Sampling Techniques
Understand different types of Sampling Techniques
Quantitative Methods of Research-Intro to research
Once a researcher has written the research question, the next step is to determine the appropriate research methodology necessary to study the question. The three main types of research design methods are qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods.
Quantitative research involves the systematic collection and analysis of data.
Ethical Considerations of a Qualitative Research N. Mach
Ethical Considerations can be specified as one of the most important parts of the research. ... Research participants should not be subjected to harm in any way whatsoever. Respect for the dignity of research participants should be prioritized. Full consent should be obtained from the participants prior to the study. (Research Methodology)
By the end of this presentation you should be able to:
Describe the justification of qualitative Sampling Techniques
Understand different types of Sampling Techniques
Week Two Homework ExercisePSYCH610 Version 12Universi.docxalanfhall8953
Week Two Homework Exercise
PSYCH/610 Version 1
2
University of Phoenix Material
Week Two Homework Exercise
Answer the following questions covering material from Ch. 1–5 of Methods in Behavioral Research:
1. A researcher is interested in studying the effects of different levels of distraction—none, low, and high—on scores on a test of visual memory. Participants are randomly assigned to one of three conditions: no distraction, low distraction, or high distraction. All participants engage in a test of visual memory. What is the independent variable? What is the dependent variable? What is the purpose of random assignment to groups? What is the purpose of random assignment to groups?
2. Define theory and explain its function. How does theory relate to the practice of psychology?
3. Define hypothesis and provide an example.
4. Describe the content that should appear in a well-written informed consent form for a research study. Why is it important to obtain informed consent? What are the three principles outlined by the Belmont Report? What additional concerns do you have (if any) when obtaining consent from a minor?
5. What is the function of an institutional review board?
6. What is an operational definition of a variable? How might the variable sense of humor be defined operationally? (2 points)
7. Complete Table 4.1 on p. 72 of the text. For each of the eight examples listed, determine whether a positive, negative, or curvilinear relationship exists.
Positive
Negative
Curvilinear
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4
Example 5
Example 6
Example 7
Example 8
8. Define reliability as it relates to measurement of behavior.
9. Define and describe scales of measurement.
10. What is the difference between construct validity, internal validity, and external validity?
11. What is the difference between correlation and causation? How are third variables controlled for?
ACT500: Research Evaluation Tables
Article 1: Measuring Performance
Insert reference in APA formatting, 6th ed. 4th printing
Research Topic
The topic is a broad subject. The topic is not the problem to be solved; that comes later. Example: Balanced Scorecard
Problem or Opportunity
The problem is established with factual data and is found in the introductory portion of the research article or report.
Purpose for the Research
The purpose of the study defines what the researcher wants to find out and is found in the introductory section of the research article. Sometimes the purpose contains a research question/s.
Research Methods
A researcher makes a decision about the broad nature of a research approach: typically quantitative/confirmatory or qualitative/exploratory. Research design strategies are driven by the chosen research approach and the research purpose. Research design strategies include: types of data collected, how the data is collected, and what preparation of data is used, analytical techniques, and presentation o.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2. Qualitative Research Methods are all those
methods that rely on linguistic rather than
numerical data, and employ meaning based
rather than statistical forms of data analysis.
- Polkinghorne,1983
3. emphasis on understanding phenomena in
their own right
open, exploratory research
unlimited, emergent description options
use of a special strategies for enhancing the
credibility of design and analyses
definition of success conditions in terms of
discovering something new
- Elliot , 1999
4. GROUNDED THEORY
EMPIRICAL PHENOMENOLOGY
HERMENEUTIC – INTERPRETIVE RESEARCH
INTERPRETATIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
CONCENSUAL QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
5. Should we read the available literature first
before getting into the field?
•familiarity with the previous knowledge will ‘taint’ the
researcher
•researcher might impose their preconceptions on the
data
•raise the danger of not being sensitive enough to allow
the data to speak for itself
YES
•researcher will remain ignorant of previous work
•Researcher’s work will be guided by uninformed rather
than informed expectation.
NO
6. So what should we do?
According to the writers, the first approach is somewhat naïve, because
bias is an unavoidable part of research and research is impossible
without some kind of previous conceptual structure.
So, before commencing data collection, we should
I. Fully examine available knowledge and theory
II. Carry out a thorough literature search that includes up to date
information on the topic of investigation
III. the researcher should become as aware as possible of the nature of
their pre-understandings of the phenomenon, as these are likely to
shape the data collection, analysis and interpretation. At the same
time, the researcher should regard their expectations lightly, in a way
that is open to unexpected meanings.
7. It should be guided by traditional questions
like :
1. What do we know?
2. Why is it important to know more?
3. What influenced previous research findings?
4. What do we want to make clearer by new
study?
8. Research questions should be open ended
and exploratory in nature, especially when:
I. there is little known in a particular research
area;
II. existing research is confusing,
contradictory, or not moving forward; or
III. the topic is highly complex.
9. Types of Exploratory Questions:
I. Definitional
II. Descriptive
III. Interpretive
IV. Critical/Action
V. Deconstruction
- Elliott, 2000
10. Qualitative Research data
looks for verbal accounts or description in
words
Puts observation into words
Uses open ended questions
Uses open ended strategy for obtaining data
11. Qualitative Interviews
Mostly semi structured or unstructured interview
formats
The interviewer should have basic skills plus
additional training in open-ended interviewing;
Such interviews are very similar to the empathic
exploration found in good person-centered
therapy
Good practice is to develop an interview guide
It is recommended to provide interviewees with a
list of questions before the interview.
12. Variant Formats
I. Self report questionnaires
II. Focus group
III. Tape assisted recall
IV. Think aloud protocols
V. Observational Methods
13. Self report questionnaires are used much less
Given time and space constraints,
questionnaire may be used consisting of
open ended questions asking for
elaborations, examples, etc.
Follow up questionnaire by phone interview
or e-mail correspondence
14. Focus Group
a group format in which participants share
and discuss their views of a particular topic
allowing access to a large number of possible
views and a replication of naturalistic social
influence and consensus processes.
15. Tape-assisted recall
Here, a recording of an interaction is played
back for the interviewee so that they can
recall and describe their experience of
particular moments (Elliott, 1986).
16. Think-aloud protocols (McLeod, 1999)
These are special forms of interview in which
the participant is asked to verbalise their
thought processes as they deal with a
problem.
17. Observational methods
I. Extensive use of field notes and memos
II. Often use non interview archival data (tape
recordings, associated transcripts)
18. The three key aspects typical of the data
collection in descriptive/interpretive
qualitative research:
1. it always has a focus.
2. gives power to respondents
3. triangulation strategy
19. It is focused on application of findings beyond the
research sample
It does not aim at securing confidence intervals of studied
variables around exact values in population
It tries to sample broadly enough and interview deeply
enough that all the important aspects and variations of the
studied phenomenon captured in the sample
Generalisability is replaced by thorough specification of
sample characteristics
Size of sample is much lower than Quantitative research
20. Uses the criteria of saturation, (Strauss and
Corbin, 1998),
which means adding new cases to the point
of diminishing returns, when no new
information emerges.
To satisfy the saturation criterion, purposeful
sampling is used
In grounded theory tradition, theoretical
sampling is used
Sampling should be flexible and reflect the
research problem.
21. Data analysis in Qualitative research includes
flexibility, constant critical self reflection,
checking and auditing all steps and archiving
each step in a systematic and organized
manner.
22. 1. Data Preparation
2. Delineating and processing Meaning units
3. Finding and overall organizing structure for
the data
4. Generation of Categories
5. Abstracting the main findings
6. Validity of analysis
7. Interpretation of results
23. STEP 1 : DATA PREPARATION
Obtained from notes and tape-recordings
(transcribed verbatim)
Initial reading gives insights and
understanding : written down as memos
Later readings lead to editing of data
(redundancies, repetitions and unimportant
digressions are omitted)
24. STEP 2 : DELINEATING AND PROCESSING
MEANING UNITS
Divide the data into distinctive meaning units
Length depends on the judgment of the
researcher
Shorten them by getting rid of redundancies
but do not change the meaning
Assign consecutive code to each meaning
unit to track them back if needed
Analysis is done on these meaning units
25. STEP 3: FINDING THE OVERALL ORGANISING
STRUCTURE OF THE DATA
Different sets of meaning units describe different
aspects of the phenomenon
Data is organized in different phases, referred to
as domains
Critical auditing and testing of different possible
framework is done
Find various kinds of relation between domains
(sequence, causes, signification, etc.)
Domains may mirror different sources of data
26. STEP 4 : GENERATION OF CATEGORIES
Meaning units are coded within each domain in
which they have been organized.
Labels can be redefined during the analysis
Categorizing the categories as per similarities
and regularities (hierarchy or cross case analysis)
Relationship among categories are often pictured
in the forms of figures and diagrams.
27. STEP 5: ABSTRACTING THE MAIN FINDGINGS
FROM THE CATEGORY STRUCTURE
Abstracting follows essential sufficiency rule
Employ graphs, diagrams, figures, tables, and
narratives to communicate the essence of the
phenomenon
28. STEP 6: VALIDITY OF ANALYSIS
It is assessed throughout the study by:
1. Independent auditing
2. Validation by research participants
3. Triangulation strategy
4. Collection of more cases
5. Resonation with the reader of the research
paper
It should ground the findings in illustrative
examples.
29. STEP 7 : INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS OF
CATEGORISED DATA
It is done by reflecting thoroughly on
methodological influences and limitations
Probing the implication of research through
existing literature
Findings should be within socio-historic and
scientific context
30. 1. Own your perspective
2. Describe your sample
3. Ground categories in examples
4. Provide one or more credibility checks
5. Organize categories to provide coherent
understanding of how they fit together
6. Accomplish general vs. specific research tasks
7. Allow readers to evaluate whether the
categories resonate with first – or- second hand
experience of the phenomenon
31. Qualitative research is a breath of fresh air to
social sciences.
Although they are under- utilised by
researchers, they vastly complement the
enriching, enlivening and illuminating
quantitative results.
other distinctive features of
qualitative research may turn out to be of far greater importance (Elliott, 1999):
◆ emphasis on understanding phenomena in their own right (rather than from some
outside perspective);
◆ open, exploratory research questions (vs. closed-ended hypotheses);
◆ unlimited, emergent description options (vs. predetermined choices or rating
scales);
◆ use of a special strategies for enhancing the credibility of design and analyses
(see Elliott, Fischer and Rennie, 1999); and
◆ definition of success conditions in terms of discovering something new (vs. confirming
what was hypothesised).
Qualitative research methods today are a diverse set, encompassing approaches such as empirical phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, protocol analysis and discourse analysis.
As to the aim of exploratory questions, Elliott (2000) sees the following types:
◆ Definitional: What is the nature of this phenomenon? What are its defining
features? (e.g., What does it mean for patients with metastatic breast cancer to
experience help in this existential support group treatment?)
◆ Descriptive: What kinds or varieties does the phenomenon appear in? What aspects
does it have? (e.g., In what ways do adolescent patients in a cognitive behavioural
treatment for diabetes self-care change?)
◆ Interpretive: Why does the phenomenon come about? How does it unfold over time?
(e.g., What is the story or sequence of patients’ improvement in a post-surgery
cardiac rehabilitation programme? What changes led to what other changes?)
◆ Critical/action: What’s wrong (or right) about the phenomenon? How could it be
made better? (e.g., What complaints do patients have about a specialist sleep disorder
clinic?)
◆ Deconstruction: What assumptions are made in this research? Whose social or
political interests are served by it? (e.g., What are the cultural and socio political
implications of the way in which patient outcome has been measured in behav-
ioural medicine research, such as focusing on pathology as opposed to health?)
There are three key aspects typical of the data collection in descriptive/interpretive
qualitative research worth mentioning at this point:
First, despite the fact that data collection in qualitative research generally does not
use pre-existing categories for sorting the data, it always has a focus. The focus is nat-
urally driven by the specific research questions. (At the same time, however, the general
research approach encourages constructive critique and openness to reassessment of
the chosen focus, if the data begin to point in a different direction.)
Second, qualitative interviews are distinguished by their deliberate giving of power
to respondents, in the sense that they become co-researchers. The interviewer tries to
empower respondents to take the lead and to point out important features of the phe-
nomenon as they see it. For example, respondents may be encouraged not only to
reveal aspects of their experiences that were not expected by the researcher, but also
to suggest improvements in the research procedure.
Last but not least, a triangulation strategy is often used in this kind of research, with
data gathered by multiple methods (e.g., observation and interviewing). This strategy
can yield a richer and more balanced picture of the phenomenon, and also serves as
a cross-validation method.
useful validation strategies. Validation by research
participants is common, and involves presenting the results to the original informants or
others like them in order to obtain feedback and correction. Another strategy, triangula-
tion, involves comparing data collected by different methods (including quantitative).
Collection of more cases may also be useful, particularly is auditing identifies problems
with inadequate saturation of categories. Finally, resonation with the reader of the
research paper is an essential form of validation in qualitative research. To facilitative
this, the qualitative study should ground the findings in many illustrative examples, so
readers may make their own judgements.
